EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
OPERATIONAL AMPIFIER
Analog to Digital Converters
Kithsiri Samarasinghe
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Senior Lecturer, Dept. of ENTC, UoM
Wide range of applications…
1) Communication
2) Data-acquisition
3) Instrumentation
4) Signal processing
Lecture Presentation Slides 1
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Types of ADCs
1) Counter Type (Single Slope Ramp)
2) Dual Slope Ramp Type(Integrator)
3) Successive Approximation Type
4) Parallel Comparator Type (Flash)
5) Sigma-Delta Type
6) Pipelined Type
1) Counter Type
Clock
Binary Counter Reset
𝑇𝑏
MSB
Comparator LSB
𝑉𝐷 Digital Output
_ DAC
Compar
ator
4 Analog Input 𝑉𝐴
Lecture Presentation Slides 2
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Counting
Convert
Lecture Presentation Slides 3
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Clock
Binary Counter Reset
𝑇𝑏
MSB
Comparator LSB
𝑉𝐷 Digital Output
_ DAC
Compar
ator
Analog Input
S/H
𝑉𝐴
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2) Dual Slope Ramp Type
C
𝑉𝐴
R _
_
−𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹
+
Binary
+ Counter
Clock
Clock
Binary Counter Reset
Output
MSB 𝑇𝑏 Register
Comparator LSB
_ 𝑉𝐷
DAC MSB LSB
mpa
rato
Co
+
Analog
Digital Output
8 Input
𝑉𝐴
Lecture Presentation Slides 4
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
N clock pulses k clock pulses
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
= =
𝑡1 𝑅𝐶 𝑡2 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝐴 𝑡1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑡2
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 =
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝐴 𝑁 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑘 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑘
𝑉𝐴 𝑡1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑡2 2𝑛
= 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑘
𝑁
𝑉𝐴 𝑡1 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑡2
𝑁 = 2𝑛
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𝑉𝐴 (𝑁𝑇𝑏 ) = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑘𝑇𝑏 )
3) Successive Approximation Type
Successive Clock
Approximation SOC
Register (SAR) EOC
MSB
Comparator LSB
𝑉𝐷 Digital Output
_ DAC
Compar
ator
10 Analog Input 𝑉𝐴
Lecture Presentation Slides 5
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
E.g. Successive Approximation
𝑉𝑚
3𝑉𝑚 1100
4 1011
𝑉𝐴
1010
𝑉𝑚 1000
2
𝑉𝑚
4
11 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
E.g. Successive Approximation
𝑉𝑚
3𝑉𝑚 1100
4 1011
𝑉𝐴
1010
𝑉𝑚 1000
2
𝑉𝑚
4
12 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
Lecture Presentation Slides 6
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Start
Clear All the Bits
Start at the MSB
1000
Set the Bit
1100
No 1010
𝑉𝐷 > 𝑉𝐴 ?
Yes 1011
Select the
Next lower
order bit Reset the Bit
No Finished all
the bits?
Yes
13 Stop
4) Parallel Comparator Type (Flash ADC)
C3 C2 C1 B1 B0
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
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Lecture Presentation Slides 7
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
4) Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) Method
C
R
Comparator/
1-bit ADC (Δ)
𝑉𝐴 R _
+
+
Digital
Integrator(Σ) - Filter
Clock
Output
• Comparator senses a difference(Δ) between the
𝑇𝑏 Register
integrator output and zero.
• The integrator sums(Σ) the comparator’s output MSB LSB
with the analog input signal. Digital Output
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Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ)
If the integrator output is positive, the comparator output is “high”
Feedback signal is a full +V signal to the integrator
This +V feedback signal tends to drive the integrator output in a
negative direction.
When integrator output becomes negative, feedback corrective signal
becomes (-V).
Then the Integrator output n is driven in a positive direction.
A serial stream of bits output to the digital filter which counts the
density of logic 1’s.
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Lecture Presentation Slides 8
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
E.g. Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) Type ADC Implementation
Unipolar to Bipolar Level Converter
Digital
Filter
Integrator(Σ)
Comparator/
1-bit ADC Over-
(Δ) sampling D-type flip-flop
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Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ)
Sigma Deltas are very slow compared to other designs
Highest resolution of all ADC types
Well-suited to high-fidelity audio applications
Not usable where more bandwidth is necessary (e.g. video).
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Lecture Presentation Slides 9
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Time-interleaved Architecture
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Pipeline Architecture
Divide the conversion task into several consecutive stages.
Each stage consists of a sample and hold circuit, an m-bit
ADC and an m-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Increase the total conversion time from 1 cycle to several
cycles.
Higher resolutions than flash converters containing a similar
number of comparators.
Under-sampling is used.
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Lecture Presentation Slides 10
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
Pipeline ADC Architecture
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E.g. 17 bit Pipeline ADC Architecture
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Lecture Presentation Slides 11
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
E.g. ADC0808
8 analog inputs and 8 digital outputs. i.e 8 different Resolution: 8 Bits
transducers can be monitored using only a single chip. Total Unadjusted Error: ±½ LSB
Ideally suited to applications from process and machine and ±1 LSB
control to consumer and automotive applications. Single Supply: 5 VDC
Input can be selected by using three address lines. Low Power: 15 mW
The step size is chosen dependent upon the set Conversion Time: 100 μs
reference value.
The continuous 8-bit digital output corresponding to
the instantaneous value of analog input.
Requires a clock signal of typically 550 kHz,
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ADS1115 ADC IC
I2C Compatibility
makes it very easy to use this IC with an Arduino board since extensive libraries are available.
2. Power Consumption
The advantage to using any modern IC is that they consume very low currents and operate over a wide range of
voltages, in this case 2.0V to 5.5V. Beware of the fine print under the 150uA current, it’s for continuous conversion
mode.
3. Programmable Comparator
The ADS comes with a comparator whose reference can be programmed over the I2C bus. Of course for fast
application nothing beats a discrete comparator IC.
4. Configurable Inputs
The four inputs can either be two differential pairs (only the voltage difference across those pins is taken into
account) or four single ended inputs.
Another nice thing about this IC is that it’s quite popular among hobbyists, which makes documentation and example
code easy to find.
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Lecture Presentation Slides 12
EN2014 Electronic Circuits and Applications
ADC IC - Important parameters
1) DC Offset Error
2) Power Dissipation
3) DC Gain Error
4) Spurious Free Dynamic Range
5) SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)
6) INL or Integral Nonlinearity
7) DNL or Differential Nonlinearity
8) THD or Total Harmonic Distortion
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Lecture Presentation Slides 13
