402- IoT (Internet of Things)

Course Code 402

Course Title IoT (Internet of Things)
Credit 3
Teaching per Week 3 Hrs
Minimum weeks per Semester 15 (Including Class work, examination, preparation etc.)
Review / Revision June 2021
Medium of Instruction English
Purpose of Course The purpose of this course is to provide basic understanding of IoT.
Course Objective To understand the concepts and protocols related to Internet of Things.
To get an idea where the application areas are available for the Internet
of Things to be applied.

Pre-requisite Basic Knowledge of Networking

Course Out come On completion of this course, students will be able to:

- Understand about IoT Technologies behind intelligent and

smart devices
- Learn about basics of IoT Hardware/Devices
Course Content Unit 1: Introduction to Internet of Things

1.1 Definition & Characteristics of IoT

1.2 Introduction to IoT Architecture
1.3 Physical Design of IoT
1.3.1Things in IoT
1.3.2IoT Protocols (Ethernet , WIFI , WIMAX, LR-
WPAN(Wireless personal area network), 2G/3G/4G
Mobile Communication, IPV6,6LOWPAN,MQTT,
WEB SOCKET)
1.4 Logical Design of IoT
1.4.1IoT Functional Blocks
1.4.2IoT Communicational Models
- Request – Response
- Publish –Subscribe
- Push –Pull
- Exclusive Pair

Unit 2. IoT and M2M

2.1 Introduction M2M
2.2 Introduction to Sensor Technology
2.3 Difference between IoT and M2M,
2.4 Security for IoT
2.5 IoT Enabling Technologies
2.5.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
2.5.2 Big Data Analytics,
2.5.3 Embedded Systems.

Unit 3.Sensors and Actuators in IoT

3.1 Definition of Sensors
3.2 Types of sensors and its usage
(Temperature, Humidity, Gas Detector, Ultrasonic,
Fire detector, Light, Sound, IR, Water Level)
3.3 Introduction to Actuators
3.4 Types of Actuators
3.5 Difference between Sensors & Actuators
 Unit 4.Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduiano
4.1 Introduction on IoT Devices
4.2 Basic Building blocks of an IoT Device
4.3 Introduction to Raspberry pi
(Concepts, purpose, Application areas)
4.4 Components of Raspberry pi
4.5 Introduction to Arduiano
(Concept, purpose and Application areas)
4.6 Difference between Raspberry pi and Arduiano

Unit 5. Case Study

5.1 IoT for Smart city applications
5.2 IoT for Smart Home
5.3 IoT for Health & Lifestyle
Reference Books 1. Internet of Things , A Hands – On Approach, Arshdeep Bahga,
Vijay Madisetti published by Arshdeep Bahga& Vijay Madisetti
2. Internet of Things architecture and Design Principles, Raj Kamal,
McGrawhill Education private limited, 2017
3. Learning Internet of Things, Peter Waher, / Packt Publishing
Limited, 2015
4. The Internet of Things, Hakima Chaouchi, Wiley,2017
5. Getting started with the Internet of Things: by CunoPfister,
O”Reilly Media.
6. The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and Use
Cases", by Pethuru Raj and Anupama C. Raman (CRC Press)
Teaching Methodology Class Work, Discussion, Self-Study, Seminars and/or Assignments
Evaluation Method 30% Internal assessment.
70% External assessment.
 Unit 1: Introduction to Internet of Things

1.1 What is IoT?

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called “things”
that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that allows
these objects to collect and exchange data.

The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices like
computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.

IoT makes virtually everything “smart,” by improving aspects of our life with the
power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks. The thing in IoT can also
be a person with a diabetes monitor implant, an animal with tracking devices,
etc.

Characteristics of IoT:

 Massively scalable and efficient

 IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
 An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is
made possible.
 Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be
automatically programmed to sleep.
 A device that is connected to another device right now may not be
connected in another instant of time.
 Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to
save bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off
periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable
and thus prove to be inefficient.

1.2 Introduction to IoT Architecture:

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of
Internet of Things is growing so faster. Depending upon different application
areas of Internet of Things, it works accordingly as per it has been
designed/developed.

The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and implementation in

different sectors. Here we will discuss basic fundamental architecture.
1. Sensing Layer –
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors
or Actuators accepts data(physical/environmental parameters), processes
data and emits data over network.

2. Network Layer –
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in
this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and conversion function
(Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of
sensors to digital data etc). Advanced gateways which mainly opens up
connection between Sensor networks and Internet also performs many
basic gateway functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also
sometimes decision making based on inputted data and data management
services, etc.

3. Data processing Layer –

This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-
processed before sending it to data center from where data is accessed by
software applications often termed as business applications where data is
monitored and managed and further actions are also prepared. So here
Edge IT or edge analytics comes into picture.

4. Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centres or cloud is
management stage of data where data is managed and is used by end-user
applications like agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defence, etc.

1.3 Physical Design of IoT

Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols. Things are Node
device which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT Protocols helps Communication
established between things and cloud based server over the Internet.

Things
Basically Things refers to IoT Devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. Things are is
main part of IoT Application. IoT Devices can be various type, Sensing Devices,
Smart Watches, Smart Electronics appliances, Wearable Sensors, Automobiles,
and industrial machines. These devices generate data in some forms or the
other which when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful
information to guide further actions locally or remotely.

For example, Temperature data generated by a Temperature Sensor in Home or

other place, when processed can help in determining temperature and take
action according to users.

Connectivity
Devices like USB host and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the
devices and server.

Processor
A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the data. these data
are further used to improve the decision quality of an IoT system.

Audio/Video Interfaces
An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and videos in a
system.

Input/Output interface
To giving input and output signals to sensors, and actuators we use things like
UART, SPI, CAN, etc.
Storage Interfaces
Things like SD, MMC, SDIO are used to store the data generated from an IoT
device.

Other things like DDR, GPU are used to control the activity of an IoT system.

IoT Protocols:
These protocols are used to establish communication between a node device
and server over the internet. It helps to send commands to an IoT device and
receive data from an IoT device over the internet. These protocols are managed
by network layers like application, transport, network, and link layer.

Application Layer protocol

In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with
the lower layer protocols using the application interface. these protocols
including HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.
HTTP
Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for
transmitting media documents. it is used to communicate between web
browsers and servers. it makes a request to a server and then waits till it receives
a response and in between the request server does not keep any data between
two requests.

WebSocket
This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that
can be run on an untrusted code in a controlled environment. this protocol is
commonly used by web browsers.

MQTT
It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a
publish/subscribe messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations
where a small code footprint is required.

Transport Layer
This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle the error
control. also, these layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying network.

TCP
The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to establish and
maintain a network that can exchange data in a proper manner using the
internet protocol.

UDP
a user datagram protocol is a part of internet protocol called the connectionless
protocol. this protocol not required to establish the connection to transfer data.

Network Layer
This layer is used to send datagrams from the source network to the destination
network. we use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as a host identification that transfers
data in packets.

IPv4
This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each
device connected with the network. an IP address performs two main functions
host and location addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32 bit long.
IPv6
It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. it is developed by
the IETF task force to deal with the long-anticipated problems.

Link Layer
Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical layer. it
also determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the devices.

Ethernet
It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it defines
the physical layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet networks.

WiFi
It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control and
physical layer protocols for implementing wireless local area networks.

Logical Design of IOT

The logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of
entities and processes without going into the low-level specifies of
implementation. it uses Functional Blocks, Communication Models,
and Communication APIs to implement a system.

1. IoT Functional Blocks

2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional blocks

An IoT system consist number of functional blocks like Devices, services,
communication, security, and application that provides the capability for
sensing, actuation, identification, communication, and management.
These functional blocks consist of devices that provide monitoring control
functions, handle communication between host and server, manage the transfer
of data, secure the system using authentication and other functions, and
interface to control and monitor various terms.

Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the
status and analyze of system.

Management
This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT
system.

Services
This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a
device and publishing and deleting the data and restore the system.

Communication
This block handles the communication between the client and cloud-based
server and sends/receives the data using protocols.

Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like
authorization, data security, authentication, 2 step verification, etc.
Device
These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that
collect the data from the outer environment.

IoT Communication Models

There are several different types of models available in an IoT system that used
to communicate between the system and server like the request-response
model, publish-subscribe model, push-pull model, and exclusive pair model, etc.

Request-Response Communication Model

This model is a communication model in which a client sends the request for
data to the server and the server responds according to the request. When a
server receives a request it fetches the data, retrieves the resources and
prepares the response, and then sends the data back to the client.

In simple terms, we can say that in the request-response model server send the
response of equivalent on the request of the client. In this model, HTTP works
as a request-response protocol between a client and server.

Example
When we search a query on a browser then the browser submits an HTTP
request to the server and then the server returns a response to the browser
(client).
Publish-Subscribe Communication Model

In this communication model, we have a broker between publisher and

consumer. Here publishers are the source of data but they are not aware of
consumers. They send the data managed by the brokers and when a consumer
subscribes to a topic that managed by the broker and when the broker receives
data from the publisher it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Example
On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters using our email
address. these email addresses managed by some third-party services and when
a new article published on the website it directly sends to the broker and then
the broker send these new data or post to all the subscribers.

Push-Pull Communication Model

It is a communication model in which the data push by the producers in a queue
and the consumers pull the data from the queues. here also producers are not
aware of the consumers.
Example
When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that published in a queue
and according to our requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.

Exclusive Pair Communication Model

It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent

connection between the client and server. here first set up a connection
between the client and the server and remains open until the client sends a close
connection request to the server.

IoT communication APIs

These APIs like REST and WebSocket are used to communicate between the
server and system in IoT.
REST-based communication APIs
Representational state transfer (REST) API uses a set of architectural principles
that used to design web services. These APIs focus on the systems' resources
that how resource states are transferred using the request-response
communication model. This API uses some architectural constraints.

Client-server
Here the client is not aware of the storage of data because it is concerned about
the server and similarly the server should not be concerned about the user
interface because it is a concern of the client. And this separation is needed for
independent development and updating of server and client. No matter how the
client is using the response of the server and no matter how the server is using
the request of the client.

Stateless
It means each request from the client to the server must contain all the
necessary information to understand by the server. Because if the server can't
understand the request of the client then it can't fetch the request data in a
proper manner.

Cacheable
In response, if the cache constraints are given then a client can reuse that
response in a later request. it improves the efficiency and scalability of the
system without loading the extra data.
A RESTful web APIs is implemented using HTTP and REST principles.

WebSocket based communication API

This type of API allows bi-directional full-duplex communication between server
and client using the exclusive pair communication model. this API uses full-
duplex communication so it does not require a new connection setup every time
when it requests new data. WebSocket API begins with a connection setup
between the server and client and if the WebSocket is supported by the server
then it responds back to the client with the successful response and after setup
of a connection server and client can send data to each other in full-duplex
mode.

this type of API reduces the traffic and latency of data and makes sure that each
time when we request new data it cannot terminate the request.
UNIT 2 IOT AND M2M
IoT and M2M 1

2.1 Introduction M2M

Machine-to-machine, or M2M, is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology
that enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the
manual assistance of humans. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) facilitate
the communication between systems, allowing them to make their own autonomous choices.

M2M technology was first adopted in manufacturing and industrial settings, where other
technologies, such as SCADA and remote monitoring, helped remotely manage and control
data from equipment. M2M has since found applications in other sectors, such as healthcare,
business and insurance. M2M is also the foundation for the internet of things (IoT).

How M2M works

The main purpose of machine-to-machine technology is to tap into sensor data and transmit
it to a network. Unlike SCADA or other remote monitoring tools, M2M systems often use
public networks and access methods -- for example, cellular or Ethernet -- to make it more
cost-effective.

The main components of an M2M system include sensors, RFID, a Wi-Fi or cellular
communications link, and autonomic computing software programmed to help a network
device interpret data and make decisions. These M2M applications translate the data, which
can trigger preprogramed, automated actions.

One of the most well-known types of machine-to-machine communication is telemetry,

which has been used since the early part of the last century to transmit operational data.
Pioneers in telemetrics first used telephone lines, and later, radio waves, to transmit
performance measurements gathered from monitoring instruments in remote locations.

The Internet and improved standards for wireless technology have expanded the role of
telemetry from pure science, engineering and manufacturing to everyday use in products
such as heating units, electric meters and internet-connected devices, such as appliances.

M2M applications

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IoT and M2M 2

Key features of M2M

Key features of M2M technology include:

1. Low power consumption, in an effort to improve the system's ability to effectively

service M2M applications.
2. A Network operator that provides packet-switched service.
3. Monitoring abilities that provide functionality to detect events.
4. Time tolerance, meaning data transfers can be delayed.
5. Time control, meaning data can only be sent or received at specific predetermined
periods.
6. Location specific triggers that alert or wake up devices when they enter particular
areas.
7. The ability to continually send and receive small amounts of data.

M2M Architecture
M2M architecture consists of three domains:
1. M2M device domain
2. M2M network domain
3. M2M application domain

[Fig. 2.1 Three domains of M2M architecture]

M2M device communication domain consists of three entities: physical devices,

communication interface and gateway. Communication interface is a port or a subsystem,
which receives the input from one end and sends the data received to another.

By. Prof. Gaurav Naykar

IoT and M2M 3

M2M network domain consists of M2M server, device identity management, data
analytics and data and device management similar to IoT architecture (connect + collect +
assemble + analyse) level.
M2M application domain consists of application for services, monitoring, analysis and
controlling of devices networks.

2.2 Introduction to Sensor Technology

Sensor technology is a technology used for designing sensors and associated electronic
readers, circuits and devices. A sensor can sense a change in physical parameters, such as
temperature, pressure, light, metal, smoke and proximity to an object. Sensors can also sense
acceleration, orientation, location, vibrations or smell, organic vapours or gases. A
microphone senses the voice and changes in the sound, and is used to record voice or music.

A sensor converts physical energy like heat, sound, strain, pressure, vibrations and motion
into electrical energy. An electronic circuit connects to the input at a sensor. The circuit
receives the output of the sensor. The output is according to the variation in physical
condition. A smart sensor includes the electronic circuit within itself, and includes computing
and communication capabilities.

The circuit receives energy in form of variations through currents, voltages, and phase angles
or frequencies. Analog sensors measure the variations in the parameters with respect to a
reference or normal condition and provide the value of sensed parameter after appropriate
calculations.

The change of states with respect to a reference or normal condition senses the states in
the form of 0s and 1s in digital sensors.

[Fig. 2.2 Different Types of Sensors]

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IoT and M2M 4

There are two types of sensors

1. Analog and
2. Digital

ANALOG SENSOR
The sensors that produce continuous analog output signal these are considered as analog
sensors. There are various types of analog sensors such as temperature, moisture,
accelerometer, pressure, light, sound sensor etc.

DIGITAL SENSOR
Sensors in which data conversion & transmission takes place digitally are known as digital
sensors.

In digital sensors, the signal measured is converted into digital signal by the sensor itself. And
this digital signal is transmitted through wire digitally. Somehow it overcomes the
disadvantages of analog sensors.
Examples of digital sensors are IR, ultrasonic, float, moisture sensor etc.

2.3 Difference between IoT and M2M

1. Internet of Things:
IOT is known as the Internet of Things where things are said to be the communicating
devices that can interact with each other using a communication media. Usually every day
some new devices are being integrated which uses IoT devices for its function. These
devices use various sensors and actuators for sending and receiving data over the
internet. It is an ecosystem where the devices share data through a communication media
known as the internet.
2. Machine to Machine:
This is commonly known as Machine to machine communication. It is a concept where two
or more than two machines communicate with each other without human interaction
using a wired or wireless mechanism. M2M is an technology that helps the devices to
connect between devices without using internet. M2M communications offer several
applications such as security, tracking and tracing, manufacturing and facility
management.

Difference between IoT and M2M :

Basis of IoT M2M

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine

Devices have objects that are Some degree of

responsible for decision intelligence is observed in
Intelligence making this

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IoT and M2M 5

Basis of IoT M2M

The connection is via Network

Connection type and using various The connection is a point
used communication types. to point

Traditional protocols and

communication
Communication Internet protocols are used technology techniques are
protocol used such as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet. used

Data is shared between other

applications that are used to Data is shared with only
improve the end-user the communicating
Data Sharing experience. parties.

Devices are not

Internet connection is dependent on the
Internet required for communication Internet.

A large number of devices yet

Scope scope is large. Limited Scope for devices.

Business Type Business 2 Business(B2B) and

used Business 2 Consumer(B2C) Business 2 Business (B2B)

Supports Open API There is no support for

Open API support integrations. Open Api’s

Smart wearables, Big Data Sensors, Data and

Examples and Cloud, etc. Information, etc.

2.4 Security for IoT

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability Triad

The confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) triad, which are the three fundamental
requirements that need to be kept in mind during the design and development phase of the
underlying IoT infrastructure, are depicted in Figure 2.3.

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IoT and M2M 6

Confidentiality
It ensures that only authorized users will have access to the underlying information. In other
words, it ensures that privacy by preventing unauthorized access to the information, which is
stored and transmitted using the IoT infrastructure.

[Fig.2.3 CIA triad]

Integrity
It ensures that only authorized users are allowed to modify the underlying information. It
ensures that unauthorized users will not be able to alter the information in any manner.
Alteration involves write, delete, and update operations.

Availability
It ensures that authorized users have access to the underlying information as and when it is
required. This includes ensuring the fact that the IoT infrastructure has fault tolerance
capabilities built into them. Fault tolerance can be built into the IoT infrastructure by ensuring
that backup components are present for each of the IoT infrastructure components, namely,
servers, storage, and networks. Server backup can be ensured by clustering the servers in
order to provide a high availability environment. It is also important to ensure that the backup
server is an identical copy of the primary server and can take over the role of the primary
server immediately upon the failure of the primary server. Storage backup can be ensured by
using the highly scalable RAID architecture for hard disks in which same data is striped and
mirrored across multiple hard disks, so that even if one hard disk fails, data will not be lost as
it will stored in the other disks of the array. Fault tolerance in networks can be ensured by
providing multiple switches, multiple ports, and multiple cables between the two connecting
endpoints in order to ensure that the failure of any network component will not hamper the
transfer of data through the network.

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IoT and M2M 7

These components, Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability, are commonly referred to as

the CIA triad.

Authentication, Authorization, and Audit Trial (AAA) Framework

AAA framework is a security requirement, which is of paramount importance for the IoT
infrastructure.The various components of the framework are described below.

Authentication
This process checks to ensure that a user’s credentials are valid, so that users with invalid
credentials will not be allowed to access the underlying information. The simplest way to use
authentication is with the help of user names and passwords. But as hacking techniques are
evolving day by day, it is very important to ensure that sophisticated authentication
techniques are in place. One such authentication mechanism that is used is called multifactor
authentication. Multifactor authentication is a special authentication technique, which uses
a combination of parameters to verify a user’s credentials. An example of multifactor
authentication mechanism is described below:

First Factor: A user name and password, which will be unique for the specific user and which
may be sometimes unique for the specific session as well.

Second Factor: A secret key, which is generated by a random number generator, or a secret
key phrase, which is known only to the user, or answer to a secret question, which is specific
to a particular user.

Third Factor: This could be any biometric parameter of the user, which could be used as the
user’s biometric signature. This could include aspects like iris recognition, finger print
recognition, and so on.

A multifactor authentication uses a combination of all the parameters mentioned above in

order to verify a user’s credentials. In some cases, only two factors mentioned above may be
used for authentication, and in that case, it is called two-factor authentication.

Authorization
Authorization is a process which ensures that a specific user has rights to perform specific
operations on a specific object. This is generally by granting different types of permissions to
different types of users based on their role in a city government. For example, a fire station
executive will just be able to read the data pertaining to other city departments like water;
he/she may not be able to edit it. Edit permissions may be given only to the city supervisors
or executives who belong to the water department of the city. The different types of
permissions for different users on different objects are mapped and stored in a table, which
is called Access Control List (ACL). The different types of permissions, which are given for
users, are classified as the following:

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IoT and M2M 8

Read only: The user has permission to only read the object. The user cannot delete or edit the
object. These types of permissions are granted to staff who are not required to perform any
alteration on the data.

Read and write: The user has permission to read and alter the object. These types of
permissions are granted to authorities who have the overall authority and discretion to
validate the rights and access permissions of other users.

Audit Trial
Audit trial is an activity, which is conducted periodically, to assess the effectiveness of the
security measures that are implemented in the IoT infrastructure. Audit trial is performed
with the help of audit logs, which track the operations that are performed by different users.

2.5 IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are

1. Wireless Sensor Network

2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System

1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):

A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes,
routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data
is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway
that connects WSN to the internet.
Example –

 Weather monitoring system

 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system

2. Cloud Computing:
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet.
Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases,
webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics –

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IoT and M2M 9

 Broad network access

 On demand self-services
 Rapid scalability
 Measured service
 Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as –

IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)

Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines, virtual
machines, servers, networking, storage and data center space on a pay per use basis. Major
IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.

PaaS (Platform as a service)

Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to support the complete life
cycle of building and delivering West web based (cloud) applications – without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and hosting.
Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries etc. Basically, it
provides a platform to develop applications.
Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine

SaaS (Software as a service)

It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of installing and
maintaining software, you simply access it via the internet, freeing yourself from complex
software and hardware management.
SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on demand software or hosted
software.
SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage security availability and
performance.
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

3. Big Data Analytics:

It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data
whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process
and examine the data using traditional databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital images,
sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data-
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization

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IoT and M2M 10

Examples –

 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands

4. Communications Protocols:
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to
applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network.
Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of
protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in
software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in

 Data encoding
 Addressing schemes

5. Embedded Systems:
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi
adapters), input output units (display keyword etc.) and storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Examples –
 Digital camera
 DVD player, music player
 Industrial robots
 Wireless Routers etc.
2.5.1 Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed in

a large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the system,
physical or environmental conditions.

Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the on-board processor that manages and monitors the
environment in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a
processing unit in the WSN System. Base Station in a WSN System is connected through the
Internet to share data’s can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the data.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-less

wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,
sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through
the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analysed. A sink
or base station acts like an interface between users and the network. One can retrieve

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IoT and M2M 11

required information from the network by injecting queries and gathering results from the
sink. Typically a wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes.
The sensor nodes can communicate among themselves using radio signals. A wireless sensor
node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers and power
components.

Applications of WSN:

1. Internet of Things (IOT)

2. Surveillance and Monitoring for security, threat detection
3. Environmental temperature, humidity, and air pressure
4. Noise Level of the surrounding
5. Medical applications like patient monitoring
6. Agriculture
7. Landslide Detection

Challenges of WSN:

1. Quality of Service
2. Security Issue
3. Energy Efficiency
4. Network Throughput
5. Performance
6. Ability to cope with node failure
7. Cross layer optimisation
8. Scalability to large scale of deployment

Components of WSN:

Sensors: Sensors in WSN are used to capture the environmental variables and which is used
for data acquisition. Sensor signals are converted into electrical signals.

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IoT and M2M 12

Radio Nodes: It is used to receive the data produced by the Sensors and sends it to the
WLAN access point. It consists of a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, and
power source.

WLAN Access Point: It receives the data which is sent by the Radio nodes wirelessly,
generally through the internet.

Evaluation Software: The data received by the WLAN Access Point is processed by a
software called as Evaluation Software for presenting the report to the users for further
processing of the data which can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the
data.

Applications of wireless sensor network

Military applications: Wireless sensor networks be likely an integral part of military

command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, battlefield surveillance,
reconnaissance and targeting systems.

Area monitoring: In area monitoring, the sensor nodes are deployed over a region where
some phenomenon is to be monitored. When the sensors detect the event being monitored
(heat, pressure etc.), the event is reported to one of the base stations, which then takes
appropriate action.

Transportation: Real-time traffic information is being collected by WSNs to later feed

transportation models and alert drivers of congestion and traffic problems.

Health applications: Some of the health applications for sensor networks are supporting
interfaces for the disabled, integrated patient monitoring, diagnostics, and drug
administration in hospitals, tele-monitoring of human physiological data, and tracking &
monitoring doctors or patients inside a hospital.
Environmental sensing: The term Environmental Sensor Networks has developed to cover
many applications of WSNs to earth science research. This includes sensing volcanoes,
oceans, glaciers, forests etc. Some other major areas are listed below:

 Air pollution monitoring

 Forest fires detection

 Greenhouse monitoring

 Landslide detection

Structural monitoring: Wireless sensors can be utilized to monitor the movement within
buildings and infrastructure such as bridges, flyovers, embankments, tunnels etc enabling
Engineering practices to monitor assets remotely without the need for costly site visits.

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IoT and M2M 13

Industrial monitoring: Wireless sensor networks have been developed for machinery
condition-based maintenance (CBM) as they offer significant cost savings and enable new
functionalities. In wired systems, the installation of enough sensors is often limited by the
cost of wiring.

Agricultural sector: using a wireless network frees the farmer from the maintenance of wiring
in a difficult environment. Irrigation automation enables more efficient water use and reduces
waste.

2.5.2 Big Data Analytics

What is Big Data Analytics?

Big Data analytics is a process used to extract meaningful insights, such as hidden patterns,
unknown correlations, market trends, and customer preferences. Big Data analytics provides
various advantages—it can be used for better decision making, preventing fraudulent
activities, among other things.

Why is big data analytics important?

In today’s world, Big Data analytics is fueling everything we do online—in every industry.

Take the music streaming platform Spotify for example. The company has nearly 96 million
users that generate a tremendous amount of data every day. Through this information, the
cloud-based platform automatically generates suggested songs—through a smart
recommendation engine—based on likes, shares, search history, and more. What enables this
is the techniques, tools, and frameworks that are a result of Big Data analytics.

If you are a Spotify user, then you must have come across the top recommendation section,
which is based on your likes, past history, and other things. Utilizing a recommendation
engine that leverages data filtering tools that collect data and then filter it using algorithms
works. This is what Spotify does.

What is Big Data?

Big Data is a massive amount of data sets that cannot be stored, processed, or analyzed
using traditional tools.
Today, there are millions of data sources that generate data at a very rapid rate. These data
sources are present across the world. Some of the largest sources of data are social media
platforms and networks. Let’s use Facebook as an example—it generates more than 500
terabytes of data every day. This data includes pictures, videos, messages, and more.
Data also exists in different formats, like structured data, semi-structured data, and
unstructured data. For example, in a regular Excel sheet, data is classified as structured
data—with a definite format. In contrast, emails fall under semi-structured, and your
pictures and videos fall under unstructured data. All this data combined makes up Big Data.

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Benefits & Advantages of Big Data Analytics

1. Risk Management
Use Case: Banco de Oro, a Phillippine banking company, uses Big Data analytics to identify
fraudulent activities and discrepancies. The organization leverages it to narrow down a list
of suspects or root causes of problems.
2. Product Development and Innovations
Use Case: Rolls-Royce, one of the largest manufacturers of jet engines for airlines and armed
forces across the globe, uses Big Data analytics to analyze how efficient the engine designs
are and if there is any need for improvements.
3. Quicker and Better Decision Making Within Organizations
Use Case: Starbucks uses Big Data analytics to make strategic decisions. For example, the
company leverages it to decide if a particular location would be suitable for a new outlet or
not. They will analyze several different factors, such as population, demographics,
accessibility of the location, and more.
4. Improve Customer Experience
Use Case: Delta Air Lines uses Big Data analysis to improve customer experiences. They
monitor tweets to find out their customers’ experience regarding their journeys, delays, and
so on. The airline identifies negative tweets and does what’s necessary to remedy the
situation. By publicly addressing these issues and offering solutions, it helps the airline build
good customer relations.

The Lifecycle Phases of Big Data Analytics

Stage 1 - Business case evaluation - The Big Data analytics lifecycle begins with a business
case, which defines the reason and goal behind the analysis.
Stage 2 - Identification of data - Here, a broad variety of data sources are identified.
Stage 3 - Data filtering - All of the identified data from the previous stage is filtered here to
remove corrupt data.
Stage 4 - Data extraction - Data that is not compatible with the tool is extracted and then
transformed into a compatible form.
Stage 5 - Data aggregation - In this stage, data with the same fields across different datasets
are integrated.
Stage 6 - Data analysis - Data is evaluated using analytical and statistical tools to discover
useful information.

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IoT and M2M 15

Stage 7 - Visualization of data - With tools like Tableau, Power BI, and QlikView, Big Data
analysts can produce graphic visualizations of the analysis.

Stage 8 - Final analysis result - This is the last step of the Big Data analytics lifecycle, where
the final results of the analysis are made available to business stakeholders who will take
action.

Different Types of Big Data Analytics

1. Descriptive Analytics
This summarizes past data into a form that people can easily read. This helps in creating
reports, like a company’s revenue, profit, sales, and so on. Also, it helps in the tabulation of
social media metrics.
Use Case: The Dow Chemical Company analyzed its past data to increase facility utilization
across its office and lab space. Using descriptive analytics, Dow was able to identify
underutilized space. This space consolidation helped the company save nearly US $4 million
annually.

2. Diagnostic Analytics
This is done to understand what caused a problem in the first place. Techniques like drill-
down, data mining, and data recovery are all examples. Organizations use diagnostic analytics
because they provide an in-depth insight into a particular problem.
Use Case: An e-commerce company’s report shows that their sales have gone down, although
customers are adding products to their carts. This can be due to various reasons like the form
didn’t load correctly, the shipping fee is too high, or there are not enough payment options
available. This is where you can use diagnostic analytics to find the reason.

3. Predictive Analytics
This type of analytics looks into the historical and present data to make predictions of the
future. Predictive analytics uses data mining, AI, and machine learning to analyze current data
and make predictions about the future. It works on predicting customer trends, market
trends, and so on.
Use Case: PayPal determines what kind of precautions they have to take to protect their
clients against fraudulent transactions. Using predictive analytics, the company uses all the
historical payment data and user behaviour data and builds an algorithm that predicts
fraudulent activities.

4. Prescriptive Analytics
This type of analytics prescribes the solution to a particular problem. Perspective analytics
works with both descriptive and predictive analytics. Most of the time, it relies on AI and
machine learning.

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IoT and M2M 16

Use Case: Prescriptive analytics can be used to maximize an airline’s profit. This type of
analytics is used to build an algorithm that will automatically adjust the flight fares based on
numerous factors, including customer demand, weather, destination, holiday seasons, and
oil prices.

Big Data Analytics Tools

Hadoop - helps in storing and analyzing data
MongoDB - used on datasets that change frequently
Talend - used for data integration and management

Cassandra - a distributed database used to handle chunks of data

Spark - used for real-time processing and analyzing large amounts of data
STORM - an open-source real-time computational system
Kafka - a distributed streaming platform that is used for fault-tolerant storage

Big Data Industry Applications

Ecommerce - Predicting customer trends and optimizing prices are a few of the ways e-
commerce uses Big Data analytics
Marketing - Big Data analytics helps to drive high ROI marketing campaigns, which result in
improved sales
Education - Used to develop new and improve existing courses based on market requirements

Healthcare - With the help of a patient’s medical history, Big Data analytics is used to predict
how likely they are to have health issues
Media and entertainment - Used to understand the demand of shows, movies, songs, and
more to deliver a personalized recommendation list to its users
Banking - Customer income and spending patterns help to predict the likelihood of choosing
various banking offers, like loans and credit cards
Telecommunications - Used to forecast network capacity and improve customer experience
Government - Big Data analytics helps governments in law enforcement, among other things.

2.5.3 Embedded Systems.

As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing. An
embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software
embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a
large system. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system

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IoT and M2M 17

which is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded
system; it will sense only smoke.
An embedded system has three components −
 It has hardware.
 It has application software.
 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software
and provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by
following a plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It
sets the rules during the execution of application program. A small scale embedded
system may not have RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable,
real-time control system.

Characteristics of an Embedded System

 Single-functioned − an embedded system usually performs a specialized operation

and does the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.
 Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but
those on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of
an implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must
be of a size to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real
time and consume minimum power to extend battery life.
 Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually react to changes
in the system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without
any delay. Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and
reacts to speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations
repeatedly within a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to
control of the car.
 Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.
 Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does
not need any secondary memories in the computer.
 Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output
devices.
 HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is
used for performance and security.

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IoT and M2M 18

Advantages
 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Enhanced performance

Disadvantages
 High development effort
 Larger time to market

Basic Structure of an Embedded System

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system –

 Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which
can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A
sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.
 A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.
 Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output and store it
to the memory.

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IoT and M2M 19

 D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the
processor to analog data
 Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.

Short Questions:
1. What does M2M mean?
2. Give examples of M2M applications.
3. What are the three architectural domain functionalities in M2M architecture?
4. What is WSN?
5. What is Analog Sensor?
6. What is Digital Sensor?
7. Define big data Analytics.
8. Write a full form : Iaas,Paas,Saas

Long Questions:
1. Difference between IoT and M2M.
2. Explain Wireless Sensor Networks detail.
3. Explain Embedded Systems in detail.
4. Write a note on Security for IOT.
5. Write a Detail note on big data Analytics.

By. Prof. Gaurav Naykar

UNIT 3.SENSORS AND

ACTUATORS IN IOT
 3.1 Definition of Sensors
“Sensor is a device used for the conversion of physical events or characteristics into the
electrical signals. This is a hardware device that takes the input from environment and
gives to the system by converting it.”
For example, a thermometer takes the temperature as physical characteristic and then
converts it into electrical signals for the system.

Sensors made it possible to collect data in most any situation and are now used in various
fields - medical care, nursing care, industrial, logistics, transportation, agriculture, disaster
prevention, tourism, regional businesses and many more.
These three features should be at the base of a good sensor:
● It should be sensitive to the phenomenon that it measures.
● It should not be sensitive to other physical phenomena.
● It should not modify the measured phenomenon during the measurement process.

A few examples of the many different types of sensors:

In a mercury-based glass thermometer, the input is temperature. The liquid contained
expands and contracts in response, causing the level to be higher or lower on the marked
gauge, which is human-readable.
An oxygen sensor in a car's emission control system detects the gasoline/oxygen ratio,
usually through a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. A computer in the engine
reads the voltage and, if the mixture is not optimal, readjusts the balance.
Motion sensors in various systems including home security lights, automatic doors and
bathroom fixtures typically send out some type of energy, such as microwaves, ultrasonic
waves or light beams and detect when the flow of energy is interrupted by something
entering its path.
A photo sensor detects the presence of visible light, infrared transmission (IR), and/or
ultraviolet (UV) energy.

3.2 Types of sensors and its usage

1. Temperature Sensor
One of the most common and most popular sensors is the Temperature Sensor. A
Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e., it measures the
changes in the temperature.
There are different types of Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35,
DS18B20), Thermistors, Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc.
Temperature Sensors can be analog or digital. In an Analog Temperature Sensor, the changes
in the Temperature correspond to change in its physical property like resistance or voltage.
LM35 is a classic Analog Temperature Sensor.
Coming to the Digital Temperature Sensor, the output is a discrete digital value (usually,
some numerical data after converting analog value to digital value). DS18B20 is a simple
Digital Temperature Sensor.
Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air
conditioning systems, industries etc.
A simple project using LM35 (Celsius Scale Temperature Sensor) is implemented in this
project: TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SYSTEM.

2. Humidity Sensor
If you see Weather Monitoring Systems, they often provide temperature as well as humidity
data. So, measuring humidity is an important task in many applications and Humidity
Sensors help us in achieving this.
Often all humidity sensors measure relative humidity (a ratio of water content in air to
maximum potential of air to hold water). Since relative humidity is dependent on
temperature of air, almost all Humidity Sensors can also measure Temperature.
Humidity Sensors are classified into Capacitive Type, Resistive Type and Thermal Conductive
Type. DHT11 and DHT22 are two of the frequently used Humidity Sensors in DIY Community
(the former is a resistive type while the latter is capacitive type).

3. Gas Detector Sensor

A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a
safety system. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the area where the leak is
occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type of device is important because
there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or animals.
Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases, and oxygen
depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be found in locations, such
as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacturing processes and emerging technologies such as
photovoltaic. They may be used in firefighting.

4. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure distance or travel time using ultrasonic waves. A
source will be used to emit ultrasonic wave. After wave hits the target, the waves are
reflected and the detector collects the signal. The travel time between the transmitted wave
and reflected wave is measured using Ultrasonic sensor. Optical sensors use two different
element for transmitter and receiver. Whereas ultrasonic sensor uses single element for
transmission and reception.

5. Fire detector Sensor

Fire-detection systems play a pivotal role in green buildings. Kate Houghton, director of
marketing for Kidde Fire Systems says,
By detecting a fire quickly and accurately (i.e., by not sacrificing speed or causing false
alarms) and providing early warning notification, a fire-detection system can limit the
emission of toxic products created by combustion, as well as global-warming gases produced
by the fire itself. These environmental effects often are overlooked, but undoubtedly occur
in all fire scenarios. Therefore, reducing the likelihood of a fire is an important part of
designing a green building.

6. Light Sensor
Sometimes also known as Photo Sensors, Light Sensors are one of the important sensors. A
simple Light Sensor available today is the Light Dependent Resistor or LDR. The property of
LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient light i.e.,
when the intensity of light increases, its resistance decreases and vise-versa.
By using LDR is a circuit, we can calibrate the changes in its resistance to measure the
intensity of Light. There are two other Light Sensors (or Photo Sensors) which are often used
in complex electronic system design. They are Photo Diode and Photo Transistor. All these
are Analog Sensors.

7. Sound Sensor
Sound is a waveform of energy which is produced by the form of mechanical vibration. The
type of sound determines its frequency.
For example, a bass drum has a low-frequency sound and a cymbal has a higher frequency
sound. The sound sensor is a simple device which can detect the sound. The sound sensors
are very simple to use.

8. IR Sensor
When we look into electromagnetic spectrum, infrared region is divided into three regions
as Near Infrared, mid Infrared and far Infrared region. Infrared spectrum has a higher
frequency range than microwave and lesser frequency than visible light. An infrared sensor
is used for emitting and detecting IR radiation. By this principle, IR sensor can be used as
Obstacle detector. There are two types of IR sensors as Active and Passive IR sensors.
Passive IR sensor: When sensor does not use any IR source to detect the emitted energy
from the obstacles it acts as a Passive IR sensor. Examples like thermocouple, pyro electric
detector and bolometers comes under passive sensors.
Active IR sensor: When are there two components which acts as IR source and IR detector it
is called as Active sensor. LED or laser diode act as IR source. Photodiode or phototransistors
acts as IR detector.

9. Water Level Sensor

The working of the water level sensor is pretty straightforward. The series of exposed
parallel conductors, together acts as a variable resistor (just like a potentiometer) whose
resistance varies according to the water level.
The change in resistance corresponds to the distance from the top of the sensor to
the surface of the water.

The resistance is inversely proportional to the height of the water:

● The more water the sensor is immersed in, results in better conductivity and will
result in a lower resistance.
● The less water the sensor is immersed in, results in poor conductivity and will result
in a higher resistance.
The sensor produces an output voltage according to the resistance, which by
measuring we can determine the water level.

3.3 Introduction to Actuators

Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control
command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical
system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc.

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving or controlling a

mechanism or system. Normally, the actuators are used in conjunction with the power
supply and a coupling mechanism.

An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal is relatively
low energy: Electrical (voltage/current), Pneumatic Pressure, Hydraulic Pressure, Human
power, etc. When the control signal is received, the actuator responds by converting the
energy into mechanical motion. Typical mechanisms include rack and pinion, gear drive, belt
drive, lead screw and nut, piston, and linkages.

An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors +

Actuators + Networks (Internet). An actuator is a machine component or system that moves
or controls the mechanism or the system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then
control signals are generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform.
A servo motor is an example of an actuator. They are linear or rotatory actuators, can move
to a given specified angular or linear position. We can use servo motors for IoT applications
and make the motor rotate to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.
The following diagram shows what actuators do, the controller directs the actuator based on
the sensor data to do the work.
 The control system acts upon an environment through the actuator. It requires a source of
energy and a control signal. When it receives a control signal, it converts the source of
energy to a mechanical operation.

Functions of actuation:
1. Transformation of rotary motion into a translating motion as in the case of the cam
and follower mechanism where the rotational motion of the cam is changed into the
translational movement of the follower.
2. Transformation of rotary motion for a long distance which is not possible by using
gears, as in the case of belt drives.
3. Transformation of rotary motion for a medium distance without slipping which is not
possible by using belt drives, as in the case of belt drives.
4. Transformation of linear motion into rotational motion as in the case of rack and
pinion mechanism.
5. Locking of rotating elements as in the case of ratchet and pawl mechanism.

3.4 Different Types of Actuators

1. Pneumatic Actuators: Pneumatic actuators convert energy in the form of compressed
air into mechanical motion. Here pressurised gas or compressed air enters a chamber
thus building up the pressure inside. Once this pressure goes above the required
pressure levels in contrast to the atmospheric pressure outside the chamber, it makes
the piston or gear move kinetically in a controlled manner, thus leading to a straight or
circular mechanical motion. Examples include pneumatic cylinders, air cylinders, and air
actuators. Cheaper and often more powerful than other actuators, they can quickly start
or stop as no power source has to be stored in reserve for operation. Often used with
valves to control the flow of air through the valve, these actuators generate considerable
force through relatively small pressure changes.
Examples of maker projects using pneumatic actuators include lifting devices and
humanoid robots with arms and limbs, typically used for lifting.
Advantages:
The simple design of the actuator makes it popular, and perfect for application where
cleanliness is a must.
​ There is a minimal risk of contamination from the power supply because these
actuators are gas-driven.
​ These actuators feature no motors, which means no magnetic interference is created
at high temperatures. This makes the actuator ideal for applications involving high
temperatures.
​ These actuators require almost no maintenance, are lightweight, and equipped with
durable components. All these help lower their costs of operation.
​ Pneumatic actuators are suited for applications, where regular closing and the
opening is required.

Disadvantages:
​ Compressibility and pressure losses are two factors that make these actuators
imperfect for various key linear motion applications
​ At times, it is very difficult to achieve positional accuracy with these actuators, which
is one of the largest drawbacks.
​ Noise generated by these actuators is large, which makes them incapable of
applications where silence is required.

2. Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic actuators have a cylinder or fluid motor that uses
hydraulic power to generate mechanical motion, which in turn leads to linear, rotatory or
oscillatory motion. Given the fact that liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a
hydraulic actuator can exert a large force. When the fluid enters the lower chamber of
the actuator’s hydraulic cylinder, pressure inside increases and exerts a force on the
bottom of the piston, also inside the cylinder. The pressure causes the sliding piston to
move in a direction opposite to the force caused by the spring in the upper chamber,
making the piston move upward and opening the valve. The downside with these
actuators is the need for many complementary parts and possibility of fluid leakage.

Advantages:
​ These actuators offer high horsepower than the pneumatic actuators.
​ The small and compact construction of these actuators makes them perfect for many
miniature devices of the day.

Disadvantages:
​ In some cases, the fluid may leak that will lead to huge losses. More to this, these
fluid leaks will also cause cleanliness problems, and damage their surrounding
components.
 ​ These actuators require too many companion parts, such as heat exchangers,
motors, pump and more. This increases user maintenance throughout the lifetime of
the actuator.
​ Midstroke positioning is difficult to achieve with these actuators, and it requires lots
of user support, as well as additional components.

3. Electrical Actuators: Electrical actuators are equipped with a motor. The rotational
energy of the motor is converted into the linear movement of a device. This actuator
possesses high positioning capabilities owing to electronic controllers fitted within.
These capabilities along with velocity control are brilliantly exploited by various
industries today. These actuators are easy to set up, and can be reprogrammed quickly,
and offer an immediate response. Electric actuators offer a wide range of motion
profiles, owing to their versatile designs.

Advantages:
​ These actuators require almost no maintenance, except for the replacement of worn
parts.
​ They do not leak fluids, so there are no cleanliness issues, also the environmental
hazards are eliminated.
Disadvantages:
​ The purchasing cost of these actuators is considerably high than the other two types,
but their operating and maintenance costs are low.
​ They are not suitable for hazardous and flammable areas.

Other actuators are –

Thermal Actuators-
A thermal actuator is a non-electric motor that generates linear motion in response
to temperature changes. Its main components are a piston and a thermal sensitive
material. When there is a rise in temperature, the thermal-sensitive materials begin
to expand in response, driving the piston out of the actuator. Similarly, upon
detecting a drop in the temperature, the thermal-sensitive materials inside contract,
making the piston retract. Thus these actuators can be used for carrying out tasks
such as releasing latches, working switches and opening or closing valves. They have
many applications, particularly in the aerospace, automotive, agricultural and solar
industries.

Magnetic Actuators –
Magnetic actuators are those that use magnetic effects to produce motion of a part in the
actuator. They usually come in the following categories: moving coil actuator, moving
magnet actuator, moving iron actuator and electromagnetic actuator.
 In case of the first kind (moving coil actuator), a mobile coil driven by a current is placed in a
static magnetic field, where it is subject to the Lorentz force. This force is proportional to the
applied current.
Moving magnet actuators work differently; here mobile permanent magnet is placed
between two magnet poles and is switched from one pole to the other using coils. Such
actuators can generate high forces but are not easily controlled.
In moving iron actuators, a soft magnetic part placed into a coil system moves in a fashion
that keeps the system magnetic energy to a minimum.

Mechanical Actuators –
Mechanical actuators create movement by converting one kind of motion, such as rotary
motion, into another kind, such as linear motion. Say for instance, a rack and a pinion.
Another example is that of a chain block hoisting weight where the mechanical motion of
the chain is used to lift a load. The functioning of mechanical actuators relies on the
combinations of their structural components, such as gears and rails, or pulleys and chains.
High reliability, simplicity of utilisation, easier maintenance and greater precision of
positioning are some of the advantages. They can be categorised into hydraulic, pneumatic
and electric actuators.
Example – A crankshaft.
​ Soft Actuators
​ Shape Memory Polymers
​ Light Activated Polymers
​ With the expanding world of IoT, sensors and actuators will find more usage in
commercial and domestic applications along with the pre-existing use in industry.

3.5 Difference between Sensors & Actuators

Sensors Actuators
It converts physical characteristics into It converts electrical signals into physical
electrical signals. characteristics.
It takes input from output conditioning
It takes input from environment. unit of system.
It gives output to input conditioning unit of
system. It gives output to environment.
Sensor generated electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion.
It is placed at input port of the system. It is placed at output port of the system.
It is used to measure the continuous and
It is used to measure the physical quantity. discrete process parameters.
It gives information to the system about
environment. It accepts command to perform a function.
Examples: Magnetometer, Cameras, Examples: LED, Laser, Loudspeaker,
Accelerometer, microphones. Solenoid, motor controllers.

Short Questions:
1. What is Active IR Sensor?
2. What is Passive IR Sensor?
3. Definition of Sensor.
4. What is Actuator?
5. What is Thermal Actuator?
6. What is Ultrasonic Sensor?
7. Define: Light Sensor
8. Define: IR Sensor

Long Questions:
1. List out Types of Sensors. Explain in Detail.
2. Explain Types of Actuators in detail.
3. Difference between Sensors & Actuators.
 Unit 4
Introduction to
Raspberry pi and
Arduino
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

4.1 Introduction to IoT Devices.

IoT devices are pieces of hardware, such as sensors, actuators, gadgets, appliances, or machines, that
are programmed for certain applications and can transmit data over the internet or other networks.
They can be embedded into other mobile devices, industrial equipment, environmental sensors, medical
devices, and more. There are several standards for device integration, especially for consumer and
industry devices. That is, these standards are compactly and constantly optimized toward integrating a
wide variety of distributed, decentralized, and disparate devices. However, the ultimate target is to
establish smarter environments that readily link cross domain automation modules.

 A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances
and controlling the appliances.
 An industrial machine which sends information about its operation and health
monitoring data to a server.
 A car which sends information about its location to a cloud based service.

4.2 Basic Building block of an IoT Device

An IoT device can consist of a number of modules based on functional attributes, such as

 Sensing : Sensor can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the device.IoT
device can collect various types of information from the on-board or attached sensors
such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, etc. The sensed information can be
communicated either to other devices or cloud – based servers/storage.
 Actuation : IoT devices can have various type of actuators attached that allow taking
actions upon the physical entities in the vicinity of the device.for example , a relay
switch connected to an IoT device can turn an appliance on/off based on the commands
sent to the device.
 Communication: Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to
other devices or cloud based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and
commands from remote applications.
 Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making
sense of the collected data.
The representative IoT device used for the examples in this book is the widely
used single-board mini computer called Raspberry Pi.The use of Raspberry Pi is
international since these device are widely accessible,in expensive, and available from
multiple vendors.
Figure shows a generic block diagram of a single – board compuer (SBC) based IoT
device that include CPU,GPU,RAM,Storage and various type of interfaces and
peripherals.

2
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Block diagram of an IoT Device

4.3 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a small like credit card but full-featured computer on a single board
created by Eben Upton. Raspberry Pi Runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost
all tasks that a normal desktop computer can do. The Raspberry Pi can be used for browsing
the web, creating documents and spreadsheets, playing games, watching videos and lots
more. It also provides a great environment for learning programming and digital making.
You can also connect up hardware (sensor and Actuator) to the Pi’s GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins and learn to program using electronics components. The Raspberry Pi
can also be built into custom projects such as home automation solutions, Smart cities
solutions etc.it supports Python “out of box”.

3
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Purpose or Why Raspberry Pi?

 Inexpensive
 Cross –Platform
 Simple
 Clear programming enviorment
 Open source and extensible software
 Open source and extensible hardware.

Application Area

 Home Automation
 Smart Cities
 Environment Monitoring
 Logistics Tracking
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart Industry
 Smart Heath Care & Lifestyle

4.4 Components of Raspberry pi

 Processor & RAM : Raspberry Pi is based on an ARM processor.The latest version of
Raspberry Pi 4 B Comes with Broadcom BCM2711, Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit
SoC @ 1.5GHz and 2GB, 4GB or 8GB LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM (depending on model)
 USB Ports : Raspberry Pi comes with two USB 2.0 ports.The USB ports on Raspberry Pi
can provide a current upto 100mA.For connecting devices that draw current more than
100mA,an external USB powered hub is required.
 Ethernet Ports : Raspberry Pi comes with a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. You can connect
an Ethernet cable or a USB Wifi adapter to provide internet connectivity.
 HDMI Output: The HDMI port on raspberry Pi provides both video and audio output. You
can connect the Raspberry Pi to a monitor using as HDMI cable. For monitors that have a
DVI port but no HDMI port, you can use an HDMI to DVI adapter/cable.
 Composite Video Output : Raspberry Pi comes with a composite video output with an
RCA jack that supports both PAL and NTSC video output. The RCA jack can be used to
connect old televisions that have an RCA input only.
 Audio Output : Raspberry pi has a 3.5 mm audio output jack. This audio jack is used for
providing audio output to old televisions along with the RCA jack for video.The audio
quality from this jack is inferior to the HDMI output.

4
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

 GPIO Pins : Raspberry Pi comes with a 40 number of general purpose input/output pins.
Figure 7.3 shows the Raspberry Pi GPIO headers. There are four types of pins on
Raspberry Pi –true GPIO pins,I2C interface pins,SPI interface pins and serial Rx and tx pins.
 Display Serial Interface(DSI) : The DSI interface can be used to connect and LCD panel to
Raspberry Pi.
 Camera Serial Interface(CSI) : The CSI interface can be used to connect a camera module
to Raspberry Pi.
 Status LEDs : Raspberry Pi has five status LEDs.
 SD Card Slot : Raspberry Pi does not have a built in operating system and storage. You
can plug-in an SD card loaded with a Linux image to the SD card slot.
 Power Input : Raspberry Pi has a micro - USB Connector for power input.

GPIO

Raspberry Pi Board

5
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Raspberry Pi different model’s GPIO

4.5 Introduction to Arduino

In 2005, building upon the work of Hernando Barragán (creator of Wiring), Massimo Banzi and
David Cuartielles created Arduino. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software.Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online.

You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Why Arduino?

Arduino is an open source product, software/hardware which is accessible and flexible to

customers. Arduino is flexible because of offering variety of digital and analog pins, SPI and
PWM outputs. Arduino is easy to use, connected to a computer via a USB and communicates
using serial protocol. Inexpensive, Arduino has growing online community where lots of
source code is available for use, share and post examples for others to use too. Arduino is

6
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Cross-platform, which can work on Windows, Mac or Linux platforms. Arduino follows Simple,
clear programming environment as C language. Arduino is best known for its hardware, but you also
need software to program that hardware. Both the hardware and the software are called “Arduino.” The
combination enables you to create projects that sense and control the physical world. The software is
free, open source, and cross-platform. The boards are inexpensive to buy, or you can build your own
(the hardware designs are also open source). In addition, there is an active and supportive Arduino
community that is accessible worldwide through the Arduino forums and the wiki (known as the Arduino
Playground).

In the ten years since Arduino was released, hundreds of “Arduino boards” are available in
the market serving every kind of purpose. Among all in this book we focus on popular Arduino
UNO which is used in almost 99% of projects.

Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno With Components

Microcontroller: the ATmega328p is the Arduino brain. Everything on
the Arduino board is meant to support this microcontroller.

Arduino board

7
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Components of Arduino
Microcontroller: The ATmega328p is the Arduino brain. Everything on the Arduino board is
meant to support this microcontroller.

Digital pins: Arduino has 14 digital pins, labeled from 0 to 13 that can act as inputs or
outputs. When set as inputs, these pins can read voltage. They can only read two different
states HIGH or LOW. When set as outputs, these pins can apply voltage. They can only apply
5V (HIGH) or 0V (LOW).

PWM pins: These are digital pins marked with a ~ (pins 11, 10, 9, 6, 5 and 3). PWM stands
for “pulse width modulation” and allows to make digital pins output “fake” varying amounts
of voltage.

LED attached to digital pin 13: This is useful for an easy debugging of the Arduino sketches.

TX and RX pins: these pins blink when there are information being sent between the
computer and the Arduino.

Analog pins: the analog pins are labeled from A0 to A5 and are most often used to read
analog sensors. They can read different amounts of voltage between 0 and 5V. Additionally,
they can also be used as digital output/input pins like the digital pins.

Power pins: The Arduino has 3.3V or 5V supply, which is really useful since most
components require 3.3V or 5V. The pins labelled as “GND” are the ground pins.

Reset button: when you press that button, the program that is currently being run in your
Arduino will start from the beginning. You also have a Reset pin next to the power pins that
acts as reset button. When you apply a small voltage to that pin, it will reset the Arduino.

Power ON LED: will be on since power is applied to the Arduino.

USB jack: a male USB A to male USB B cable is how you upload programs from your
computer to your Arduino board. This also powers your Arduino.

Power jack: The power jack is where you connect a component to power up your Arduino
(recommended voltage is 5V). There are several ways to power up your Arduino:
rechargeable batteries, disposable batteries, wall - warts and solar panel.

8
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

4.6 Difference between Raspberry Pi and Arduino

Arduino Uno Raspberry Pi

Known as Microcontroller Full-featured computer on a single
board
Task Arduino is usually used for Raspberry Pi SBC can preform
running a single task (or a very multiple tasks simultaneously due to
small no. of simple tasks) its powerful processor and Linux
repeatedly, over and over again based OS

Components The Microcontroller on the All the necessary components like

Arduino Board (like ATmega328P) Processor, RAM, Storage,
contains the Processor, RAM, Connectors, GPIO Pins, etc. are
ROM. The board contains situated on the Raspberry Pi Board
supporting hardware (for power itself
and data) and GPIO Pins
Programming Arduino can be programmed using The main programming languages for
Language C or C++ Programming Languages developing application in Raspberry
Support Pi are Python, Scratch, Ruby, C, C++
Source Arduino is developed as open- Both the hardware and firmware of
source hardware and software Raspberry Pi are closed-source i.e., it
from the beginning. You can easily is not available for general use
get complete information on
Arduino’s hardware and software
GPIO GPIO is an important peripheral of Raspberry Pi SBC has several GPIO
any Microcontroller and Arduino Pins (the famous 40-pin Raspberry Pi
UNO is no exception. In Arduino GPIO), using which you can connect
terminology, these pins are called different sensors, IO Devices, etc.
Digital IO (to connect LEDs and
Buttons) and Analog IN (to
connect analog devices)
Internet For Arduino, you need additional You can easily connect to internet
module or shields to connect to using Wi-Fi or Ethernet because
internet because in Arduino There Raspberry Pi has the hardware for
is no wireless connectivity in case Bluetooth and Wi-Fi on board
of Arduino (at least on board)
Price $30(INR 1500 approx.) $35(INR 2800 approx.)
Size 7.6 × 1.9 × 6.4 cm 8.6cm × 5.4 × 1.7 cm
Memory 0.002MB 512 MB
Clock Speed 16 MHz 700 MHz
On Board None 10/100 wired Ethernet RJ45
Network
Multitasking No Yes

9
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino

Input Voltage 7 to 12 V 5V
Flash 32KB SD Card(2 to 18G)
USB One, Input Only Two, peripherals OK
Operating None Linux distributors
System
Integrated Arduino Scratch,IDLE,anything with Linux
Development Support
Environment

Short Questions
1) What is the use of GPIO pins?
2) What is Sensing and Actuation?
3) What is GPIO Pins?
4) List out basic building blocks of an IoT Device.
5) What is an IoT Device?

Long Questions
1) What is an IoT Device? Explain basic building blocks of an IoT Device.
2) What is Raspberry Pi? Explain its Components.
3) What is Arduino? Explain its Components.
4) Explain Basic building block of an IoT Device.
5) How is Raspberry Pi different from a desktop Computer.
6) Explain Difference between Raspberry Pi and Arduino.

10
 Unit 5
Case Study
 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 2

5.1 IoT for Smart City Application

The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million every year. In addition, more
than 60 percent of the world’s population will be living in cities by 2050.As a result,people
occupying just 2 percent of the world’s land will consume about three-quarters of its resources.
Moreover, more than 100 cities of 1 million people will be built in the next 10 years.

There are different types of application of smart cities like Smart environment, Smart parking,
Smart living, Smart Governance, Smart Waste Management and Smart Street lighting etc.

Smart Parking

The purpose of a smart parking system is to detect the number of empty parking slots and send
the information over the internet to smart parking application backend. These applications can
be accessed by drivers from smartphones, tablets or from in-car navigation systems.in smart
parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied.
This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the internet to a server.

The following figure shows the domain model for the smart parking system. The domain model
includes a physical entity for the parking slot and the corresponding virtual entity.
 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 3

Process Specification for the smart parking IoT System

Above figure shows the process diagram for the smart parking system. Each parking slot has an
ultrasonic sensor fixed above which can detect the presence of a vehicle in the slot. Each sensor
is read at regular intervals and the state of the parking slot (empty / occupied) is updated in
database.
 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 4

Controller service of the smart parking IoT system

Above figure show specification for the controller services of the smart parking system here in
Schedule part, every 5 seconds sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the
slot is empty or occupied. In output part, State will be changed based on the detection of the
presence of a vehicle in the slot.

Service specification for the smart parking IoT system - State service
 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 5

In above figure show specification of the state services of the smart parking system. The
services are derived from the process specification and the information model. The smart
parking system has two services.

(1) A service that monitors the parking slots (using ultrasonic sensors) and updates the
status in the database on the cloud.
(2) A service that retrieves the current state of the parking slots.

Deployment of sensors for smart parking system

 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 6

Above figure shows how the sensor deployed in a roof of parking area. The View Sets for the
model (StateViewSet) are included in the views file. The home view renders the content for the
smart parking application home page that displays the status of the parking slots. Notice that a
request is sent to the REST(Representational State Transfer) service to obtain the state of a
parking slots. Notice that a request is sent to the state REST service to obtain the state of a
parking slot.

5.2 IoT for Smart Home

Smart Lighting

The purpose of the home automation system is to control the lights in atypical home remotely
using a web application. The system includes auto and manual modes. In auto mode, the
system measures the light in a room and switches on the light when it gets dark. In manual
mode , The system provides the option of manually and remotely switching on/off the light.

Process specification for Smart Lighting

 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 7

Above figure shows the process diagram for the smart lighting system. The process diagram
shows the two modes of the system-auto and manual. In the process diagram the circle
denotes the start of a process, diamond denotes a decision box and rectangle denotes a state
or attribute. When the auto mode is choosen, the system monitors Light level. If the light level
is low, the system changes the state of the light to “off”. When the manual mode is
choosen,the system checks the light state set by the user. If the light state set by the user is
“on”. The system changes the state of light to “on”. Whereas, if the light state set by the user is
“off”, the system changes the state light to “off”.

Deployment design of the home automation IoT system.

Above figure shows the deployment design of the home automation system. The system
has two REST services (mode and state) and a controller native service. The following two figure
show specifications of the mode and state REST services of the home autonomous system.
 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 8

Service specification for home automation IoT system-mode service

The mode service is RESTful web service that sets mode to auto or manual,or retrieves the
current mode. The mode is updated to/ retrieved from the database.

Service specification for home automation IoT system – State service

 Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 9

The state service is a RESTful web service that sets the light appliance state to on/off, or
retrieves the current light state. The state is updated to/retrieves the current light state. The
state is updated to/retrieved from the status database.

Dashboard

Home automation web application screenshot

Above figure shows a screenshot of the home automation web application. Figure show two
switches one for Auto or Manual (ON/OFF) and second is for Light (ON/OFF).If we off Auto
option then it will be convert into manual mode otherwise it is in Auto mode. The devices and
components are used in this example are Raspberry Pi mini computer , LDR sensor and relay
switch actuator.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 10

Controller services of the home automation IoT system

The above figure shows the specification of the controller native service that runs on Raspberry
Pi. When in auto mode, the controller service monitors the light level and switches the light
on/off and updates the status in the status database. When in manual mode, the controller
service, retrieves the current state from the database and switches the light on/off.

5.3 IoT for Health & Lifestyle

Basic purpose of Smart health & Lifestyle is some wearable IoT device that continuous
monitoring of physiological parameters that can help in continuous health and fitness
monitoring. These wearable devices may be in various forms such as belts and wrist-bands. The
wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which
the measurements from a number of wearable device are continuous sent to a master
node(such as smart-phone) which then sends the data to a server or a cloud based back –end
for analysis and archiving. Commonly used body sensor include: body temperature , heart rate,
pulse oximeter oxygen saturation(SPo2),blood pressure , electrocardiogram(ECG) etc.

Some challenges in the health care system are smarter hospital, Data Integration/realtimeness
, Medical resource shortness, Bad Health habits, Lack of information sharing etc.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 11

Process specification for IoT Health System

Above figure shows the process diagram for the IoT health system. The process diagram shows
the two part Normal and Critical. In the Normal part, the blood pressure value is less than
threshold_min value and in the Critical part, the blood pressure value is more than
threshold_max value. In the process diagram the circle denotes the start of a process, diamond
denotes a decision box and rectangle denotes a state or attribute.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 12

Deployement design for IoT Health System

Above figure shows the deployment design of the IoT Health system. The system has REST
services and a controller native service.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 13

Controller services of the IoT Health system

Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 14

Deployement of Adhoc Wireless Sensor for Health Monitoring System

In above figure shows blood pressure monitoring adhoc wireless sensor attach to patient body
that collect continues input value of blood pressure form the patient body and the controller
service calls the REST service to store these measurements in the cloud.In the cloud application
can analyze and check threshold minimum and threshold maximum value of blood pressure set
previously according to doctor advice and display on dashboard also. If blood pressure value
more than upper limit of threshold_max value or less than threshold_min value then alert
message sent to the corresponding doctor and patient. Doctor can give advice to the patient
immediately.

Case Study for Practice

Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 15

1. Weather Monitoring System

The purpose of the weather monitoring system is to collect data on environmental conditions
such as temperature, Pressure, humidity and light in an area using multiple end nodes. The end
nodes send the data to the cloud where the data is aggregated and analyzed.

Process specification for weather monitoring IoT system

Above figure shows process specification for the weather monitoring system. The process
specification shows that the sensors are read after fixed intervals and the sensor measurements
are stored.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 16

Controller service of the weather monitoring IoT system

Above figure shows the specification of the controller service for the weather monitoring
system, The controller service runs as a native service on the device and monitors
temperature,pressure,humidity and light once every 15 seconds. The controller service calls the
REST service to store these measurements in the cloud.
Introduction to Raspberry pi and Arduino 17

Deployement design of the weather monitoring IoT system

The above figure shows the deployement design for the weather monitoring system.The system
consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature,humidity
and pressure in an area.The end nodes are equipped with various sensors. The end nodes send
the data to the cloud and the data is stored in a cloud database. The analysis of data is done in
the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions. A Cloud – based application is used for
visualizing the data. The centralized controller can send control commands to the end nodes, to
configure the monitoring interval on the end nodes.