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Ring Definition

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23 views2 pages

Ring Definition

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roynandita079
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Ring Definition

A ring (R, +, ⋅ ) is a set R together with two binary operations + (addition) and ⋅ (multiplication) such that:
Additive Group: (R, +) is an abelian group. This means:
 Closure under addition: a + b ∈ R.
 Associativity of addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
 Additive identity: There exists an element 0 ∈ R such that a + 0 = a.
 Additive inverse: For every a ∈ R, there exists − a ∈ R such that a + (−a) = 0.
 Commutativity of addition: a + b = b + a.
Multiplication: The multiplication operation ( ⋅ ) satisfies:
 Closure: For all a, b∈R, a ⋅ b∈R.
 Associativity: (a ⋅ b) ⋅ c=a ⋅ (b ⋅ c) for all a, b, c∈R.
Distributive Property: Multiplication distributes over addition:
 Left distributivity: a ⋅ ( b + c) = (a ⋅ b) + (a ⋅ c) for all a, b, c∈R.
 Right distributivity: (a + b) ⋅ c = (a ⋅ c) + (b ⋅ c) for all a, b, c∈R.
Note:
 Some rings have a multiplicative identity element (denoted by 1) such that a ⋅ 1 = 1 ⋅ a = a. Such rings
are called rings with unity.
 If the multiplication operation is commutative (i.e., a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a for all a, b ∈ R), the ring is called a
commutative ring.

Examples of Ring
Some examples of ring include:
 Integers (Z, +, ⋅ ): The set of integers Z under standard addition and multiplication is a commutative
ring with unity (1 is the multiplicative identity).
 Polynomials R[x]: The set of polynomials with real coefficients forms a commutative ring under the
usual addition and multiplication of polynomials.
Field Definition
A field (F, +, ⋅ ) is a set F together with two binary operations + (addition) and ⋅ (multiplication) such that:
Additive Group: (F, +) forms an abelian group under addition. This means:
 Closure under addition: a + b ∈ F.
 Associativity of addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
 Additive identity: There exists an element 0∈F such that a + 0 = a.
 Additive inverse: For every a ∈ F, there exists -a ∈ F such that a + (−a) = 0.
 Commutativity of addition: a + b = b + a.
Multiplication Forms an Abelian Group (excluding zero): The set F forms an abelian group under
multiplication:
 Closure under multiplication: a ⋅ b ∈ F.
 Associativity of multiplication: (a ⋅ b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b ⋅ c).
 Multiplicative identity: There exists an element 1∈F1, distinct from 0, such that a ⋅ 1=a.
 Multiplicative inverse: For every a∈F, there exists a−1∈F such that a ⋅ a−1=1.
 Commutativity of multiplication: a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a.
Distributive Property: Multiplication distributes over addition:
 a ⋅ (b + c) = (a ⋅ b) + (a ⋅ c).
 (a + b) ⋅ c = (a ⋅ c) + (b ⋅ c)
Note: If a ⋅ b=0, then either a=0 or b=0. (as multiplication forms abelian group excluding 0)

Examples of Fields
Some examples of fields are:
 Rational Numbers (Q): The set of rational numbers with the usual operations of addition and
multiplication forms a field.
 Real Numbers (R): The set of real numbers forms a field under the usual addition and multiplication.
 Complex Numbers (C): The set of complex numbers forms a field under the usual operations of
addition and multiplication.
groups, rings, and fields are essential concepts in algebra that help us understand how different
mathematical operations work together in structured ways.
 Groups are the simplest, focusing on a single operation, like adding or rotating, where every action
has an undo (inverse) and there's a starting point (identity).
 Rings add a bit more complexity by introducing two operations, like addition and multiplication,
allowing us to work with more detailed structures such as polynomials or matrices.
 Fields take it a step further by ensuring that division is always possible, making it the most refined
system, similar to how numbers like fractions or real numbers work.

Integral Domain – A non -trivial ring(ring containing at least two elements) with unity is said to be an
integral domain if it is commutative and contains no divisor of zero ..

Examples –

The rings ( , +, .), ( , +, .), ( , +, .) are integral domains.


The ring (2 , +, .) is a commutative ring but it neither contains unity nor divisors of zero. So it is not an
integral domain.

A group G is called cyclic if there exists an element g ∈ G such that every element of G can be
written as gn for some integer n.

The element g is called a generator of the group, and we write G=⟨g⟩.


Properties of Cyclic Group
Some of the common properties of cyclic group are:
 Every cyclic group is also an Abelian group.
 If G is a cyclic group with generator g and order n. If m < n, then the order of the element gm is given
by, ∣��∣=����(�,�)∣g m∣=gcd(m,n)n
 Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
 If G is a finite cyclic group with order n, the order of every element in G divides n.
 If d is a positive divisor of n, the number of elements of order d in a cyclic group of order n is Φ(d),
where Φ(d) is Euler Phi function.
 The order of a cyclic group and the order of its generator is same.
Examples of Cyclic Groups
Common examples of cyclic groups are:
Finite Cyclic Groups
 The group of integers modulo n, denoted Zn, is a cyclic group. It consists of the integers {0, 1 , 2, …
,n−1} under addition modulo n. The generator is 1 because every element can be written as 1⋅k
(mod n) for some integer k

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