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Detailed Notes On Structural Strengthening Techniques

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33 views3 pages

Detailed Notes On Structural Strengthening Techniques

simplified materials

Uploaded by

vsa.muthayala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Detailed Notes on Structural Strengthening Techniques

1. Bonded Installation Techniques


Definition: Bonded installation techniques involve attaching strengthening materials (e.g.,
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), steel plates) to structural members using adhesive
materials to transfer stresses effectively between the substrate and the strengthening
material.

Example: Strengthening a Beam with CFRP


A concrete beam with cracks is retrofitted using CFRP strips bonded with epoxy.
Steps:
1. Cracks are repaired, and the beam surface is roughened.
2. Primer and adhesive are applied.
3. CFRP strips are bonded along the tensile face of the beam.

Case Study: Retrofitting of a Bridge in Italy


The Morandi Bridge in Genoa used bonded installation techniques with CFRP to increase its
load-carrying capacity. This method provided lightweight yet robust reinforcement.

2. Externally Bonded FRP


Definition: Externally bonded FRP involves attaching pre-fabricated FRP sheets or
laminates to the surface of structural elements using adhesives to improve structural
capacity.

Example: Shear Strengthening of a Column


A circular column is externally wrapped with CFRP sheets to improve its shear strength.
Steps:
1. Surface cleaning and rounding sharp edges.
2. Application of primer and adhesive.
3. Wrapping CFRP sheets around the column.

Case Study: Seismic Retrofitting of Buildings in California


Buildings were retrofitted after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake using externally bonded
CFRP. The technique enhanced ductility and shear capacity.
3. Wet Lay-Up Sheet
Definition: A method where dry FRP sheets are impregnated with resin on-site and then
bonded to the structural element.

Example: Strengthening Irregular Walls


A masonry wall with an irregular surface is strengthened using wet lay-up CFRP sheets.
Steps:
1. Resin is mixed and applied to both the wall and FRP sheet.
2. The sheet is pressed against the wall, adapting to its irregular surface.
3. Air bubbles are removed using a roller.

Case Study: Heritage Building Retrofitting in Turkey


Wet lay-up CFRP was used to strengthen the dome of a historical mosque while preserving
its architectural integrity.

4. Bolted Plate

Definition: A strengthening technique where steel or composite plates are mechanically


attached to structural members using bolts to improve strength and stiffness.

Example: Strengthening Steel Beams


Steel plates are bolted to the web and flange of a steel beam to reduce deflection under load.
Steps:
1. Plates are cut to size and pre-drilled.
2. Bolts are inserted and tightened to transfer loads between the beam and plates.

Case Study: Rehabilitation of a Railway Bridge in the UK


Bolted steel plates were used to reinforce aging steel girders, ensuring continued use under
increased rail traffic.

5. Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP

Definition: NSM FRP involves embedding FRP bars or strips into grooves cut into the
concrete surface and filling the grooves with adhesive.

Example: Flexural Strengthening of RC Beams


Carbon FRP rods are inserted into grooves cut along the tension face of a beam to improve
flexural capacity.
Steps:
1. Grooves are cut and cleaned.
2. FRP rods are inserted with epoxy adhesive.
3. The grooves are sealed and cured.

Case Study: Bridge Retrofitting in Sweden


NSM FRP rods were used to strengthen highway bridges, offering better protection from
environmental factors compared to externally bonded FRP.
6. Strengthening of Floor of Structures

Definition: Methods to enhance the structural capacity of floors to support increased loads
or meet updated design standards.

Example: Post-Tensioning a Floor Slab


A floor slab in a parking garage is post-tensioned using high-strength cables to reduce
deflection and improve capacity.
Steps:
1. Tensioning cables are anchored at slab edges.
2. Tension is applied, and cables are grouted for protection.
3. Load tests confirm performance improvement.

Case Study: Industrial Warehouse Retrofit in Germany


The floor of an industrial warehouse was strengthened using bonded steel plates and FRP to
handle increased forklift traffic.

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