The 8th Research Presentation Meeting of National Maritime Research Institute 25.6.

2008

Development of a Practical Calculation Method

for Added Resistance in Short Waves

Project Team for Ship Performance Index (10 mode at Sea)

Masaru Tsujimoto Mariko Kuroda

Kazuya Shibata Toshifumi Fujiwara
Shigeo Ohmatsu

Contents
1．Introduction
conventional calculation method
2．Calculation Method
Practical correction method for
Added resistance in waves
(1) Effect of draft and frequency
(2) Effect of advance speed
(3) Application to directional waves
3．Simulations
4．Conclusions

1
Introduction

Added resistance in regular heading waves

Fn=0.2473

3.5 Calculation(補正無し）
Conventional cal.
実験値
Experiment
3.0
2.5

2.0
σaw

1.5

1.0
Container ship
0.5
length: 300m
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
wave length λ/Lpp
150m

Fine ship: theoretical estimation in short waves is poor

Accurate estimation is required especially for a large ship

Introduction
Added resistance in short waves (conventional method)
ρgζ a 2 BB f α d (1 + α U )
1 Added resistance due to wave reflection
R AW =
2
(semi-empirical formula)

π 2 I12 (kd )
αd = Effect of draft and frequency
π I1 (kd ) + K12 (kd )
2 2

Effect of advance speed

α U = 5 Fn The empirical formula is derived from experiments
of full ships by Fujii and Takahashi

1 ⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
Bf = ⎨ sin (α + β w )sin β w dl + sin (α − β w ) sin β w dl ⎬
∫ ∫
2 2

B ⎪⎩ I
Bluntness coefficient
II ⎪⎭

II
X
β
α I
w waves
0Y

Relation between hull shape on water plane and wave direction

2
Calculation method
The calculation method for added resistance in short waves
is corrected based on the following experiments:

(1) Effect of draft and frequency

Experiments of added resistance in regular waves are carried out for
a wall-sided model with motion fixed.

(2) Effect of advance speed

Experiments of added resistance in regular heading waves; a
container ship and PCC.

(3) Application to directional waves

Experiments of added resistance in directional regular waves; a
container ship and PCC.

Calculation method
(1) investigation on draft and frequency
A wall-sided model which is fixed surge, heave and pitch motion is used
for the experiments of added resistance in regular heading waves.

F.P.

A.P.

λ/L=0.3, Fn=0.25
A wall-sided ship

3
 Experiment of added resistance in short waves
Calculation method using wall-sided ship with motion fixed
(1) investigation on the effect of draft and frequency
αd Fn = 0.25 d = 0.35m αd Fn = 0.25 λ/L = 0.3
1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2

1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

λ/L d [m]
Exp. αd (kd) Exp. αd (kd)
αd (ked) αd (1.5kd) αd (ked) αd (1.5kd)

π 2 I12 (kd )
αd =
Theoretical formula by Ursell π 2 I12 (kd ) + K12 (kd )

π 2 I12 (1.5kd )
corrected by Takahashi αd =
π I (1.5kd ) + K12 (1.5kd )
2
1
2

correction
π 2 I12 (k e d )
αd =
π I 1 ( k e d ) + K1 2 (k e d )
2 2

Experiment of added resistance in short waves

Calculation method with different ship speed
(2) investigation on the effect of advance speed
1+αU α=0deg. 1+αU α=40deg.
in heading 20 10
in oblique
waves Exp. Exp. waves
8
15 αU =44.0Fn αU =11.0Fn
αU =19.0 Fn 6 αU = 5.0 Fn
10
Container ship 4
(Length 300m) 5
2
operation range operation range
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Fn Fn λ/L = 0.3
1+αU α=0deg. 1+αU α=40deg.
20
Exp. 10
Exp.
15 αU =36.8Fn 8
αU =10.2Fn
αU =16.7 Fn
PCC 10 6 αU = 4.6 Fn
(Length 190m) 4
5
2
operation range
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
operation range
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Fn
Fn λ/L = 0.3

correction α U = 5 Fn α U = CU Fn

4
 A chart is made of the experiments
Calculation method in directional waves
(3) application to directional waves
apply the coefficient of advance speed to directional waves
C U NMRI chart
70
CU = –310 Bf + 68 λ/Lpp = 0.3
60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Bf
Exp. in heading waves Exp. in oblique waves
This chart is
present method Faltinsen et al. derived from
Fujii–Takahashi (Fn=0.1) Naito–Ueda (Fn=0.1) experiments of
Fujii–Takahashi (Fn=0.142) Naito–Ueda (Fn=0.15) conventional ships

Relation between coefficient of advance speed and bluntness coefficient

Simulations Ships

Container ship
item dimension
length (Lpp) 300 m
breadth 40 m
draft 14 m
M.E. output (NOR) 50,607 kW

PCC (pure car carrier)

item dimension
length (Lpp) 190 m
breadth 32.26 m
draft 9 m
M.E. output (NOR) 13,534 kW

5
Simulations Added resistance in regular waves
in heading waves in oblique waves
RAW RAW
2 2 2 2
4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.247 α=0deg. 4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.247 α=40deg.
4.0 4.0

3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0

Fn =0.247 2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cal. without correction λ/Lpp Cal. without correction λ/Lpp

Cal. with the present correction Cal. with the present correction
Exp. (3m length model) Exp. (3m length model)
Exp. (6.3m length model)

RAW RAW
2 2 2 2
4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.200 α=0deg. 4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.200 α=40deg.

Fn =0.200 4.0 4.0

3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0

2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cal. without correction λ/Lpp Cal. without correction λ/Lpp

Cal. with the present correction Cal. with the present correction
Exp. (3m length model) Exp. (3m length model)
Exp. (6.3m length model)

container ship (length 300m)

Simulations Added resistance in regular waves

in heading waves in oblique waves
RAW RAW
2 2 2 2
4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.249 α=0deg. 4ρgζa B /Lpp Fn = 0.249 α=40deg.
4.0 4.0

3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0

Fn =0.249 2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cal. without correction λ/Lpp Cal. without correction λ/Lpp

Cal. with the present correction Cal. with the present correction
Exp. (3m length model, 3cm wave height) Exp. (3m length model, 3cm wave height)
Exp. (6.1m length model, 6cm wave height)
Exp. (6.1m length model, 12cm wave height)

RAW RAW

Fn =0.200 2
4ρgζa B /Lpp
4.0
2
Fn = 0.200 α=0deg.
2
4ρgζa B /Lpp
4.0
2
Fn = 0.200 α=40deg.

3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0

2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cal. without correction λ/Lpp Cal. without correction λ/Lpp

Cal. with the present correction Cal. with the present correction
Exp. (3m length model, 3cm wave height) Exp. (3m length model, 3cm wave height)

PCC (length 190m)

6
Simulations Added resistance in short Correction:
(1) draft & frequency
crested irregular waves (2) advance speed
frequency spectrum: IACS spectrum (3) directional waves
angular distribution function: cosine squared spreading
~ ~
RAW RAW
2 2 2 2
8ρgH B /Lpp Fn = 0.247 8ρgH B /Lpp Fn = 0.249
0.1 0.1

0.08 0.08

0.06 0.06

0.04 0.04

0.02 0.02

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
T [s] T [s]
present method w/o correction present method w/o correction
θ= 0[deg.] θ= 0[deg.]
θ= 45[deg.] θ= 45[deg.]
θ= 90[deg.] θ= 90[deg.]
θ=135[deg.] θ=135[deg.]
θ=180[deg.] θ=180[deg.]

container ship (length 300m) PCC (length 190m)

Simulations Ship speed in actual seas

(Equilibrium equations)
Waves Winds
H , wave height ship resistance in still
Vw , true wind speed
T , wave period γ , true wind direction waters
θ , wave direction ship speed, U X added resistance in
β , drift angle oblique motion
X
rudder angle, δ Aft
G
Fore X , longitudinal force propeller thrust
N
N , yaw moment rudder forces
Y , lateral force wind forces
added resistance in waves
Y Y
Time mean behavior is considered.

Equilibrium equations
X = X cos β + Y sin β = 0
Y = X sin β − Y cos β = 0
N =N =0

7
Simulations Weather conditions
Weather conditions are determined based on Beaufort scale of wind
mean wind significant mean wave
speed
平均風速 wave
有義波高 height 平均波周期
period
風力
Beaufort
number Vw [m/s] mean wind speed:
階級 H [m] T [s]
( Vw [knot]) central value of Beaufort scale
4.4
BF3 0.6 3.0
(8.5) significant wave height:
6.9 probable wave height of Beaufort
BF4 1.0 3.9 scale
(13.5)
9.8
BF5 2.0 5.5 mean wave period:
(19.0)
12.6 T = 3.86 H
BF6 3.0 6.7
(24.5) derived from a frequency spectrum
15.7 for full-developed wind waves
BF7 4.0 7.7
(30.5)

Simulations
Decrease of ship speed
U [knot] BF3 BF4 BF5 BF6 BF7 U [knot] BF3 BF4 BF5 BF6 BF7

27 22

26 21

25 20

24 19

23 18

22 17

21 16

20 15
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
H [m] H [m]
present correction w/o correction present correction w/o correction
θ= 0[deg.] θ= 0[deg.]
θ= 45[deg.] θ= 45[deg.]
θ= 90[deg.] θ= 90[deg.]
θ=135[deg.] θ=135[deg.]
θ=180[deg.] θ=180[deg.]

container ship (length 300m) PCC (length 190m)

Output of main engine: constant at NOR

8
Conclusions

Practical correction method for added resistance

in short waves was developed.
correction is:
π 2 I12 (k e d )
(1) draft & frequency αd =
π I 1 ( k e d ) + K1 2 ( k e d )
2 2

(2) advance speed 1 + α U = 1 + CU Fn

(3) application to directional waves

using NMRI chart

Determination of the coefficient of advance speed

by tank test is important in the point of accuracy.

Acknowledgements

Part of this research was conducted as contract research by

Japan Ship Technology Research Association which is
supported by Class NK.

The authors thank to

Prof. K. Takagi, Osaka University for his advice,
H. Sawada, T. Nimura, Y. Tsukada, and R. Fukazawa, NMRI
for their effort to the experiments
and all the person concerned.