Core math Vacation Assignment

Topic 1.: Binary Operations

NAME:Ekua Debrah

CLASS: 1 Arts 6

Definition: A binary operation is a non empty set which combines any two numbers “a”

and “b” to produce another number.

The simple operations in mathematics are addition (+), subtraction (-), division (÷),

multiplication (x), intersection (∩) and union (∪)..

These operations may be defined on the set of real numbers.

They are called binary operations because they combine two numbers to create another

number.

Nevertheless, the operation that is subsequently generated won't be defined if it isn't

one of the simple operations.

[Example:

The operation * is defined on the set of real numbers “R” by: a*b= a+b+ab; by this

definition,
 i) 2*4 = 2+4+2(4) = 14

ii) 3*4 = 3+4+3(4) = 19

The operation * is defined on the set of real numbers “R” by : a*b= a x b, by this definitions

Question: 7∗87 * 87∗8=

Answer: 565656

Question: 15∗415 * 415∗4

Answer: 606060

Question: 9∗129 * 129∗12

Answer: 108108108

Question: 25∗625 * 625∗6

Answer: 150150150

Question: 11∗711 * 711∗7

Answer: 777777

Questin: 14∗914 * 914∗9

Answer: 126126126

PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS

1.CLOSURE PROPERTY

Definition:
The closure property of a binary operation refers to the fact that when you perform an operation

on any two elements from a given set, the result of that operation is also an element within the

same set. In other words, a set is closed under a binary operation if applying the operation to any

two elements of the set always produces an element that is still within the set.

Examples:

The operation * is defined on the set of real numbers R by a*b= a+b+ab; then by definition,

i) 2*3=2+3+2(3)=11

ii) 3*4=3+4+3(4)

A binary operation * is defined by the set S= (1,2,3,4) The table at below shows the 16 possible

answers using this operation.

2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY

A binary operation * is defined on a set R of real numbers is commutative if:

a*b= b*a for all a,b ∈ R

For example, a+b = b+a and a x b = b x a. Therefore addition(+) and multiplication(X) of real

numbers are commutative.

NB: i. subtraction (-) and division of real numbers are not commutative.

iii) Union and intersection of sets are commutative

Questions:

I) Is the following expression commutative?

7+x=x+7

Answer: Yes, addition is commutative. For any value of x, 7+x + 7+x will equal x+7x + x+7.

This demonstrates the commutative property of addition

ii)if a*b= a+b+ab

Find:

i) 3*4

Ans: 3+4+3(4)

=21

iii) 4*5= 4+5+4(5)

=29

Iv) Evaluate (8 * 4) * 2 and 8 * (4 * 2). Do the answers match?

Answer: (8 * 4) * 2 = 64, 8 * (4 * 2) = 64. The answers are equal

V) Simplify (3 + 6) * 2 and 3 * 2 + 6 * 2. Verify if they are equal.

Answer: (3 + 6) * 2 = 18, 3 * 2 + 6 * 2 = 18.

3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY

A closed binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers is associative if:

(a*b)*c = a*(b*c)

For example, (ab)(c)=a(bc)

. Let's explore this mathematical concept further to really solidify your understanding.

The associative property is like a rule that lets us rearrange how we group numbers when we're

adding or multiplying them, without changing the final result. It's a nifty rule that simplifies

calculations and ensures consistency in math operations. Whether you add or multiply numbers,

the associative property comes into play, allowing you to regroup them in any order you like.

Let's start with addition. When we apply the associative property to addition, it means that no

matter how we group the numbers, the sum remains the same. For three numbers a, b, and c, the

associative property of addition is represented as (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). This equation shows

that the order in which we add the numbers doesn't affect the final sum.
To illustrate this, let's consider a practical example. Take a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4. By applying the

associative property of addition, we have (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4). When we compute both sides,

we get 5 + 4 = 2 + 7, which simplifies to 9 = 9. The result is the same on both sides, confirming

the associative property of addition.

Now, let's shift our focus to multiplication. The associative property for multiplication states that

(a * b) * c = a * (b * c). This property assures us that the order in which we multiply the numbers

doesn't alter the final product. You can rearrange the grouping of numbers in multiplication

without changing the outcome.

For a hands-on example, let's take a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4. Applying the associative property of

multiplication, we have (2 * 3) * 4 = 2 * (3 * 4). Computing both sides, we get 6 * 4 = 2 * 12,

which simplifies to 24 = 24. The result remains consistent on both sides, showcasing the

associative property of multiplication.

The essence of the associative property lies in its ability to allow us to rearrange the grouping of

numbers without impacting the final result in both addition and multiplication operations. It's a

foundational concept in mathematics that ensures the accuracy and reliability of calculations in

various scenarios.
Let's dive into some scenarios involving multiplication to help you grasp the concepts better.

1. **Question 1:** Calculate (4 * 5) * 2 and verify if it equals 4 * (5 * 2).

**Solution 1:**

Given: (4 * 5) * 2

= 20 * 2

= 40

Now, calculate 4 * (5 * 2)

= 4 * 10

= 40

Since (4 * 5) * 2 = 4 * (5 * 2), the associative property of multiplication holds true in this case.

2. **Question 2:** Find the value of (3 * 6) * 2 and check if it matches 3 * (6 * 2).

**Solution 2:**
Given: (3 * 6) * 2

= 18 * 2

= 36

Next, compute 3 * (6 * 2)

= 3 * 12

= 36

As (3 * 6) * 2 equals 3 * (6 * 2), we can see that the associative property of multiplication is

satisfied here.

NUMBER BASES

Base, in math, is defined as a set of digits used to represent numbers. Different number systems

use different combinations of digits as the base. For example, the binary number system uses

only 2 digits, i.e., 0 and 1 to represent numbers, the Octal number system uses 8 digits, i.e., 0 to

7, to represent numbers, and so on. The most common number system that we use is the decimal

number system that uses the base 10, which includes digits from 0 to 9 for writing numbers.
Any real number 'n' can be converted to a different base number system. For example, if we have

to convert 12 to base 10, we just have to multiply the digits starting from the unit place by the

whole number exponents of 10. So, 12 will become (2×100) + (1×101), which is 2+10=12.

Base-2 (Binary Number System)

Base-2 number system uses only 2 digits (0 and 1). Since there are only 2 digits involved in

representing any number, it is called the base-2 number system. This system of base is used in

computers to store and process data. The digits 0 and 1 are called binary digits or BITS, in the

abbreviated form. Subscript 2 is used to identify a base-2 number. Let's see how to convert

10121012 to the decimal number system with the help of this example, 10121012 = (1 × 20) + (0

× 21) + (1 × 22) = 5.

Decimal Numbers And Their Corresponding Binary Equivalents

Binary numbers are represented as shown in the following table. Each digit is multiplied by the

power of 2 based on its position (the position starts from right to left) and the products are added.

Some examples of binary numbers are 1101211012, 1100211002, 101112101112, etc.

Decimal Number, Binary Equivalent

0, 0
1, 1

2, 10

3, 11

4, 100

5, 101

6, 110

7, 111

8, 1000

9, 1001

10, 1010

Base-10 (Decimal Number System)

Base-10 number system uses only digits from 0 to 9. Since there are only ten digits involved in

representing any number, it is called base-10 or the decimal number system. It is one of the most

commonly used number systems around the world. Let us see how we count in the base-10

number system. The subscript 10 is used to identify a base-10 number. For example,

7431074310 = (3 × 100) + (4 × 101) + (7 × 102). Generally, we do not write 10 as the subscript

to represent the decimal number system. So, if you see any number without any subscript

written, it is a base-10 number.

How to Show the Base?

We can show the base of a number by adding a subscript (the number base represented beside

the given number in a smaller size) to the number. Let us see how we can express a decimal

number that has a base of 10.

34510 represents the number 345 with base 10 (it is read as 345 base 10).

To express a number in a particular base, we consider the following.

The number

The position of the number put in the superscript of the base number.

The base

Decimal number 345 can be expressed in base 10 as follows, (3 × 102) + (4 × 101) + (5 × 100)

(three hundreds, four tens, and five ones. 100 denotes a value of 1). Similarly, 11021102

represents the number 110 with base 2 (it is read as 110 base 2). This number can be expressed

as 11021102 = (0 × 20) + (1 × 21) + (1 × 22)

Solved Examples on Base

Example 1: Convert 1531015310 to base-2 number system.

Solution: Start dividing 153 by 2 repeatedly until you arrive at a quotient less than 2. Arrange the

remainder in the bottom-up direction as shown by the arrow.

Therefore, 1531015310 = 100110012

• Example 2: Convert the hexadecimal number 6BC166BC16 to a base-10 decimal

number.

Solution:

Step 1: Get the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal alphabet (B equals to 11 and C equals

to 12)

Step 2: Multiply each digit with the power of 16 raised to its positional value.

Step 3: Add all the products.

6BC166BC16 = (12 × 160) + (11 × 161) + (6 × 162)

= 12 + 176 + 1536

= 172410172410

Therefore, 6BC166BC16 = 172410172410

• Example 3: Convert 16381638 from base-8 (octal) to base-16 (hexadecimal) number

system.

Solution:

To solve this, we first convert the number from base-8 (octal) to base-10 (decimal) and then

convert it from base-10 to base-16.

Step 1: Convert 16381638 to base-10

16381638 = (3 × 80) + (6 × 81) + (1 × 82)

= 3+ 48+ 64

= 1151011510

Step 2: Now, let us convert 1151011510 to base-16 (hexadecimal). To do this we divide 115

repeatedly by 16 until we get a quotient lesser than 16. This is shown below.

1151011510 = 73167316

Therefore, 16381638 = 7316

 LINEAR INEQUALITIES

*Definition:** Linear inequalities are inequalities that involve linear expressions. They

contain variables raised to the power of 1 and do not involve products of variables.

2. **Representation:** Linear inequalities are typically represented in the form ax + b < c,

ax + b > c, ax + b ≤ c, or ax + b ≥ c, where a, b, and c are constants, and x is the variable.

3. **Solving Linear Inequalities:** To solve linear inequalities, follow similar rules to

solving linear equations, but with a few key differences:

 - When multiplying or dividing by a negative number, flip the inequality sign.

- When adding or subtracting a value, do so to both sides of the inequality.

4. **Graphing Linear Inequalities:** Graphing linear inequalities on a number line helps

visualize the solution set. Use an open circle for < and > inequalities and a closed circle for ≤

and ≥ inequalities. Shade the region that satisfies the inequality.

**Complex Questions and Examples:**

1. **Question:** Solve the inequality 2x - 5 > 7.

**Solution:**

Step 1: Add 5 to both sides: 2x > 12

Step 2: Divide by 2: x > 6

Therefore, the solution is x > 6.

2. **Question:** Graph the inequality 3y + 4 ≤ 10.

**Solution:**

Step 1: Subtract 4 from both sides: 3y ≤ 6

Step 2: Divide by 3: y ≤ 2

On the number line, mark a closed circle at 2 and shade to the left to represent y ≤ 2.
The five symbols that are used to represent the linear inequalities are listed below:

Symbol Name, Symbol, Example

Not equal, ≠, x ≠ 3

Less than, (<), x + 7 < √2

Greater than, (>), 1 + 10x > 2 + 16x

Less than or equal to, (≤), y ≤ 4

Greater than or equal to, (≥), -3 - √3x ≥ 10

Rules of Linear Inequalities

The 4 types of operations that are done on linear inequalities are addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division. Linear inequalities with the same solution are called equivalent

inequality. There are rules for both equality and inequality. All the rules mentioned below are

also true for inequalities involving lesser than or equal to (≤), and greater than or equal to (≥).

Before learning how to solve linear inequalities, let's look at some of the important rules of

inequality for all these operations.

Addition Rule of Linear Inequalities:

As per the addition rule of linear inequalities, adding the same number to each side of the

inequality produces an equivalent inequality, that is the inequality symbol does not change.

If x > y, then x + a > y + a and if x < y, then x + a < y + a.

Subtraction Rule of Linear Inequalities:

As per the subtraction rule of linear inequalities, subtracting the same number from each side of

the inequality produces an equivalent inequality, that is the inequality symbol does not change.

If x > y, then x − a > y − a and if x < y, then x − a < y − a.

Multiplication Rule of Linear Inequalities:

As per the multiplication rule of linear inequalities, multiplication on both sides of an inequality

with a positive number always produces an equivalent inequality, that is the inequality symbol

does not change.

If x > y and a > 0, then x × a > y × a and if x < y and a > 0, then x × a < y × a, Here, × is used as

the multiplication symbol.

On the other hand, multiplication on both sides of the inequality with a negative number does not

produce an equivalent inequality unless we also reverse the direction of the inequality symbol.

If x > y and a < 0, then x × a < y × a and if x < y and a < 0, then x × a > y × a.

Division Rule of Linear Inequalities:

As per the division rule of linear inequalities, division of both sides of an inequality with a

positive number produces an equivalent inequality, that is the inequality symbol does not change.

If x > y and a > 0, then (x/a) > (y/a) and if x < y and a > 0, then (x/a) < (y/a).

On the other hand, the division of both sides of an inequality with a negative number produces an

equivalent inequality if the inequality symbol is reversed.

If x > y and a < 0, then (x/a) < (y/a) and if x < y and a < 0, then (x/a) > (y/a)

Solving System Of Linear Inequalities

Solving linear inequalities in multi-step one variable is the same as solving multi-step linear

equations; begin by isolating the variable from the constants. As per the rules of inequalities,

while we are solving multi-step linear inequalities, it is important for us to not forget to reverse

the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing with negative numbers.

Step 1: Simplify the inequality on both sides - on LHS as well as RHS as per the rules of

inequality.

Step 2: When the value is obtained, if the inequality is a strict inequality, the solution for x is less

than or greater than the value obtained as defined in the question. And, if the inequality is not a

strict inequality, then the solution for x is less than or equal to or greater than or equal to the

value obtained as defined in the question.

Now, let's try solving linear inequalities with an example, to understand the concept.

2x + 3 > 7

To solve this linear inequality, we would follow the below-given steps:

2x > 7 - 3 ⇒ 2x > 4 ⇒ x > 2

The solution to this inequality will be the set of all values of x for which this inequality x > 2 is

satisfied, that is, all real numbers strictly greater than 2.

Solving Linear Inequalities with Variable on Both Sides

Let us try solving linear inequalities with one variable by applying the concept we learned.

Consider the following example.

3x - 15 > 2x + 11
We proceed as follows:

-15 - 11 > 2x - 3x ⇒ - 26 > - x ⇒ x > 26

Solving System of Linear Inequalities by Graphing

The system of two-variable linear inequalities is of the form ax + by > c or ax + by ≤ c. The signs

of inequalities can change as per the set of inequalities given. To solve a system of two-variable

linear inequalities, we must have at least two inequalities. Now, to solve a system of linear

inequalities in two variables, let us consider an example.

2y - x > 1 and y - 2x < -1

First, we will plot the given inequalities on the graph. To do that, follow the given steps:

Replace the inequality sign with equal to =, that is, we have 2y - x = 1 and y - 2x = -1. Since the

linear inequality is strict, we draw dotted lines on the graph.

Check if the origin (0, 0) satisfies the given linear inequalities. If it does, then shade the region

on one side of the line which includes the origin. If the origin does not satisfy the linear

inequality, shade the region on one side side of the line which does not include the origin.

For 2y - x > 1, substitute (0, 0) we have: 2 × 0 - 0 > 1 ⇒ 0 > 1 which is not true. Hence, shade

the side of the line 2y - x = 1 which does not include origin. Simillarly, for y - 2x < -1,

substituting (0, 0), we have: 0 - 2 × 0 < -1 ⇒ 0 < -1 which is not true. Hence, hade the side of the

line y - 2x = -1 which does not include origin.

The common shaded will be the feasible region that forms the solution of the system of linear

inequalities. If there is no common shaded region, then the solution does not exist. The violet-
colored region in the graph given below shows the solution of the given system of linear

inequalities.

Graphing Linear Inequalities

Linear inequalities with one variable are plotted on a number line, as the output gives the

solution of one variable. Hence, graphing linear inequalities in one variable is done using a

number line only. On the contrary, linear inequalities with two variables are plotted on a two-

dimensional x and y axis graph, as the output gives the solution of two variables. Hence,

graphing of two-variable linear inequalities is done using a graph.

Graphing Linear Inequalities - One Variable

Let's consider the below example.

4x > -3x + 21

The solution in this case is simple.

4x + 3x > 21 ⇒ 7x > 21 ⇒ x > 3

This can be plotted on a number line as:

Any point lying on the blue part of the number line will satisfy this inequality. Note that in this

case, we have drawn a hollow dot at point 3. This is to indicate that 3 is not a part of the solution

set (this is because the given inequality has a strict inequality). As per the solution obtained, the

blue part of the number line satisfies the inequality. Let's take another example of linear

inequalities:
3x + 1 ≤ 7

We proceed as follows:

3x ≤ 7 - 1 ⇒ 3x ≤ 6 ⇒ x ≤ 2

We want to represent this solution set on a number line. Thus, we highlight that part of the

number line lying to the left of 2

We see that any number lying on the red part of the number line will satisfy this inequality and

so it is a part of the solution set for this inequality. Note that we have drawn a solid dot exactly at

point 2. This is to indicate that 2 is also a part of the solution set

X and Y-Axis Definition

Any point on the coordinate plane is well defined by an ordered pair where the ordered pair is

written as (x-coordinate ,y-coordinate) or (x, y), where x-coordinate represents a point on the x-

axis or perpendicular distance from the y-axis and y-coordinate represents a point on the y-axis

or perpendicular distance from the x-axis. X and y-axis are the axes used in coordinate systems

that form a coordinate plane. The horizontal axis is represented by the x-axis and the vertical axis

is represented by the y-axis. The point where the x and y-axis intersect is known as the origin

and is used as the reference point for the plane. The x-axis is also known as abscissa or x graph

whereas the y-axis is also known as ordinate or y graph.

 PLANE GEOMETRY 1

Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with shapes, angles, dimensions and sizes of a

variety of things we see in everyday life. Geometry is derived from Ancient Greek words –

‘Geo’ means ‘Earth’ and ‘metron’ means ‘measurement’. In Euclidean geometry, there are two-

dimensional shapes and three-dimensional shapes.

In a plane geometry, 2d shapes such as triangles, squares, rectangles, circles are also called flat

shapes. In solid geometry, 3d shapes such as a cube, cuboid, cone, etc. are also called solids. The

basic geometry is based on points, lines and planes explained in coordinate geometry.

The different types of shapes in geometry help us to understand the shapes day to day life. With

the help of geometric concepts, we can calculate the area, perimeter and volume of shapes.
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with shapes, angles, dimensions and sizes of a

variety of things we see in everyday life. Geometry is derived from Ancient Greek words –

‘Geo’ means ‘Earth’ and ‘metron’ means ‘measurement’. In Euclidean geometry, there are two-

dimensional shapes and three-dimensional shapes.

In a plane geometry, 2d shapes such as triangles, squares, rectangles, circles are also called flat

shapes. In solid geometry, 3d shapes such as a cube, cuboid, cone, etc. are also called solids. The

basic geometry is based on points, lines and planes explained in coordinate geometry.

The different types of shapes in geometry help us to understand the shapes day to day life. With

the help of geometric concepts, we can calculate the area, perimeter and volume of shapes.

Plane Geometry deals with flat shapes which can be drawn on a piece of paper. These include

lines, circles & triangles of two dimensions. Plane geometry is also known as two-dimensional

geometry.

All the two-dimensional figures have only two measures such as length and breadth. It does not

deal with the depth of the shapes. Some examples of plane figures are square, triangle, rectangle,

circle, and so on.

The important terminologies in plane geometry are:

Point

Line

Angles

Point
A point is a precise location or place on a plane. A dot usually represents them. It is important to

understand that a point is not a thing, but a place. Also, note that a point has no dimension;

preferably, it has the only position.

Line

The line is straight (no curves), having no thickness and extends in both directions without end

(infinitely). It is important to note that it is the combination of infinite points together to form a

line. In geometry, we have a horizontal line and vertical line which are x-axis and y-axis

respectively

Angles in Geometry

In planar geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle,

sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.

Types of Angle

Acute Angle – An Acute angle (or Sharp angle) is an angle smaller than a right angle ie. it can

range between 0 – 90 degrees.

Obtuse Angle – An Obtuse angle is more than 90 degrees but is less than 180 degrees.

Right Angle – An angle of 90 degrees.

Straight Angle – An angle of 180 degrees is a straight angle, i.e. the angle formed by a straight

line

Polygons in Geometry

A plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to

form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

The name ‘poly’ refers to multiple. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides; for example, a triangle is

a 3-gon polygon.

General Formula for Sum of internal Angles of a polygon –

Sum of internal Angles of a polygon = (n−2)×180

Types of Polygon

The types of polygons are:

Triangles
Quadrilaterals

Pentagon

Hexagon

Heptagon

Octagon

Nonagon

Decagon

Polyg Definition & Property Types

on

type

(i) A 3-sided polygon whose sum • Equilateral Triangle – Has 3 equal sides and

Triang of internal angles always sums angles.

le – to 180 degrees. • Isosceles triangle – Has 2 equal sides and

angles.

• Scalene triangle – Has all the 3 unequal

sides and angles.

(ii) A 4-sided polygon with four • Square – Has 4 equal sides and vertices

Quadri edges and four vertices. which are at right angles.

lateral
 Sum of internal angles is 360 • Rectangle – Has equal opposite sides and

degrees all angles are at right angles.

• Parallelogram – has two pairs of parallel

sides. The opposite sides & opposite angles

are equal in measure.

• Rhombus – Has all the four sides to be of

equal length. However, they do not have its

internal angle to be 90 degrees

• Trapezium – Has one pair of opposite sides

to be parallel.

(iii) A plane figure with five –

Pentag straight sides and five angles

on

(iv) A plane figure with six –

Hexag straight sides and six angles

on

(v) A plane figure with seven –

Hepta sides and seven angles

gon
 (vi) A plane figure with eight –

Octag straight sides and eight angles.

on

(vii) A plane figure with nine –

Nonag straight sides and nine angles.

on

(viii) A plane figure with ten –

Decag straight sides and ten angles.

on

In the below figure, we can see the different types of polygons.

Angle Properties of Polygons

Interior Angle Property The sum of all the interior angles of a simple 𝑛-gon = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°,

where 𝑛 is equal to the number of sides of a polygon. For example, a quadrilateral has four sides,

therefore, the sum of all the interior angles is given by: Sum of interior angles of 4-sided polygon

= (4– 2) × 180° = 2 × 180° = 360°

Exterior angle property The sum of interior and the corresponding exterior angles at each vertex

of any polygon are supplementary to each other. For a polygon; Interior angle + Exterior angle =

180° ⇒Exterior angle = 180° – Interior angle

Properties of Polygons

The properties of polygons are based on their sides and angles.

• The sum of all the interior angles of an 𝑛-sided polygon = 𝑛 − 2 × 180°

• The number of diagonals in a polygon with 𝑛 sides = 𝑛(𝑛 – 3)/ 2

• The number of triangles formed by joining the diagonals from one corner of a polygon = 𝑛– 2

• The measure of each interior angle of 𝑛-sided regular polygon = (𝑛 –2)×180°/ 𝑛

• The measure of each exterior angle of an 𝑛-sided regular polygon = 360° /n