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Lesson 05

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Nushail Ziyadh
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6 views

Lesson 05

Uploaded by

Nushail Ziyadh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Switching

Why is it All?
❖ A Network is a set of connected devices. Whenever we have multiple devices, we
have the problem of how to connect them to make one-to-one communication
possible.

❖ One solution is to make a point-to-point connection between each pair of


devices(mesh topology) OR between a central device & every other device(star
topology).
● When applied to very large network, these methods are impractical & wasteful.
● Other topologies employing multipoint connections, such as a bus ,a single
communication line (bus) to which all devices are connected.When the network
grows too large, the bus can become overloaded,

Why Large Networks Need a Better Solution


Distance Issues: As the network expands, the distance between devices increases.
Capacity Limitations: As more devices are added, the network may exceed the
capacity
Efficiency: Direct connections for all devices (like in a mesh topology) become
wasteful because it uses too much equipment,

● To overcome this, networking introduced Switching.


Switch
● A network switch is a hardware device that connects various devices like computers,
printers, and servers within a local network network. It helps direct data to the correct
destination.

● A switch doesn’t just broadcast data to every device in the network. Instead, it acts
intelligently, only sending data to the specific device that’s supposed to receive it. This
makes data transfer faster and more efficient.

● Each device connected to a switch has a unique hardware identifier called a MAC address.
The switch builds a table of these addresses to know which port each device is connected.

● Modern switches support full-duplex communication.


Switching
Switching is the process of transferring data packets from one
device to another in a network, or from one network to
another, using specific devices called switches.
Switching ensures that
data packets reach their
destination accurately and
quickly by determining the
best path based on the
network's topology and
traffic.
Switching Conti……
● Switching is transparent to the user and does not require any configuration in the home
network.
● Switches are used to forward the packets based on MAC addresses.
● A Switch is used to transfer the data only to the device that has been addressed. It verifies
the destination address to route the packet appropriately.
● Switching occurs at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and sometimes at the Network Layer
(Layer 3).
● It plays a crucial role in both Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks
(WANs).
Types of Network Switching

1. Circuit Switching: Establishes a dedicated communication path between two devices for
the entire duration of the transmission.(Traditional telephone networks.)
2. Packet Switching:Data is divided into packets, each sent independently through the
network without a dedicated path.
3. Message Switching: Entire messages are sent to intermediate devices, where they are
stored and then forwarded to the next destination.
Circuit Switching
● Circuit switching is a method of communication where a dedicated communication
path is established between the source node (sender) and the destination node
(receiver) for the entire duration of the connection.
● A circuit-switched network is excellent for data that needs a constant link from
end-to-end.
● For example real-time video.

Characteristics:
❖ Predefined Path
❖ Dedicated Connection(no other connections can
use this path until the communication is
complete.)
Packet Switching
● Data is divided into smaller units called packets before transmission. Unlike circuit switching,
there is no dedicated path established for the entire duration of the communication.

● The packets can be routed, combined or fragmented, as required to get them to their
eventual destination.

● On the receiving end, the process is reversed—the data is read from the packets and
re-assembled into the form of the original data.
● Each packet is sent with a ‘header address’. This tells it where its final destination is, so
it knows where to go.
● The header address also describes the sequence for reassembly at the destination
computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order.
● One packet also contains details of how many packets should be arriving so that the
recipient computer knows if one packet has failed to turn up. If a packet fails to arrive,
the recipient computer sends a message back to the computer which originally sent
the data, asking for the missing packet to be resent.

Characteristics of Packet Switching


Each packet contains not only a portion of the data but
❖ Data Segmentation also important information such as the destination
❖ Routing Independence address, source address, and sequence number.
❖ Dynamic Path Selection
❖ Error Checking
Differences Between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Message switching
● Message switching systems are nowadays mostly implemented over packet-switched or
circuit-switched data networks.
● Used store & forward mechanism.message is transferred as a unit & forward using store &
forward using this mechanism at the intermediary node.
● An entire message is transmitted as a single entity from the sender to the receiver, but
without the need for a dedicated end-to-end path,Instead, each message is handled
independently by the network and may take any available path to reach its destination.

Switching Techniques in Computer


Networks - YouTube
● Message switching is a middle stage of circuit switching and packet switching.
● A switch working on message switching, first receives the whole message and buffers it
until there are resources available to transfer it to the next node. If the next node is not
having enough resource to accommodate large size message, the message is stored and
switch waits.
Characteristics
● Store-and-Forward Mechanism: Each message is temporarily stored at intermediate
nodes (usually switches or routers) until the next part of the path is free, then forwarded
towards the destination.
● No Dedicated Path: Unlike circuit switching, message switching does not require a
dedicated path between sender and receiver, meaning network resources are not tied up
for a single communication.
● Independent Handling: Messages can take different routes through the network
depending on current conditions, like traffic load or node availability
★ In message switching, a message's journey from sender to
receiver isn't fixed but adaptable. Intermediate nodes (like
switches or routers) temporarily store the message and forward
it when a suitable path is open.
Advantages of Message Switching Disadvantages of Message Switching
Efficient Use of Resources: No need to have
separate paths so that several messages can be Higher Latency: Because messages are stored
processed at a certain time.
and forwarded at each intermediate node, such
No Setup Time: Like in the connected mode,
delays are possible.
signals are sent and received without the setting
Complexity in Message Reassembly: It could be
up of a call.
expected that a message will be sent as one
Flexibility in Routing: Information can be
package, but will arrive as several packages, and
re-routed also depending on current conditions
then needs to be reconstructed at the arrival
in the network:
location.
Message Switching vs. Packet Switching:
● In message switching, the entire message is sent as a single unit and stored temporarily at
each node, while in packet switching, the data is broken into smaller packets, each
handled independently.
● Packet switching tends to be faster and more efficient for real-time communication,
whereas message switching can be more reliable for transmitting larger data that doesn't
require immediate delivery.
Message Switching vs. Circuit Switching:
● Circuit switching requires a dedicated path for communication (like traditional phone
lines), which can be inefficient if the line is not constantly in use.
● Message switching is more resource-efficient, as it does not tie up a path for the entire
communication.
Thank
You!!

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