NSTP 1

Lesson 2: Drug Education

Module 2: Drug Education
Module Overview
Lesson 1: Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse
Lesson 2: Role of Youth on Drug Detection Program
Overview
• Drug use has always been a notable part of our culture; going
back to the time of native tribal rituals. While it brings
innumerable cure to human ailments, drugs on the contrary
brings harmful effects when it is over used or erroneously taken.
Discourse whether to legalized other restricted drugs for
prescription purposes or whether they should be held illegal is
being studied by medical practitioners and law makers even up to
now. While the intention is good, people remains uncertain
knowing the ill effects it brings to human and society as a whole.
Overview
• Drugs can control the brain. The power it has to influence not only
the present but also the future generations is more disturbing.
This brings drug education program for the youth with great
importance knowing that they are considered the most
vulnerable group because of the nature they have for curiosity,
experimentation, and exploration. Drug education seeks to create
awareness about the many facets of drug abuse so that they may
come up with inform decision on how they will remain a drug-free
individual.
After this module, students shall be able to:
1. Describe the nature and the ill effects of illegal drugs;
2. Present the health, legal and social consequences of
substance abuse;
3. Elaborate the different programs of implemented by the
government in addressing the issue; and
4. Make a personal commitment to remain drug-free.
Lesson 1: Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse
Objectives:
• Explore the nature of drugs and its effects to human and
society;
• Explain the effects and consequences of drugs when
abused; and
• Cite the importance of being aware of the pertinent law
and programs about drug abuse.
Introduction
• This lesson will particularly show us how drugs work and its ill
effects to human and society. We will get to discover how drugs
operate in the country and the global community and get to
realize how it has penetrated to the entirety of the socio-political
system. Policies and programs are also included showing how the
government is taking stance to combat this perineal problem that
continuously takes a toll on the lives and morals of the people.
What is a Drug?
• Drugs are substances that affect the way our body and our mind
function. They can change how a person feels, think, and behave.
Why people take drugs depends on a variety of reasons, and they
take it in different ways.
What is Drugs or Substance Abuse?
• Substance abuse according to World Health Organization (WHO)
refers to “the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive
substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. The use of
psychoactive substance can result in dependence syndrome – “a
cluster of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena
that develop after repeated substance use”. It is characterized by
a strong desire of a person to take drugs, problems in controlling
like cravings for its use, persistence in its use regardless of
dangerous consequences, primacy given to drugs than other
worthy activities, increased tolerance having increased dosage to
drug use and physical withdrawal state (WHO, 2020).
What is Drugs or Substance Abuse?
• Another definition of drug abuse is that it is consumption of
certain chemicals to produce pleasurable effects on the brain.
(Mandal, A. 2019) Mandal’s study further notes there are over 190
million drug abusers worldwide, and this “problem has risen at
alarming rates, especially among youth.” Apart from the possible
negative side effects of the excessive use of drugs, a drug abuser
can also become vulnerable to many kinds of diseases.
Drug Addiction (Substance Use Disorder)
• The Mayo Clinic states that drug addiction, also termed
‘substance use disorder’, is a “disease that affects a person's brain
and behavior” which often leads to one’s inability to control their
use of a prescribed or illegal drug.
• Addiction as a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and
use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful
consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs
change the brain, they change its structure and how it works.
These brain changes can be long-lasting and can lead to the
harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs (National
Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2014).
Is Drug Abuse and Drug Addiction the Same?
• Medical experts advise that the terms ‘drug abuse’ and ‘drug
addiction’ are not synonymous. Drug abuse is when legal or illegal
substances are used in ways not advised by medical professionals.
Examples of abuse are when you might take more than the
regular dose of pills; or use someone else’s prescription even if
you don’t need that particular medication. Drugs can be abused
when the person just wants to “feel good,” ease their stress, or
avoid reality. Typically, the result of abuse is what leads a person
to addiction in that you are unable to change the unhealthy habit,
or that you cannot stop using the substance at all. (Casarella, J.
2020).
Why do people turn to Drugs?
• The following are some of the reasons why people take psychoactive
drugs based on the researches conducted by famous authors:
1. Curiosity and “because others are doing it” - In this respect
adolescents are particularly vulnerable because of the strong
influence of peer pressure.
2. Recreation - Using prescribed drugs for that was originally to target
pain relief, but has been turned into recreational, addictive use.
3. Culture - Religious or cultural practices/ rituals that may call for the
use of certain chemicals.
Why do people turn to Drugs?
4. Loneliness – People who are into Substance Use Disorder
commonly lack enough positive human contacts to sustain
happiness, and they resort to drug intake partly as self-medication
(Panksepp, 2012).
5. To feel good – psychoactive substances contain chemicals that
distorts reality and make you feel better. After a while, the feeling-
good in the brain will get addicted to it thus wanting more to get
the same novel feeling.
6. To do better - Some people may take stimulants to enhance or
improve their cognitive skills as well as physical activities such as
studying or athletic performance.
What are the Categories of Drugs?
• The commonly abused drugs fall into three groups, and these
include:
• Depressants: These are drugs that cause depression of the brain's
faculties by attacking the Central Nervous System (CNS) slowing
down the messages between the brain and the body. Some drugs
in this category includes those that are used as tranquilizers and
anti-psychosis medicines. Examples of these are barbiturates such
as sleeping pills and non-barbiturates such as benzodiazepines,
and alcohol.
What are the Categories of Drugs?
• Stimulants: Drugs which cause stimulation of the brain, giving rise
to alertness and increased bursts of activity. Examples of these
are amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine.
• Hallucinogens (Psychedelics): These results to hallucinations and
an "out of this world" feeling. This drugs affect the sensation,
thinking, and emotion that may lead to distorted sensory
stimulations, delusion, paranoia and even depression. Examples
of hallucinogen drugs are ecstasy, mescaline and marijuana.
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
1. Marijuana - is usually rolled up in a
cigarette called a joint or a nail. It can
also be brewed as a tea or mixed with
food, or smoked through a water
pipe called a bong. According to a
National Survey on Drug Abuse, kids
who frequently use marijuana are
almost four times more likely to act
violently or damage property.
• Street Names: Weed, Grass, Herb, Pot,
Dope
 MARIJUANA
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
Loss of coordination and distortions in the Long-term use can cause psychotic
sense of time, vision and hearing, symptoms. It can also damage the lungs
sleepiness, reddening of the eyes, and the heart, worsen the symptoms of
increased appetite and relaxed muscles. bronchitis and cause coughing and
Heart rate can speed up. wheezing.
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
2. Alcohol - it depresses your central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord),
lowers inhibitions and impairs judgement.
Drinking large amounts can lead to a
coma and even death. Mixing alcohol
with medications or street drugs can be
fatal. Alcohol influences your brain and
lead to a loss of coordination, slowed
reflexes, distorted vision, memory lapses
and blackouts.
• Street Names: Booze, Sauce, Brews, Hard
Stuff, Juice
 ALCOHOL
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
Feeling of warmth, flushed skin, impaired Leads to a deteriorating physical condition
judgement, lack of coordination, slurred that can include liver damage and
speech, memory and comprehension loss. increases the risk of heart disease. If
Heavy drinking usually results in a someone suddenly stops drinking,
“hangover”, headache, nausea, anxiety, withdrawal symptoms may set in which may
weakness, shakiness and sometimes result to jumpiness, sleeplessness, poor
vomiting. appetite, convulsions and sometimes death.
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
3. Ecstasy - Ecstasy is usually taken orally in pill, tablet or
capsule form. Taking more than one at a time is called
“bumping”. Ecstasy is a synthetic (man-made) drug
made in laboratory. Makers may add anything they
choose to the drug such as caffeine, amphetamine and
even cocaine. It has similar effects to hallucinogens
and stimulants. The pills are of different colors and are
sometimes marked with cartoon-like images. Mixing
ecstasy with alcohol is extremely dangerous and can
be lethal.
• Street Names: E, XTC, X, Adam, Beans, Lover’s Speed,
Love Drug
 ECSTASY
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
Impaired judgement, false sense of Prolonged use causes long-lasting and
affection, confusion, depression, sleep perhaps permanent damage to the brain,
problems, severe anxiety, paranoid, drug affecting the person’s judgement and
craving, muscle tension, involuntary tooth thinking ability.
clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness,
chills or sweating
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
4. Cocaine - can be taken orally, through the
nose(snorted), injected with a syringe or
in the case of crack, through inhalation of
the fumes from heating it. It is made from
the coca plant and next to
methamphetamine creates the greatest
psychological dependence of any drug.
• Street Names: Coke, Crack, Flake, Rocks,
Snow, Charlie, Sniff
 COCAINE
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
Causes short-lived intense high that is Cocaine can cause irritability, mood
immediately followed by the opposite- disturbances, restlessness, paranoia and
intense feelings of depression and edginess auditory (hearing) hallucinations. Tolerance
and a craving for more of the drug. to the drug develops so that more is
needed to produce the same “high”.
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
5. Shabu or Methamphetamine - are inhaled,
smoked or injected. Low doses are in a pill
form. Crystal meth is a form of
methamphetamine that resembles small
fragments of glass or shiny blue-white rocks.
It is a highly powerful and addictive man-
made stimulant that causes aggression and
violent or psychotic behavior. It is one of the
hardest drugs to treat.
• Street Names: Speed, Meth, Crystal, Crank,
Ice, Glass, Quartz
 SHABU OR METHAMPHETAMINE
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
Negative effects can include disturbed Increased heart rate and blood pressure,
sleep patterns, hyperactivity, nausea, damage to blood vessels in the brain,
delusions of power, increased leading to strokes or irregular heart beat
aggressiveness and irritability. Can and cardiovascular collapse or death. User
decreased hunger and bring on weight loss. may suffer brain damage, including memory
impairment and increasing inability to grasp
abstract thoughts.
Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances
6. Inhalants - include chemicals found in such
household products as aerosol sprays, cleaning
fluids, glue, paint, paint thinner, nail polish
remover, amyl nitrate and lighter fuel.
Inhalants affects the brain. When substances or
fumes are inhaled, they cause permanent
physical and mental damage. They starve the
body of oxygen and force the heart to beat
irregularly and more rapidly.
• Street Names: Poppers, Whippets, Laughing
Gas, Rush
 INHALANTS
SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT
People who use inhalants can lose their Can lead to muscle wasting and reduced
sense of smell, suffer nausea, and muscle tone and strength. Can permanently
nosebleeds and may develop liver, lung damage the body and brain.
and kidney problems. Continued use can
lead to reduced muscle mass, tone and
strength.
Most Common Signs of Drug Use and Addiction
• A resource for American Addiction Centers state that every person's
drug abuse or addiction experience is unique, but there are some
‘basic’ signs that apply to many people who abuse substances, which
include the following:
1. Intense cravings 6. Drug-seeking behaviors
2. Tolerance 7. Financial trouble related to drug use
3. Withdrawal symptoms 8. Neglecting responsibilities
4. Physical dependence. 9. They are developing unhealthy relationships
with those who support the addiction
5. They are engaging in increasingly 10. Isolating behaviors
risky behaviors.
 How do People take Illegal Drugs?
• No matter which way people prefer to take in
drugs, it will always end up in our bloodstream and
create an effect on our bodies. The common
methods of administering drugs are the following:
• Swallowing tablets or drinking liquids – The drugs
are absorbed by the body via the stomach lining
• Breathing them into the lungs - The drugs are
absorbed in the system through the lining of the
lungs
• Snorting into the nose – The drugs are absorbed
through the thin nasal lining
How do People take Illegal Drugs?
• Injecting - The drug substance enters the
body via the blood stream
• Through the skin – The drugs are slowly
absorbed into the body via a topical
application like a cream or body patch
• Rectally or vaginally as a suppository - The
drugs are absorbed to the bowels via the
vaginal lining or the anal lining
Ill Effects of Drugs
• Overusing certain drugs and consuming illegal ones will lead to
different effects physiologically, socially, and legally. Abusing
drugs may also lead to economic and political instability. The
following are the ill effects of drugs:
1. Physiological
2. Social
3. Legal
4. Economic
5. Political
1. Physiological
• Any drugs are deemed dangerous when taken beyond the right
dosage and beyond the right intention. Drugs that can be harmful
and dangerous when taken in combinations; or it becomes
harmful to a person who has contraindications such as an allergy
to the substance, even if it is in small or typical doses. Aside from
the short and long-term effects cited in the previous pages, using
illegal drugs can put a person at risk of transmissible diseases such
as Hepatitis, and viruses like the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), which can then result in Acquired Immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
2. Social
• Drugs’ consciousness-altering effects can severely aggravate the
mood of the person taking it. People frequently using drugs will
more often than not, engage in aggressive and violent behaviors
like fighting, stealing, riots, and ot her forms of criminality; and
will even develop an anti-social personality (Pozzi, 2018; and
Johnson and Raine, 2013).
3. Legal
• Dealing or just using illegal drugs can lead to imprisonment.
People who are convicted often faced social stigma from people
around which in some cases resulted in social rejection. Another
legal consequence of drug abuse can lead to difficulty in applying
a job as many employers conducts background investigation to
know if their new hires are free from legal encumbrances and
liabilities.
4. Economic
• Pozzi adds that “economic aftershock” that illegal drug use may
cause comes often from loss of potential manpower; low
productivity; money laundering (because the illegal drug trade is
profitable in the black market black market); and the lack of
security and safety in the community makes it an unfavorable
environment for investors to trust that their businesses will
thrive. Additionally, governments spend quite an amount of ta
xpayer’s money to boost security against insurgency and
criminality caused by the drug menace; when instead it could go
towards providing the basic needs of its citizens.
5. Political
• The illegal drug trade corrupts the government system as well
when drug syndicates and politicians become involved, mostly
due to access to money and power. (Kawugana & Faruna, 2018;
Pozzi, 2018; and Ciocchini, 2019).
Global Drug Situation
 Around 269 million people who used drugs in 2018- a figure that
is 30% higher than in 2009 according to the latest World Drug
Report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC);
 35 million people suffering from drug use disorders;
 Developing countries has a rapid increase in drug use through the
years (2000-2018) compared to developed countries;
 192 million users worldwide of cannabis (marijuana) and is known
as most used substance around the globe in 2018;
 Opioids remained to be the most harmful classification of drug
because of the 71% increase in opioid-related deaths;
Global Drug Situation
 Of that 71% increased, 92% are women and 63% are men;
 Increasing unemployment and the lessened opportunities for jobs
caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will likely “disproportionately
affect the poorest,” (World Trade Report, 2020).
 In effect it will make them likelier to turn to drug use, or drug
manufacturing, and drug trafficking as well for a source of
income.
Philippine Drug Situation
 The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) reported that there are 1.8
million Philippine drug users;
 4.8 million Filipinos reported to using illegal drugs at least once in
their lives;
 More than three-quarters of these drug users are adults (91%),
and a higher percentage were males (87%), and have reached
high school (80%);
 More than two-thirds (67%) of drug users are employed;
Philippine Drug Situation (Cont.)
 Methamphetamine, locally called shabu or the “poor man’s cocaine,”
is regarded as the most commonly used drug in the Philippines;
 The United Nations in a 2012 report found that the Philippines had
the highest rate of methamphetamine abuse in countries in East Asia;
 About 2.2% of Filipinos between the ages 16–64 years were
methamphetamine users.
 Upon assuming office on June 30, 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo
R. Duterte and his cabinet launched a campaign that focused on
combating illegal drugs “OPLAN TOKHANG”.
Drug Courier
• The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) recognizes the
drug courier as a “huge challenge” to law enforcement. Over
many years, it is becoming a trend to utilize drug couriers in
transporting illegal drugs and has become a worldwide concern. It
poses serious threats to health, violates human rights, and
cultivates illegal activities and other crimes such as human
trafficking and prostitution.
Drug Courier
• Drug mules or “drug couriers” are persons who
transport illegal drugs in exchange for getting
paid a huge amount of money, usually
determined by the amount of drugs to be
delivered and the route/distance to be
traveled. The anti- illegal drug authority adds
that women are typically targeted by
syndicates “since they typically generate mild
suspicion from authorities,” and because there
are “more cavities” in the female body to
possibly insert the drugs in, women pose less
of a detection risk.
Factors Contributing to the Drug Courier Problem
• Female Filipinos are enticed to enter as drug couriers by
the syndicates because they were promised either money,
a relationship, or marriage; as have been the case with
several arrests made by PDEA.
• Many people, whether men or women, enter into being
drug couriers out of the promise of the opportunity to
travel, a comfortable life, and an ‘easy,’ high-paying job,
according to a study by the PDEA.
Factors Contributing to the Drug Courier Problem
• These are the following factors that give rise to the drug
courier problem:
1. Prevalent poverty
2. Lack of education
3. The promise of easy money
4. Unemployment
5. Traveling opportunities
Anti-Drug Campaigns and Advocacies of the Government
• “Barkada Kontra Droga” or “Peer Group Against Drugs” program
launched by the Dangerous Drugs Board aims to tap teen-peers in
advocating for preventive education to counter the ill effects of
drug abuse;
• Several policies have been mandated by the Duterte
administration including:
• the establishment of community-based treatment and
rehabilitation programs and services;
• institutionalizing the Drug-Free Workplace Policy; and
Anti-Drug Campaigns and Advocacies of the Government
• Conducting authorized drug testing for elective local officials and
appointive public officers.
• In July 2016 “Oplan Tokhang,” a combination of the Bisayan words for
knock (toktok) and plead (hangyo) was launched which involves officers
going door- to- door in communities to root out drug-related offenders;
• On September 19, 2016, the DDB approved Board Regulation No. 4,
Series of 2016, entitled “OPLAN SAGIP”, which provided guidelines on
the voluntary surrender of drug users and dependents, as well as
mandating a monitoring mechanism for barangays in their Anti-Drug
Abuse campaigns.
Lesson 2: The Role of the Youth in Drug Abuse Prevention
Objectives:
• Identify how the youth can participate in drug detection and
prevention;
• Have a better sense of appreciation for the role of the youth in
society building; and
• Put into daily practice their positive influence over their peers,
especially when it comes to avoiding the drug menace.
Introduction
• Under the context of UNODC’s program of work in drug
prevention, there are several measures that support and
complement youth participation. These measures aim to correct
the misconception that young people have limited capabilities to
contribute to substance use prevention. The word ‘prevention’ is
confusing for many young people today. Some would even think
that they are not influenced by prevention, and some might not
think about it at all.
Introduction
• However, most young people are actively working hard to avoid
the initiation of drug abuse both within the individual and the
peer level. The fact is that prevention may not often be seen by
our youth, not because it still provides a lot of gray areas, but
because it is too broad and deeply rooted in their lives.
Engaging the Youth in Drug Prevention
• The International Youth Foundation espouses that “Young people are not
problems to be solved, but problem solvers themselves,” which is a claim
that rings true, because the young people of society are integral voices in
helping shape our culture, government, and society at large.
• There are many reasons why youth’s participation in development
programmes are vital. Their unique skills and innovative ideas to
communicate and reach-out to people can be of extreme help to
communities such as but not limited to disseminating information through
media. Participation provides young people with a sense of purpose and
direction, giving them the feeling of being more connected to the activities
and taking accountability of the programme’s mission (UNODCCP, 2002).
Engaging the Youth in Drug Prevention
• In a study entitled “Youth Participation in Drug Prevention
Programmes,” Poole, stated that the “unique experiences, viewpoints
and vitality,” of young people make them capable of making extremely
important contributions to their immediate communities and society as
a whole. Encouraging the participation of young people in drug
prevention programs and allowing them to communicate their message
in their own unique way is an example of recognizing the “vast
potential” of young people for productiveness and responsibility (Poole
et. Al., 2005).
The Value of the Youth in Participating the Drug
Prevention
• Poole in her study notes the following advantages of engaging the youth
sector in drug prevention:
1. Morals and character are developed
• The youth are empowered to question what is happening around them,
and gain confidence in themselves to think critically, especially when
they support each other.
2. The youth listen to their fellows
• Young people are some of the most effective teachers, reliable
messengers, and successful recruiters who can convince their peers to
join any cause. There is no one better at knowing youth attitudes and
behaviors than the people living these experiences.
The Value of the Youth in Participating the Drug
Prevention
3. A foundation for a good adult life
• Deliberately keeping young people uninformed and making them
unable to contribute only leads to future problems that can be
avoided.
4. A direct reflection of what young people want and need
• Young people have a lot to say and contribute. Young people
understand that drug prevention is a crucial issue, and they also
know they are great sources of information. They realize the
importance of drug prevention because it is better to help youth
avoid drugs rather than try to stop them after addiction.
T.E.N. (10) WAYS TO SAY "NO" TO DRUGS
1. Use your voice, just say "NO" and mean it!
2. Show them an image of clean living for
yourself.
3. Get into sports.
4. Choose your friends and influence them
positively.
5. Get involved in community-based
projects.
T.E.N. (10) WAYS TO SAY "NO" TO DRUGS
6. Join organizations (church, school,
community, or social) or youth clubs.
7. Learn how to manage stress.
8. Join seminars on anti-drug abuse
prevention.
9. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of
your brothers and sisters.
10. Enhance your talents or skills by taking part
in workshops, training or seminars.
To be involved in drug prevention and control
requires a S.T.R.O.N.G. group:
S – Steadfast personality
T – Trustworthy in words and deeds
R – Respectable in relating to others
O – Open-minded in facing situations
N – Noble character
G – Gusty actions and ideas
Don’t forget!
• Nobody, especially a teenager, likes to be lectured about
what they can or cannot do. Thus, we shall provide the
facts that allow a person to make an informed decision on
their own to remain drug-free. The light that will shed
success to this plan would be student participation.
Module Summary
• Looking back to our discussion, there were several topics
presented such as the Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse. We were
made to understand on the different concepts pertaining to legal
and illegal drugs, when do we tell that you are actually abusing
drugs and the types of drugs being abused. We were also made to
see how drugs affects us physiologically, socially, legally,
economically and how drugs have corrupted the morals of the
political system of our country.
Module Summary
• This module was also an eye opener to us by looking into the
situations presented in the global and national arena. We were
made to discover some of the facts and figures upon how drug
menace has affected the youth being the hope and resources of
our motherland.
• Programs and measures undertaken by the government were also
presented which gave us a glance on how the government
agencies are sincere in pursuing anti-drug advocacies. We were
also presented pertinent laws that govern the use of drugs in its
many forms which serve as deterrence measures to people who
are into or are just planning to get into illegal drug activities.
Module Summary
• The last section of the module highlighted the ways in which
youth can contribute to drug prevention and control programs.
There were activities introduced particularly in this portion that
spurs you critical thinking and creativity on how you can take part
in your communities. You were also encouraged to express your
personal commitment on how to remain drug-free by writing your
oath in one of the module’s activity.
Module Summary
• Let us all remember, that the solution to drug abuse problem
does not only lie upon the turf of the law enforcement group of
our government. Everyone in the country has the sole
responsibility to keep our community safe and secured from any
forms of criminality. Together let us help our government in its
War Against Drugs! Let us make this country a livable and
peaceful place to live for the next generations!
Module Summary
• Let us all remember, that the solution to drug abuse problem
does not only lie upon the turf of the law enforcement group of
our government. Everyone in the country has the sole
responsibility to keep our community safe and secured from any
forms of criminality. Together let us help our government in its
War Against Drugs! Let us make this country a livable and
peaceful place to live for the next generations!
Module Summary
• There are so much more to do after we can tell that the problem
on drug abuse has deteriorated. But when we do it all together,
truly we can tell that the problem will be near to its end. As Helen
Keller said, "Alone we can do so little, but together we can do so
much”.
**End of Presentation**