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Rethinking Bach
Rethinking Bach
edited by
Bettina Varwig
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190943899.001.0001
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I would like to thank Suzanne Ryan for entrusting this project to me and for
her unstinting support and enthusiasm in seeing it through to (almost) com-
pletion; also Norm Hirschy, her successor at Oxford University Press, for his
expert guidance through the final stages. Daniel Melamed’s thoughtful and
cool-headed advice in the initial planning stages and at later junctures proved
invaluable in bringing the project to fruition. I would also like to thank Thomas
Christensen for his constructive advice and input. Ariana Phillips-Hutton pro-
vided much-needed editorial support, Paul Newton-Jackson helped with set-
ting some of the music examples, and Peter Elliott prepared the index. The pub-
lication process was supported by funds from a British Academy Mid-Career
Fellowship I held in 2019–2020. Finally, I would like to express my immense
gratitude to all my contributors: without their industry, wisdom, patience, and
collaborative spirit, these pages would have remained regrettably blank.
vii
Abbreviations
ix
List of Contributors
xi
xii List of Contributors
about Bach’s St. Matthew Passion for the American Bach Society’s new series,
ABS Guides (Oxford University Press). She is also a freelance performer on
historical oboes.
Wendy Heller, Professor of Music History and Chair of the Department of
Music at Princeton University, specializes in the study of seventeenth-and
eighteenth-
century opera from interdisciplinary perspectives, with em-
phasis on gender and sexuality, art history, and the classical tradition. Author
of the award-w inning Emblems of Eloquence: Opera and Women’s Voices in
Seventeenth-Century Venice (University of California Press, 2003) and Music in
the Baroque (Norton, 2014), she is also the coeditor of Performing Homer: The
Journey of Ulysses from Epic to Opera (Routledge, 2019). She is currently com-
pleting a book entitled Animating Ovid: Opera and the Metamorphoses of
Antiquity in Early Modern Italy and critical editions of Handel’s Admeto and
Francesco Cavalli’s Veremonda, L’Amazzone di Aragona.
Yvonne Liao is a music historian with primary interests in global histor-
ical thought and twentieth-century colonialism. She is a Research Associate
at TORCH, The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities, having recently
completed a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship at the University of Oxford.
Her current book projects include Imperfect Global: Thinking European Music
Cultures in Shanghai and Hong Kong, 1897–1997; a second planned mon-
ograph on Asian choral societies and regional decoloniality across the port
cities of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Yokohama, 1950s–2010s; and The Oxford
Handbook of Music Colonialism, a coedited volume exploring the global crit-
ical study of Western art musics.
Michael Marissen is Daniel Underhill Professor Emeritus of Music at
Swarthmore College, where he taught from 1989 to 2014. He has also been
a visiting professor on the graduate faculties at Princeton University and the
University of Pennsylvania. His publications include The Social and Religious
Designs of J. S. Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos (Princeton University Press,
1995); Creative Responses to Bach from Mozart to Hindemith (editor; University
of Nebraska Press, 1998); Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach’s “St. John
Passion” (Oxford University Press, 1998); An Introduction to Bach Studies (co-
author Daniel R. Melamed; Oxford University Press, 1998); Bach’s Oratorios
(Oxford University Press, 2008); Tainted Glory in Handel’s Messiah (Yale
University Press, 2014), Bach and God (Oxford University Press, 2016); and
essays in Harvard Theological Review, The Huffington Post, Lutheran Quarterly,
and The New York Times.
Michael Markham is a professor of Music History at the State University of
New York at Fredonia. He received his PhD in Musicology from the University
of California at Berkeley in 2006. Since then his writings on Baroque music
and performance spaces, on solo song, and on J. S. Bach have appeared in
List of Contributors xiii
Gli spazi della musica, The Cambridge Opera Journal, The Opera Quarterly,
and Repercussions. Further essays can be found in The Music Room in Early
Modern France and Italy: Sound, Space, and Object (Oxford University Press,
2012) and The Music History Classroom (Ashgate, 2012). He is also a contrib-
utor at the Los Angeles Review of Books and other literary reviews, for which he
writes on the contemporary reception of classical music.
Daniel R. Melamed is professor at the Indiana University Jacobs School of
Music, and has taught at Yale University, the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, and Columbia University. He is the author of Hearing Bach’s
Passions (Oxford University Press, 2005) and of Listening to Bach: The Mass
in B Minor and the Christmas Oratorio (Oxford University Press, 2018), both
for general readers; author of J.S. Bach and the German Motet (Cambridge
University Press, 1995) and of An Introduction to Bach Studies (with Michael
Marissen, Oxford University Press, 1998); and editor of the essay collec-
tions Bach Studies 2 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) and J. S. Bach and
the Oratorio Tradition (University of Illinois Press, 2011). He is director of the
Bloomington Bach Cantata Project and serves as president of the American
Bach Society.
Derek Remeš is Dozent for Music Theory at the Hochschule Luzern—Musik
(Switzerland). His dissertation, “Thoroughbass, Chorale, and Fugue: Teaching
the Craft of Composition in J. S. Bach’s Circle” (Hochschule für Musik Freiburg,
2020) received highest honors and was awarded the Society for Music Theory’s
Dissertation Fellowship Award. He is the author of Realizing Thoroughbass
Chorales in the Circle of J. S. Bach (Wayne Leupold Editions, 2019). He has
published articles in several journals, among them Eighteenth-Century Music,
Music Theory Online, and the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie.
Remeš is also coeditor of the journal Music Theory and Analysis. He holds mas-
ter’s degrees (Organ and Music Theory Pedagogy) from the Eastman School
of Music, where he received the Performer’s Certificate for “outstanding per-
forming ability.” He also holds bachelor’s degrees (Composition and Film
Scoring) from the Berklee College of Music (summa cum laude). Please visit
derekremes.com.
Joshua Rifkin’s recordings of music by Bach include the Mass in B Minor
(Gramophone Award for best choral recording, 1983), cantatas, and other
works; principally with the Bach Ensemble, he has performed Bach’s works
through the United States and Europe, as well as in Israel, Australia, and Japan.
He has contributed many articles on Bach to scholarly publications, with par-
ticular concentration on matters of chronology, authorship, and performance.
Stephen Rose is Professor of Music and Director of Research in Music at
Royal Holloway, University of London. His publications include The Musician
in Literature in the Age of Bach (Cambridge University Press, 2011), Musical
xiv List of Contributors
As they step into the same rivers, other and still other waters flow
upon them.
—Heraclitus
Introduction In: Rethinking Bach. Edited by: Bettina Varwig, Oxford University Press. © Oxford University Press 2021.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190943899.003.0001
2 Introduction
forays into that wider ocean of scholarship—a ll while keeping at least one eye
on its principal site of attraction, the initial shared object of scholarly enquiry.
What or who, then, is this shared object of enquiry, the “Bach” of our title? On
first impression, the individual born in Eisenach on March 21, 1685 may seem
to present a clearly definable entity: a flesh-and-blood historical agent whose
thoughts and actions scholars have worked to reconstruct and interpret for
over two centuries now, captured most tangibly in that sturdy oversized statue
erected in his honor next to the Thomaskirche in Leipzig in 1908. A quick-
fire account of those extensive scholarly labors might read something like this.
After Johann Nikolaus Forkel’s initial appropriation of the composer for the
German national cause in his 1802 biography, Bach emerged as one of the very
first subjects of musicological study during the late-nineteenth-century forma-
tion of the discipline, and has endured his fair share of rethinking ever since.1
He became the celebrated “fifth evangelist” in the German Protestant renewal
movement of the early twentieth century, an image fundamentally challenged
by Friedrich Blume’s Marxist reinterpretation in the 1960s.2 In 1987, Bach
even found himself at the forefront of the then new musicological thinking,
in Susan McClary’s provocative reading of the fifth Brandenburg Concerto as
staging a social revolution.3 This significant moment of disciplinary upheaval
held out the prospect of opening the field of Bach scholarship to a rapidly ex-
panding set of concerns and methods, from gender to postcolonial, media, and
sound studies; and a number of further pioneering efforts have indeed since
been made in these directions, not least by some of the authors in this volume,
or in a recent issue of BACH, dedicated to the composer’s digital and filmic
afterlives.4 Nevertheless, ample scope undoubtedly remains for entering Bach
more decisively into current intellectual trends and debates, both those within
musicology and those shared with adjacent disciplines. This endeavor of dia-
logic expansion of the field forms one of the key motivations for the collective
“rethinking” exercise undertaken in these pages.
But does Bach continue to stand as a defined historical entity in the wake
of such an exercise? In some ways, perhaps more so than before. Possibilities
of envisaging a different kind of Bach from the one encountered in that im-
posing Leipzig statue, or in the famous bewigged portrait by his contempo-
rary Elias Gottlob Haussmann, have certainly begun to multiply over the past
decades: from the youthful insolence projected in Bernd Göbel’s Arnstadt
sculpture of the composer from 1985 (reproduced on our title page) to the de-
cidedly defamiliarizing result of a 2016 digital reconstruction of Bach’s facial
features.5 Yet one of the striking aspects of the established tradition of Bach
interpretation has been that the musicological Bach has by and large not been
considered as an actual flesh-and-blood kind of historical agent, in the sense
that his corporeal existence has tended not to figure in scholarly discourse to
any significant extent.6 Notwithstanding his well-documented good appetite
and healthy procreative drive, Bach’s body has customarily been treated as
(Still) Talking about Bach 3
One of the key developments that enabled Bach to become the celebrated
“Bach” of the Western canon was the absorption of his compositional output
into the nineteenth-century work concept and the classical concert culture it
engendered. However, as John Butt explores in his contribution, this was per-
haps less the result of an act of retrospective imposition than a realization of
particular qualities latent within Bach’s compositional approach as well as con-
current philosophical debates about hermeneutics. In this light, it makes sense
to take another look, too, at that fêted moment in 1829 in Berlin when Bach’s
St. Matthew Passion was summarily claimed for the concert hall. Ellen Exner’s
chapter proposes that the narrative of uniqueness attached to this moment,
which has been so crucial to the modern perception of “Bach” the cipher, itself
emerges as ripe for rethinking in light of preceding and surrounding cultural
trends that made the event both much more likely and rather less singular
than often assumed. Meanwhile, if Bach has loomed large in the imagination
of Western concert audiences ever since, this celebrity has been grounded in
the (tacit) understanding that his music encapsulates and speaks to some of
the central concerns of Western modernity, of which classical concert culture
can be regarded as one small but hugely revealing side effect. But here, too, we
may need to be wary: Michael Marissen’s essay alerts us to the strong likeli-
hood that Bach would have had very little positive to say if confronted with the
beliefs of an average liberal-minded “modern” concertgoer. Such an argument,
with its provocative echoes of Theodor Adorno’s scathing critique of the early
music movement in 1951, asks us to take a critical look at some of the core
convictions of modern-day Bach appreciation.9 It thereby not only demands
some serious soul-searching from today’s community of Bach devotees, but
also productively destabilizes the academic frameworks, cultural values, and
even ways of writing within which past discussions about Bach have tradition-
ally and comfortably unfolded.
We may not know this “Bach” as well as we think we do, then, notwithstanding
the sometimes excessive sense of familiarity that can accompany repeated hear-
ings of his most regularly performed works. And the potential for opening up
new perspectives on a supposedly well-worn phenomenon is augmented yet
further when we consider the pathways by which this product of the modern
Western imagination traveled beyond its home turf as part of the European co-
lonial enterprise. By mapping the subtle transformations of Bach’s meanings
and uses in post/colonial Hong Kong over the course of the long twentieth cen-
tury, often in the face of sonic realizations of his works that failed to correspond
to the colonial imaginary of those artifacts, Yvonne Liao’s chapter not only
shows us an (un)familiar Bach intricately enmeshed in the diverse histories of
others—histories that could profitably be multiplied across other geographical
domains, such as Thomas Cressy’s recent forays into Bach reception in Japan.10
We also, perhaps even more importantly, begin to appreciate Bach as a poten-
tial interlocutor in a broader cross-disciplinary conversation about developing
Other documents randomly have
different content
—¡Qué vergüenza! —exclamó la señora sin disimular su enfado—
¿Conque para despachar un pasaporte se ha de gastar más tiempo
que para juzgar y condenar a muerte a un hombre?... ¡Qué tribunales
Santo Dios! ¡Qué Superintendencia y qué Comisión militar! Pongan
todo eso en manos de una mujer, y despachará en dos horas lo que
ustedes no saben hacer en una semana.
—Pero usted, señora —dijo Chaperón en el tono que empleaba
para parecer benévolo—, no tiene en cuenta las circunstancias...
—Veo que aquí las circunstancias lo hacen todo. Invocándolas a
cada paso, se cometen mil torpezas, infamias y atropellos. Si volviera
a nacer, Dios mío, querría que fuese en un país donde no hubiera
circunstancias.
—Si se tratara aquí del pasaporte de una señora —indicó e
Presidente de la Comisión con énfasis, como el que va a desarrolla
una tesis jurídica—, ande con Barrabás... Pero usted lleva dos criados
los cuales es preciso que antes se definan y purifiquen, porque uno de
ellos perteneció en tiempo de la Constitución a la clase de tropa, y e
otro sirvió largos años al ministro Calatrava... Pero nos ocuparemos
del asunto sin levantar mano...
—Yo deseo partir mañana —dijo la señora con displicencia—. Voy
muy lejos, señor Chaperón: voy a Inglaterra.
—Empezaremos, empezaremos ahora mismo. A ver, Lobo...
Al dirigirse a la mesa, Chaperón fijó la vista en la víctima cuyo
proceso verbal había sido suspendido por la entrada de la soberbia
dama.
—¡Ah!... Ya no me acordaba de ti —dijo entre dientes—. Voy a
despacharte.
Soledad miraba a la señora con espanto. Después de observarla
bien, cerciorándose de quién era, bajó los ojos y se quedó como una
muerta. Creeríase que batallaba angustiosamente con su desmayado
espíritu, tratando de infundirle fuerza, y que entre sollozos
imperceptibles le decía: «Levántate, alma mía, que aún falta lo más
espantoso».
—Con el permiso de usted, señora —dijo Chaperón mirando a la
dama—, voy a despachar antes a esta joven. Lobo, extienda usted la
orden de prisión... Llame usted para que la lleven... Orden al alcaide
para que la incomunique...
La víctima dejó caer su cabeza sobre el pecho.
Después miró de nuevo a la dama; pero esta vez encendiose su
rostro, y parecía que sus ojos relampagueaban con viva expresión de
amenaza. Esto duró poco. Fue la sombra del espíritu maligno al pasa
en veloz corrida por delante del ángel oscureciendo su luz.
La señora estaba también pálida y desasosegada. Indudablemente
no gustaba de ver a quien veía, y en presencia de aquella humilde
personilla condenada parecía tener miedo.
—Aquí tienes, mala cabeza —dijo Chaperón dirigiéndose a la
huérfana—, el resultado de tu terquedad. Demasiado bueno he sido
para ti... ¿Qué hemos sacado de tu declaración? Que Cordero es
inocente. ¿Y qué ganamos con eso, qué gana con eso la justicia? Tú y
nosotros adelantamos muy poco... Si hablaras sería distinto... Tú
habrás oído decir aquello de... quien te dio el pico, te hizo rico. ¿Te vas
enterando? Pero ahora, picarona, lo meditarás mejor en la cárcel... All
se aclaran mucho los sentidos..., verás. Esta linda pieza —añadió
señalando a la víctima y mirando a la señora—, es la estafeta de los
emigrados, ¿qué tal? Ella misma lo confiesa, lo cual no deja de tene
mérito; pero nos ha dejado a media miel, porque no quiere decir a
quién entregó las cartas que ha recibido hace unos días.
Soledad se levantó bruscamente.
—Una de las cartas de los emigrados —dijo con tono grave
extendiendo el brazo— la entregué a esta señora.
Después de señalarla con energía, cayó en su asiento con la
cabeza hacia atrás. Breve rato estuvieron mudos y estupefactos los
tres testigos de aquella escena.
—Es verdad —balbució la dama—. He recibido una carta de un
emigrado que está en Inglaterra; no sé quién la llevó a mi casa... ¿qué
mal hay en esto?
Chaperón, que estaba como aturdido, iba a contestar algo muy
importante, cuando la señora corrió hacia la huérfana, gritando:
—Se ha desmayado esta infeliz.
En efecto, rendida Sola a la fuerza superior de las emociones y de
cansancio, había perdido el conocimiento.
La señora sostuvo la cabeza de la víctima, mientras Lobo, cuya
oficiosidad filantrópica no se desmentía un solo momento, acudió
transportando un vaso de agua para rociarle el rostro.
—Eso no es nada —afirmó Chaperón—. Vamos, mujer, ¡qué mimos
gastamos! Todo porque la mandan a la cárcel...
La puerta se abrió dando paso a cuatro hombres de fúnebre
aspecto, que parecían pertenecer al respetable gremio de
enterradores.
—Ea, llevadla de una vez... —dijo don Francisco resueltamente—
El alcaide le dará algún cordial... No quiero desmayitos en m
despacho.
Los cuatro hombres se acercaron a la condenada.
—Un poco de vinagre en las sienes... —añadió el jefe de la
Comisión militar—. Ea, pronto..., quitadme eso de mi despacho.
—¡A la cárcel! —exclamó con lástima la señora, acercándose más a
la víctima como para defenderla.
—Señora, dispense usted —dijo Chaperón apartándola con enfática
severidad—. Deje usted a la justicia cumplir con su deber... Vamos
cargar pronto. No le hagáis daño.
Los cuatro hombres levantaron en sus brazos a la joven y se la
llevaron, siendo entonces perfecta la similitud de todos ellos con la
venerable clase de sepultureros.
La mampara, cerrándose sola con estrépito, produjo un sordo
estampido, como golpe de colosal bombo, que hizo retumbar la sala.
XVII
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