Basic Experiments for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students
Group No. Name of Leader Reg. Number Signature
E XP . 2 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS & OHM’ S LAW
(I NTRODUCTIO N TO B READBOARD & TO S IMULATION WITH M ULTISM )
To investigate the combination of resistors in series and in parallel and to verify Ohm’s law
To learn basics electrical circuit simulation using LabVIEW/Multism
To learn and practice using Breadboards and Multimeters
2.1.1 Theory of the Experiment
When resistors R1, R2,…..,Rn are joined in series (one after the other), the overall/effective resistance
(RC) across them is the sum of the individual resistances.
Fig2. 1 (Resistors in Series)
𝑅𝐶 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑅𝑖 )…………………………………………………………………………………(i)
2.1.2 Procedure 2.1
1. Consider resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 & R5 of 12kΩ, 47kΩ, 5.6kΩ, 6.8kΩ &10kΩ respectively
2. In Multism (or another software), connect resistors of Set 1 (in the table below) in series
3. Measure the effective resistance (RS) using a multimeter in the simulation
4. Pick physical resistors of the same set, connect them in series on a breadboard and measure the
effective resistance (RP) using a physical multimeter
5. Use equation (i) above to calculate the effective resistances (RC) for sets 2 and 3.
6. Choose any other set of your choice and use it to fill the last row accordingly
2.1.3 Tab2.1 Table of Results
Set Resistors RS (kΩ) RP (kΩ) RC (kΩ)
1 R1, R2
2 R1, R2,R3
3 R2, R5
4
Comment of the relationship between RS, RP and RC
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1 of 4 pages - Exp. 2 Combination of Resistors & Ohm’s Law (Introduction to Breadboard & to Simulation
with Multism). Prepared by Awali Musitwa, 2021
Basic Experiments for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students
2.2.1 Theory of the Experiment
When resistors R1, R2…, Rn are connected in parallel (making one pair of joined pins), the inverse of
the overall/effective resistance (RC) across them is the sum of the inverses of the individual resistances.
𝑛 𝑅𝑖 .𝑅𝑖 .𝑅𝑖 .… 𝑅𝑖
1 1
=∑ (𝑅 )……or… 𝑅𝐶 = ……………………………………………... (ii)
𝑅𝐶 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑖+ 𝑅𝑖 +⋯+𝑅𝑖
Fig2. 2 (Resistors in Parallel)
2.2.2 Procedure 2.2
Same as in 2.1.2 Procedure 2.1 but this time the resistors should be connected in parallel
2.2.3 Tab2.2 Table of Results
Set Resistors RS (kΩ) RP (kΩ) RC (kΩ)
1 R1, R2,R3
2 R2, R5
3
Comment of the relationship between the effective resistances (RS) got by simulation and the effective
resistances (RC) got by calculation
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Comment on the relationship between the effective resistances (RP) got from the breadboard and the
effective resistance (RC) got by calculation
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Comment on the relationship between the effective resistances (RS) got by simulation and the effective
resistances (RP) got from the breadboard
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What’s your general comment on the results (in 2.2.1 and 2.2.2)?
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2 of 4 pages - Exp. 2 Combination of Resistors & Ohm’s Law (Introduction to Breadboard & to Simulation
with Multism). Prepared by Awali Musitwa, 2021
Basic Experiments for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students
2.3.1 Theory of the Experiment
According to Ohm’s law, when a pd (V) is connected across a resistor, the current (I) that flows is
proportional to the applied pd. The coefficient of proportionality (R) is the resistance of the resistor.
V = I.R ………………………………………...……………………………………………...... (iv)
For a fixed-value resistor therefore, when V is increased, I also increases. And for a fixed-voltage
supply, when the R is increased, I reduces. Note that the wattage (¼W, ½W, 1W, etc.) of the resistor
also matters. When designing a circuit, one should make sure that the resistor doesn’t get burnt.
However, the current I2 that passes through resistors R1 and R2 cannot exceed the rated maximum
current of the power source (battery or adapter). That usually causes anomalies.
Fig2. 3 Ohm's Law (Left: Using I and V Indicators, Right: Using Multimeters)
2.3.2 Procedure 2.3.A
1. In Multism (or another software), build the circuit shown in Fig2.3. Note: Multimeter XMM1 is
used as a DC voltmeter while XMM2 is used as a DC ammeter
2. For each set of VS, R1 & R2 in the table below, record XMM1 reading (V2) and XMM2 reading
(I2).
3. Calculate the ratio of V2:I2 in V/A. Also append the product of I2 and R2 (I2.R2) in AΩ
2.3.3 Tab2.3.a Table of Results
V1 (V) R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) V2 (V) I2 (A) V2/I2 (V/A) I2.R2 (AΩ)
5 1k 1k
9 1k 2.2k
12 1k 4.7k
5 (wire) 1k
12 (wire) 5.6k
What is the compulsion between V2/I2 and R1 and between V2 to I2.R2?
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2.3.4 Procedure 2.3.B
Repeat 2.3.2 Procedure 2.3.A while using actual resistors on a breadboard instead of simulation. Use
an adjustable power supply unit to vary the voltages. You can use alternatively adapters rated 5V, 9V,
12V and not more than 1A. Fill the following table accordingly.
3 of 4 pages - Exp. 2 Combination of Resistors & Ohm’s Law (Introduction to Breadboard & to Simulation
with Multism). Prepared by Awali Musitwa, 2021
Basic Experiments for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Students
2.3.5 Tab2.3.B Table of Results
V1 (V) R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) V2 (V) I2 (A) V2/I2 (V/A) I2.R2 (AΩ)
5 1k 1k
9 1k 2.2k
12 1k 4.7k
5 (wire) 1k
12 (wire) 5.6k
What is the compulsion between V2/I2 and R1 and how do you relate V2 to I2.R2?
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What’s your general comment on the results of Procedure 2.3.A and Procedure 2.3.B?
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Which skills have you acquires from the experiments (2.1, 2.2 and 2.3)? Also mention the tools you
have learnt to use, challenges faced and recommendations.
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(Append screenshots of your simulations and photos of your connections on breadboards)
University/Dep’t: Date
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Corse Code & Instructor:
Name:
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4 of 4 pages - Exp. 2 Combination of Resistors & Ohm’s Law (Introduction to Breadboard & to Simulation
with Multism). Prepared by Awali Musitwa, 2021
