Protocol & Standards

Protocols and standards

● Protocols and standards

are important in computer
networks. They are like the
rules and guidelines that
allow different devices and
systems to communicate
and work together
smoothly.
 Data Communication
❖ Data Communications are the exchange of data between two nodes via some
form of link (transmission medium)such as cable.
❖ All Communication schemes will have the following things in common,
Source or Sender, Destination or Receiver, Channel or media, Rules or
Protocols

★ Protocol are necessary for human communication because

It identified sender and receiver, Common language,Speed & timing,
Confirmation or acknowledgement.

We will talk about Protocol in Networking Communication next,

 What is Protocol?

● A protocol is a set of rules that determines how data is sent and received
over a network. (The protocol is just like a language that computers use to
talk to each other)
● To make communication successful between devices, some rules and
procedures should be agreed upon at the sending and receiving ends of
the system. Such rules and procedures are called Protocols. Different
types of protocols are used for different types of communication.
Network Protocols & Communications (Part 1)
Network Protocols & Communications (Part 2) - YouTube
This diagrams, Protocols are shown as a set of rules. Communication
between the Sender and Receiver is not possible without
Protocol.(Purpose of Protocol: Ensures data is correctly transmitted from
sender to receiver)
 Key Element of Protocols

1. Syntax: Defines data format, structure, and encoding. Example: how data
packets are organized.

let us suppose a data packet has 16 bits, in which the first 4 bits are the sender’s
address, the last 4 bits are the receiver’s address and the rest is the message.

2. Semantics: Establishes the meaning of each part of a data packet. For instance,
control information such as source and destination addresses.

3. Timing: Timing simply means when the data is to be sent and how fast the data
can be sent. For Example, if the Sender sends the data at 100 MBPS and the
receiver receives it at 1 MBPS, then the data gets overflowed at the receiver end.
 Main functions of Protocols
● Connection Establishment:how data is sent from one device to another over a network.

Supports two data transfer methods: Connection-Oriented (e.g., TCP) for reliable, guaranteed
delivery and Connectionless (e.g., UDP) for faster, less reliable transmission. Important for managing
large data transfers.

● Encapsulation:

encapsulation is the process of wrapping data with additional information (like headers) before
sending it over a network. the original data is wrapped with additional details such as:Addresses (like
sending and receiving addresses),Error-checking information (to verify the data was not damaged).

● Data Transfer Management:makes sure that when data is sent from one device to another, it
arrives correctly and in the right order.

involves two main tasks.Sequencing:Ensures data arrives in the correct order & Flow Control:
Controls the speed at which data is sent.
● Segmentation and Reassembly:

Divides large data into smaller, manageable segments for transmission. At the
receiver’s end, these segments are reassembled to recreate the original data.

● Error Control:

Detects errors in transmitted data and ensures retransmission of corrupted or

lost packets.

● Flow Control:

controls the speed of data transmission between the sender and receiver to
ensure that the sender doesn’t send data faster than the receiver can handle.
Protocols of Network Communication

Network communication protocol requires the following elements:

1. Message Encoding
2. Message Formatting and Encapsulation
3. Message Size
4. Message Timing
5. Message Delivery Options
1. Message Encoding: Message encoding is the process of transforming data
from its original format into a specific format suitable for transmission over a
communication medium, whether it's a wired or wireless network.

A source message from the sender is encoded into signals or waves then
transmitted through a medium wired/wireless then received and decoded and the
message is passed to the destination.
2. Message Formatting and Encapsulation: There is an agreed format between the
sender and receiver. It encapsulates information to identify the sender and receiver
rightly.(sender’s address, the recipient’s address, the subject line, and the message content.)
3. Message Size: Here long messages must break into small pieces to travel across a
network or The process of breaking up a long message into individual pieces before
being sent over the network.
4. Message Timing: It manages flow control. Acknowledgments response time
out.(including when messages are sent and how long devices should wait for
responses.)
5. Message Delivery Options: There are different delivery options like Unicast,
Multicast, and Broadcast
(Unicast- One-to-One communication.Data is sent from one sender to one specific receiver.
Multicast-One-to-Many communication.Data is sent from one sender to a group of selected
receivers.
Broadcast:One-to-All communication.Data is sent from one sender to all receivers in a network.)
 Types of Protocol

1. Network Layer Protocols : Network layer protocols are responsible for the
delivery of data packets from one network to another. They manage how
data is addressed, routed, and forwarded to ensure it reaches its correct
destination. This layer makes decisions about the best path for data to
travel.IPv6 , IPv4 and ICMP are the network layer protocols.
● IPv4 is widely used for addressing and routing packets in networks.
● IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of IPv4, particularly the
shortage of IP addresses..This is the latest version of the Internet
Protocol.More efficient routing and packet processing compared to IPv4.
● ICMP is primarily used for error messaging and operational information
between network devices. (Internet Control Message Protocol)
2. Transport Layer Protocols: Transport layer protocols responsible for
managing communication between applications running on different
devices. It breaks down data into smaller units for transmission, manages
the flow of data, and handles error checking.TCP and UDP are the most
popular transport layer protocols.
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)-Connection-Oriented: A connection must be
established between the sending and receiving applications before any data
transfer.Reliable Delivery: TCP uses acknowledgments to confirm that data packets have
been received. If packets are lost, TCP can retransmit them.

● UDP (User Datagram Protocol)-Connectionless: No need to establish a connection before

sending data.Unreliable: UDP does not provide acknowledgments
3. Application Layer Protocol: Application layer protocol working in the
application layer of the network architecture provides communication
between applications running on different devices. They handle data
formatting, exchange, and interpretation.
HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are examples.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

● Function: Used for transferring web pages and resources on the internet
● Supports request/response model, where the client sends a request and the server responds
with the requested data.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

● Function: Used for transferring files between computers over a network.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

● Function: Used for sending and receiving email messages.

4. Wireless Protocols: Wireless protocols basically used in
wireless communication which enables data transfer through
wireless networks. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LTE (Long-Term
Evolution)protocols are examples.
5. Internet Protocols : IP identifies devices uniquely. Internet
protocol provides data communication through routing and
forwarding data packets from one device to another by
unique addressing scheme.
 Widely used protocols in computer networks
❖ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
Ensures data is sent and received accurately by breaking it
into packets, sending them, and reassembling them at the
destination.
❖ IP (Internet Protocol):
Addresses and routes the packets to make sure they reach the
right destination.
❖ HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure):
HTTP used for transferring web pages on the internet. When
you browse a website, your browser uses HTTP to request and
display web pages. And HTTPs is a secure version of HTTP that
encrypts data to protect it from being intercepted.
❖ FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
Used for transferring files between computers on a network. It
allows users to upload and download files.SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails. It transfers emails
from a client to a server or between servers.
❖ Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer
Security (TLS):
Protocols that provide encryption for secure data
transmission over the internet.Commonly used for
securing communications in web browsers, online
banking, and e-commerce.
What is Standards?

● Standards are the set of rules for data communication that

are needed for the exchange of information among devices.
● Standards are set by international organizations to provide
a common framework for building and using network
equipment and services.
● It is important to follow Standards which are created by
various Standard Organizations like IEEE, ISO, ANSI, etc.
 Some standards organizations
● Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):
Responsible for developing many widely used networking standards, especially for local area
networks (LANs).
Example: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
● International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
Develops global standards across various industries, including networking.
Example: ISO/OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model), which defines network
communication layers.
● ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Oversees standards in the U.S. and represents the country in international standards
development.
Example: Network cabling standards.
Common Networking Standards:

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3):

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11):

Thank You!!!