1.

Difference between Binary and Decimal Systems:

 Binary system: Uses base 2, consisting of only two digits, 0 and 1. Each place value
is a power of 2.
 Decimal system: Uses base 10, consisting of digits from 0 to 9. Each place value is a
power of 10.
2. Integrated Circuits in Third-Generation Computers: Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed
for the integration of many transistors into a single chip, which drastically reduced the size,
cost, and power consumption of computers. This revolutionized the third-generation
computers by improving speed, reliability, and efficiency.
3. Purpose of Main Memory (RAM) in a System: Although volatile, main memory is
essential because it provides temporary storage for data and instructions that the CPU needs
during processing. Its high-speed access is crucial for efficient program execution.
4. Why Cache Memory is Faster than RAM: Cache memory is faster because it is closer to
the CPU and uses smaller, faster memory cells. It stores frequently accessed data, reducing
the time the CPU needs to fetch data from the slower main memory (RAM).
5. Hardware and Software:
 Hardware: The physical components of a computer, e.g., the CPU.
 Software: The programs or instructions that control hardware, e.g., Operating
System (OS).
6. Application Software Depends on System Software: Application software requires
system software (like the OS) to manage hardware resources, provide user interfaces, and
execute processes. Without system software, applications would not function because they
rely on OS services for execution.
7. Simplex and Duplex Modes of Data Transmission:
 Simplex: Data flows in only one direction (e.g., keyboard to computer).
 Duplex: Data can flow in both directions.
o Half-duplex: Data flows in both directions but not simultaneously (e.g.,
walkie-talkies).
o Full-duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously (e.g., telephone).
8. Data Transmission Mode for E-Mail: E-Mail uses half-duplex mode because the
communication happens in both directions, but typically not at the same time (messages are
sent and received asynchronously).
9. Role of a Router in a Network: A router forwards data packets between different
networks, determining the best path for data to travel from source to destination. It connects
multiple devices and ensures efficient data flow.
10. Advantages of Mesh Topology over Star Topology:
  Mesh Topology: Offers higher reliability because each node is connected to multiple
nodes. Even if one connection fails, data can still be transmitted through other routes.
 Star Topology: Less reliable, as a failure in the central hub can disrupt the entire
network.
11. Basic Structure of a C Program:
// Section 1: Documentation
/* This is a simple C program that demonstrates the basic structure */
// Section 2: Preprocessor Section
#include <stdio.h>
// Section 3: Definition
#define PI 3.14159
// Section 4: Global Declaration
int globalVariable; // Declaration of a global variable
void myFunction(); // Function declaration
//Section 5: Main() Function
int main() {
// Code goes here
myFunction(); // Calling the function
return 0;
}
// Section 6: Sub Programs
// Function definition
void myFunction() {
// Code for the function
}
12. Flowchart for Factorial of a number
.
13. Tokens are the smallest individual units or building blocks of a C program. A token can
be a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or an operator. These tokens are
essential for writing valid C code.
Types of Tokens
Keywords: Predefined reserved words.
Identifiers: Names for variables, functions, etc.
Constants: Fixed values in the program.
String Literals: Sequences of characters in quotes.
Operators: Symbols for operations.
Punctuation/Separators: Symbols for structuring code.
14. An expression in C is a combination of variables, constants, operators, and function calls
that are evaluated to produce a value. Expressions are fundamental building blocks in C
programming and are used to perform calculations, assign values, and control the program
flow.
a+b
x>y
sum = 10 + 20
result = (a > b) ? a : b (ternary expression)
15. In C, input is handled by the scanf() function, which reads data from the user. For
example, scanf("%d", &num); reads an integer. Common format specifiers include %d for
integers, %f for floats, and %c for characters.
For output, the printf() function is used to display information. For example, printf("The
number is %d", num); prints an integer. Similarly, %d, %f, and %c are used to format
integers, floats, and characters respectively.
16. The if statement in C is used for decision-making, allowing the program to execute a
block of code only if a specified condition is true. It helps in controlling the flow of the
program based on certain conditions.
 Purpose:
 It checks a condition.
 If the condition evaluates to true (non-zero), the code inside the if block is executed.
 If the condition is false (zero), the code inside the if block is skipped.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 20;
if (a < b) {
printf("a is less than b");
return 0;
}
17. #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
(num % 2 == 0) ? printf("Even\n") : printf("Odd\n");
return 0;
}
18. #include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, c, d, e;
float average;
printf("Enter five numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d %d %d", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e);
average = (a + b + c + d + e) / 5.0;
printf("Average = %.2f", average);
return 0;
}
19.

20. #include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
float radius, area;
printf("Enter the radius: ");
scanf("%f", &radius);
area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;
printf("Area of the circle = %.2f", area);
return 0;
}
21. For loop is a control flow statement in programming that allows you to execute a block
of code repeatedly based on a specified condition. It is commonly used when you know how
many times you want to execute a block of code.
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// Code block to be executed repeatedly as long as the condition is true
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}

22. #include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int n, factorial = 1;
 printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
factorial *= i;
}
printf("Factorial = %d", factorial);
return 0;
}
23. #include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int N, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &N);
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) {
sum += i;
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);
return 0;
}