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Digital Transmission

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14 views34 pages

Digital Transmission

Do it

Uploaded by

alubth
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4

Digital Transmission
►Digital data-to-Digital signal
►Analog data-to-Digital signal

4.1
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

Line Coding
Block Coding

4.2
Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding

4.3
Figure 4.2 Signal element versus data element

4.4
Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second.


Baud rate is the number of signal units per second.

Bit rate = baud rate X number of bits per signal

4.5
Example 1

A signal is carrying four bits in each signal element. If


1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate
and baud rate.

Solution:

Baud rate = No. of signal elements/sec


= 1000 baud/sec

Bit rate = Baud rate X No. of bits per signal elements


= 1000 X 4= 4000 bps

4.6
Example 1

The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal elements


carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate?

Solution:

Bit rate = Baud rate X No. of bits per signal elements

Baud rate = No. of bits per signal elements/bit rate


= 3000 /6 = 500 baud/sec

4.7
Figure 4.3 Effect of lack of synchronization

4.8
Figure 4.4 Line coding schemes

(alternate mark inversion)

(Alternate Mark
Inversion)

4.9
Figure 4.5 Unipolar scheme

Positive voltage level represents a binary 1


Negative voltage level represents a binary 0

4.10
Figure 4.6 Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

NRZ-L=>Non Return to Zero-Level

In NRZ-L the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
In NRZ-I the inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value of the bit.

Note: NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC component problem.


4.11
Figure 4.7 Polar RZ scheme

4.12
Figure 4.8 Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes

In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition


at the middle of the bit is used for synchronization.
4.13
Figure 4.9 Bipolar schemes: AMI (alternate mark inversion) and pseudoternary

Alternate Inversion: when gets 1

Alternate Inversion: when gets 0

In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.

4.14
Figure 4.14 Block coding concept

4.15
B/5B Block Coding Technique:

The four binary/five binary (4B/5B) coding scheme was designed to be used in combination with NRZ-I.
Recall that NRZ-I has a good signal rate, one-half that of the biphase, but it has a synchronization
problem. A long sequence of ‘0’s can make the receiver clock lose synchronization. One solution is to
change the bit stream, prior to encoding with NRZ-I, so that it does not have a long stream of ‘0’s.

The 4B/5B scheme achieves this goal. The block-coded stream does not have more than three
consecutive ‘0’s. At the receiver, the NRZ-I encoded digital signal is first decoded into a stream of bits
and then decoded to remove the redundancy. The following figure shows the idea.

In 4B/5B, the 5-bit output replaces the 4-bit input has no more than one leading zero (left bit) and no
more than two trailing zeros (right bits). So when different groups are combined to make a new
sequence, there are never more than three consecutive ‘0’s.

4.16
4.17
4.18
Scrambling

Scrambling is a technique that does not increase the number of bits and does provide synchronization.

4.19
4.20
HDB3
High Density Bipolar 3 Zero

4.21
Figure 4.15 Using block coding 4B/5B with NRZ-I line coding scheme

4.22
Figure 4.16 Substitution in 4B/5B block coding

4.23
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

Topics discussed in this section:


Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Delta Modulation (DM)

4.24
Figure 4.21 Components of PCM encoder

4.25
Figure 4.22 Three different sampling methods for PCM

According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be


4.26 at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
Delta Modulation

4.27
Figure 4.29 Delta modulation components

4.28
4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can be


accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In
parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock
tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data, there
are three subclasses of serial transmission:
asynchronous, and synchronous.

Topics discussed in this section:


Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission

4.29
Figure 4.31 Data transmission and modes

4.30
Figure 4.32 Parallel transmission

4.31
Figure 4.33 Serial transmission

4.32
Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission

In synchronous transmission, we send bits one after another without start or


stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

4.33
Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission

4.34

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