SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK

B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
Unit - 1
Introduction & Transmission Media And Optical Fiber Communication &
Satellite Communication

 How OPTICAL SOURCE is used in digital data communication

system?

 An optical transmission system has three components.

 An optical transmission system has 3 components.
1. Light Source / Optical Source
2. Transmission Medium
3. Light Detector
 It transfer data in light form
 Two mechanisms are used to generate the light.
 Two commonly used optical sources are Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and Injection
Laser Diodes.
.

Light Source / Optical Source

 LED : Light Emitting Diode
 LED is used to generate the light
 The LEDs emit a lower level of light but concentrate light into a tighter cone pattern.
 Light-emitting diode pattern is broader,
 Ray propagate in angular form.
 It can used in multi mode optical fiber.
 Not used in single mode optical fiber.

 ILD : Injection Laser Diode

 ILD is used for generating Laser beam.
 Latest fiber optic cable used ILD to generate the laser light.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 1 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
 Ray propagate in straight direction.
 Generate the laser in long way.
 Conventionally, a pulse of light indicates a 1 bit and the absence of light indicates a 0 bit.
 The transmission medium is an ultra-thin fiber glass.
 The detectors generates an electrical pulse when light falls on it.

Light Detector
 By attaching a light source to one end of an optical fiber and a detector to the other, we
have a unidirectional data transmission system that accepts an electrical signal, converts
and transmits it by light pulses, and then reconverts the output in an electrical signal at
the receiving end.

 Propagation in fiber
 In an optical fiber, a central core of glass is surrounded by so-called cladding(cutaway), a similar
material with a lower refractive index; light pulsed through the fiber will be bent at the interface
towards the material with the higher refractive index- the core.
 The diameter of the core and the difference between the refractive indicates of core and cladding
determines the clarity of the signal received at the other end of an optical fiber.
 Fiber optic cables are constructed to operate in one of the following three modes.

A) Single Mode Optical Fiber

B) Multimode Step Index Optical Fiber
C) Graded Index Multimode Optical Fiber

A) Single Mode Optical Fiber

 Systems using laser diodes as the light-emitting sources employ single mode optical fiber. The
single mode concentrates the passages of light to the center of the fiber core.
 Where the center is very narrow about to micro meters in diameter, the ray concentrates at the
centre moves the quickest through the cable.
 At a time only one light can passed.
 Propagation in straight
 The diameter of core is 4 um(micron)
 Unidirectional communication
 Lower Data transmission rate
 Half duplex transmission mode

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 2 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1

 In a single-mode fiber, the glass core is extraordinarily narrow. The rays of a light pulse,
therefore, have little space to bounce from side to side.

B) Multimode Step Index Fiber optic

 While the single mode fiber accepts only one light ray at a time, in a narrow diameter, the
multimode fiber allows more than one ray of the light at a moment.
 With each ray at a slightly different angle from the other in a wider core

 Bi Directional Communication
 Half duplex transmission mode
 Higher data transmission rate
 Core size is 8 um
 3 light can pass
 If signal goes out of core then cladding stopped it.

C) Graded Index Multimode Fiber

 The incident ray enters the cable in the same way as in the case of the step index.
 However, instead of being reflected straight from the cladding, it is refracted in small
increments as it travels through the core.
 The refraction bends the ray way from the cladding back towards the core. Thus, there is no
loss due to the absorption of light by the cladding

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 3 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1

 Bi directional communication
 Higher data transmission rate
 No angular signal, it generates in curve shape.
 No data loss.

 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

 FDDI is another ring-based network.

 FDDI uses fiber-optic cables to implement very fast, reliable networks.
 FDDI is a high performance fiber optic token ring LAN running at 100 mbps over distance up to
200 km with up to 1000 stations connected.
 The FDDI cabling consists of two fiber rings, one transmitting clockwise and other transmitting
counterclockwise. As shown in fig.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 4 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
 Primary ring used for data send, while secondary ring used for data receiving.
 Primary ring has clockwise direction, secondary ring has anti clock wise direction.
 The FDDI consist of 2 fiber ring.
 If either one link is break, due to any accident in cable, the two ring can be joint to a
single ring.

How FDDI works:

 FDDI uses a token-passing scheme to control network access.

 FDDI uses an even more sophisticated method of accessing the network than does Token Ring.
 A Token is passed around the ring, and token is allowed to transmit FDDI frames.
 A FDDI network may have several frames simultaneously circulating on the network.
 This is possible because token may send multiple frames, without waiting for the first frame to
circulate all the way around the ring before sending the next frame.

FDDI also has the priority algorithm.

 It determines which priority classes may transmit on a given token pass.

 With FDDI a station must have token before it can transmit a frame.
 The size of FDDI frames can be between 17 and 4500 bytes.
 FDDI uses the primary ring to move data and second ring to provide system fault tolerance and
backup.
 The two rings rotate in opposite directions, so they are called dual-counter rotating ring.
 Devices such as work stations, bridges and routers can be attached to the ring.
 There are two types of station Class A and class B.
 Class A stations are also called dual attach stations because they can be attached to both rings at
the same time.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 5 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
 Class B stations are called single attached stations because they attach to only one ring.

Advantages:
High bandwidth:
It has bandwidth as high as 250 gbps. High bandwidth allows for tremendous speed. FDDI
implementation can handle data rates of 100 mbps.

Physical durability
Fiber optic cable does not break as easily as do other kind of cables.

Resistance to EMI
Fiber optic cable are not subject to EMI.

Cable distance
Fiber optic cable transmit signal over 2 km.

Use of multiple tokens

FDDI uses multiple tokens to improve network speed.

Ability to prioritize work stations

FDDI can designate some work station as low priority work station when necessary to providing
faster service to high priority station.

Disadvantage
FDDI is a complex technology; installation and maintenance require a great deal of expertise.
FDDI is costly. In addition to the Fiber Optic cable cost is expensive.

 DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus)

 DQDB is a DLL communication protocol for MAN.

 DQDB is IEEE 802.6 Protocol.
 It designed for both voice and video.
 It used dual bus topology considered 2 unidirectional logical buses.
 It extends up to 30 miles at 34 to 55 MBPS.
 Each bus supports traffic in only one direction.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 6 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
 Beginning of bus is denoted by q square and end by a triangle.
 Bus-A traffic moves from right to left and Bus-B traffic moves from left to right.
 Each bus connects to stations directly through input and output ports.

DQDB Working
 Head-ends generate fixed-size cells in both directions.
 To transmit, a host must know whether the destination is to its right or its left.
 If right, the host must send on left bus.
 If left, the host must send on right bus.
 A “Distributed Queue” is used to make sure that cells are transmitted on a first come first
serve basis.
 Each node is aware of relative position of all other nodes.
 Correct bus must be chosen to transmit the data.
 To transmit data:
□ A node acquires slot
□ Sets header
□ Copies data into slot
□ Cells propagate to end of bus
□ Copied by intended destination on the way.

 Satellite Communication
 A satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger object in space. For example,
moon is a natural satellite of earth.
 There are two types of Satellite
1. Natural
2. Artificial
 A satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger object in space. For example,
moon is a natural satellite of earth.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 7 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
 Artificial satellites are specifically designed and launched into space for variety of
purposes such as weather monitoring, tv and mobile communication, planetary research
etc…
 When distance between sender and receiver is too far then we have to use satellite
communication.
 Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away
to use satellite communication.
 The communication satellites are similar to the space mirrors that help us in bouncing the
signals such as radio, internet data, and television from one side of the earth to another.
 The link between the sender to receiver is uplink.
 The link between satellite to receiver is called downlink.

 Example : Television

 In the first stage, the signal from the television broadcast on the other side of the earth is
first beamed up to the satellite from the ground station on the earth. This process is
known as uplink.
 The second stage involves transponders such as radio receivers, amplifiers, and
transmitters. These transponders are used for boosting the incoming signal.
 The final stage involves a downlink in which the data is sent to the other end of the
receiver on the earth.
 It is important to understand that usually there is one uplink and multiple downlinks.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 8 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
Advantages of Satellite

 Possible long distance communication

 The maximum coverage area on the earth
 Higher bandwidth are available for data communications.

Disadvantages of Satellite
 Launching of satellite into orbit is costly and development of satellite is also costly.

Orbit : The path in which artificial satellite travels around the earth is called orbit.

 There are 3 types of artificial satellite orbits.

1. Equatorial orbit satellite
2. Inclined orbit satellite

Polar orbit satellite

 There are basic 3 types of Satellite

1) Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
2) Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
3) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 9 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1

1) Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface.
 Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth
rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of
earth.

Advantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of
the earth’s surface.
 These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.

Disadvantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a
time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.

2) Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

 LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to
1,500 km above the surface.
 LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to the surface.

Advantages
 LEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and less of a time delay, which makes it
better for point to point communication.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 10 of 11

 SHREE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CC- 405. COMPUTER NETWORK
B.SC.IT SEMESTER - 4
UNIT - 1
Disadvantage
It covers small area of earth.

3. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

 A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the
earth’s surface.
 MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.
 MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellite.
 MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.

Advantage
 A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites
are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
Disadvantage
 A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay

Components of Satellite Communication

1. Ground Segments
 This is basically a digital earth station. The digital signal through the terrestrial network
is processed.
2. Free Space
 Free space is the medium between the satellite and earth station is for both the uplink and
downlink paths.
3. Space Segment
 The space segment is the entire satellite system which is rotating around the earth in its
geostationary orbit.

Prepared By : Jahnavi Parekh Page 11 of 11