Image processing and computer vision

Unit-1: Introduction to image

What is pixel?
Understanding pixels is crucial in digital imaging and photography,
as they determine the resolution and quality of an image. An image
consists of several pixels that define its resolution. 1920x1080 would
typically be seen as a resolution height and width related to the Full
HD screen. In this instance, the total number of pixels is 1080 x
1920 (altogether it means more than two million dots which
altogether form an image on the screen).

 A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest unit of a

digital image or display that can be controlled or manipulated.
 Pixels are the smallest fragments of a digital photo.
 Pixels are tiny square or rectangular elements that make up
the images we see on screens, from smartphones to
televisions.
 A screen is made up of a matrix of thousands or millions of
pixels. A pixel is represented with a dot or a square on a
computer screen.

Resolution

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 Image processing and computer vision

 Resolution means the number of little squares, called pixels, in

a digital photo.
 It's usually measured by width and height size. Using more
details gives better results in pictures.
 Usual measurements for resolution are pixels per inch (PPI) for
pictures that get printed and pixels per centimeter (PPCM).
 For example, a screen that can show pictures at 1920 x 1080
has more tiny dots or pixels from left to right and has 1920
pixels horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically.

Left-Handed Coordinate System in Digital Images

A left-handed coordinate system is a 3D coordinate system where
the positive x-axis points to the right, the positive y-axis points up,
and the positive z-axis points into the screen (or away from the
viewer).

Why Left-Handed Systems Are Used:

 Consistency with Mathematical Conventions: In certain
mathematical fields, left-handed systems are the convention.

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 Hardware and Software Implementations: Some graphics

hardware and software libraries are designed with left-handed
systems in mind.

COLOR MODEL IN IMAGE PROCESSING

A color model is a process for creating more colors using a few
primary colors.
• Additive color model
• Subtractive color model.

RGB COLOR MODEL

 RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green
and blue colors are mixed together in various proportions to
form a different array of colors.

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 The name was given with the first letters of three primary
colors red, green and blue.
 In this model, colors are prepared by adding components, with
white having all colors in it and black without the presence of
any color.
 RGB color model is used in various digital displays like TV and
video displays, Computer displays, digital cameras, and other
light-based display devices.

Properties:
 This is an additive colour model. The colours are added to the
black.
 3 main channels: Red, Green and Blue.

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 Image processing and computer vision

 Used in DIP, openCV and online logos.

CMYK COLOR MODEL

 CMYK colour model is widely used in printers.
 It stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (key).
 It is a subtractive colour model. 0 represents the primary
colour and 1 represents the lightest colour.
 In this model, point (1, 1, 1) represents black, and (0,0,0)
represents white.
 It is a subtractive model thus the value is subtracted from 1 to
vary from least intense to a most intense colour value.

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Image processing and computer vision

Abhishek Jaiswal
 Image processing and computer vision

IMAGE FORMATES

TIFF or Tagged Image File Format (tif, .tiff) : this format

store image data without losing any data. It does not perform any
compression on images, and a high-quality image is obtained but
the size of the image is also large, which is good for printing, and
professional printing.
Advantages:
 Lossless Compression: Preserves image quality.
 High Image Quality: Supports various color depths and
resolutions.
 Flexibility: Accommodates different image types and
metadata.
Disadvantages:
 Large File Size: Uncompressed TIFF files can be very large,
requiring significant storage space.
 Limited Browser Support: Some web browsers may not fully
support TIFF files.

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Bitmap(.bmp):
 BMP or Bitmap Image File is a format developed by Microsoft
for Windows.
 There is no compression or information loss with BMP files
which allow images to have very high quality, but also very
large file sizes.
 Due to BMP being a proprietary format, it is generally
recommended to use TIFF files.
Compression: None
Use: Use for high quality scan and archival copies.

JPEG (.jpeg, jpg):

 JPEG, which stands for Joint Photographic Experts
Groups is a “lossy” format meaning that the image is
compressed to make a smaller file.
 The compression does create a loss in quality but this loss is
generally not noticeable.
 JPEG files are very common on the Internet and JPEG is a
popular format for digital cameras - making it ideal for web use
and non-professional prints.
Compression: Lossy - some file information is compressed or
lost
Best For: Web Images, Non-Professional Printing, E-Mail, Power
point
Special Attributes: Can choose amount of compression when
saving in image editing programs like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP.

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 Image processing and computer vision

GIF (.gif)
• GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are widely used for
web graphics, because they are limited to only 256 colors, can
allow for transparency, and can be animated.
• GIF files are typically small is size and are very portable.
Compression: Lossless - compression without loss of quality
Best For: Web Images
Special Attributes: Can be Animated, Can Save Transparency.

EPS (.eps)
• An EPS or Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector
file type. EPS files can be opened in many illustration
applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
• Compression: None - uses vector information
Best For: Vector artwork, illustrations
Special Attributes: Saves vector information

RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2, and more)
• RAW images are images that are unprocessed that have been
created by a camera or scanner. Many (DSLR) Digital Single
Lense Reflex cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be
a .raw, .cr2, or .nef. These RAW images are the equivalent of a
digital negative, meaning that they hold a lot of image
information, but still need to be processed in an editor such as
Adobe Photoshop or Light room.
• Compression: None
Best For: Photography
Special Attributes: Saves metadata, unprocessed, lots of
information

PNG (.png):

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 Image processing and computer vision

PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format.

It was designed to replace gif format as gif supported 256 colors
unlike PNG which support 16 million colors.

PDF vs JPEG

PDF stands for "portable document format". Essentially, the format

is used when you need to save files that cannot be modified but still
need to be easily shared and printed.
Today almost everyone has a version of Adobe Reader or another
program on their computer that can read a PDF file.

 The difference between JPEG and PDF is that JPEG is primarily

used to compress and transfer digital images.
 PDF on the other hand, is used to send text, images, fonts and
all other forms of information that are required to be displayed
as a part of the concerned file's content.

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DATA COMPRESSION
Data compression is a technique used to reduce the size of data
files. This process involves encoding information using fewer bits
than the original representation. The main goal of data compression
is to save storage space or reduce the time required to transmit data
over networks.

Lossy compression:
Lossy Compression reduces file size by permanently removing some
of the original data. It’s commonly used when a file can afford to
lose some data or if storage space needs to be significantly freed up.
Lossless algorithms.
With lossless compression the file data is restored and rebuilt in its
original form after decompression, enabling the image to take up
less space without any discernible loss in picture quality.
No data is lost and as the process can be reversed, it’s also known
as reversible compression.

Difference between Lossy and Lossless Compression

Lossy Compression Lossless Compression

Lossy compression is the While Lossless Compression

method which eliminate the does not eliminate the data
data which is not noticeable. which is not noticeable.

In Lossy compression, A file While in Lossless Compression,

does not restore or rebuilt in its A file can be restored in its
original form. original form.

But Lossless Compression does

In Lossy compression, Data’s
not compromise the data’s
quality is compromised.
quality.

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 Image processing and computer vision

Lossy Compression Lossless Compression

Lossy compression reduces the But Lossless Compression does

size of data. not reduce the size of data.

Algorithms used Algorithms used

in Lossy compression are: in Lossless compression
Transform coding, Discrete are: Run Length
Cosine Transform, Discrete Encoding, Lempel-Ziv-Welch, Hu
Wavelet Transform, fractal ffman Coding, Arithmetic
compression etc. encoding etc.

Lossy compression is used in Lossless Compression is used in

Images, audio, video. Text, images, sound.

Lossless Compression has less

Lossy compression has more
data-holding capacity than
data-holding capacity.
Lossy compression technique.

Lossy compression is also Lossless Compression is also

termed as irreversible termed as reversible
compression. compression.

Advantage and Disadvantage of compressed Image:

Advantages of Lossless Compression

 No Quality Loss: Lossless compression maintains original
quality during compression and decompression.
 Suitable for Text and Archives: Ideal for text-based files,
software installations, and backups.

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 Image processing and computer vision

 Minor File Size Reduction: Reduces file size without

compromising quality significantly.
Disadvantages of Lossless Compression
 Larger Compressed Files: Compared to lossy formats they
compressed larger files.
 Less Efficient for Multimedia: Not as effective
for multimedia files

DPI AND PPI

PPI (Pixels per Inch) and DPI (Dots per Inch) are both used to
measure resolution but PPI is used for digital images, while DPI is
more common in print. In this article, we will discuss the differences
between PPI and DPI.

PPI DPI

PPI
 PPI stands for Pixels Per Inch.
 PPI means the number of pixels in an inch of any digital image.
 It enhances the clarity, quality, resolution, and definition of the
image on the screen.
 Having a higher PPI means that the print will be clearer.
 It refers to the resolution of any digital image.

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 Image processing and computer vision

DPI
 DPI stands for Dots Per Inch.
 DPI refers to the number of ink dots on a physically printed
page.
 It shows the clarity of the image on the printed page and refers
to the printed resolution on the page.
 Having a higher DPI means that the print will be sharper.

Difference between PPI and DPI

PPI DPI

It is related to digital images. It is related to printed image.

Higher PPI indicates that the A higher DPI indicates that the
picture is more clear. printed picture is of high quality.

It is measured in pixels per

It is measured in dots per inch.
inch.

It represents the size of pixels It represents the size of dots of a

of a digital image. printed image.

These pictures can be seen on These pictures can be accessed

mobiles, tablets, laptops, etc. through printers.

It is termed for the quality of It is termed for the quality of

pictures on the screen. pictures on the paper.

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