New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

More about Graphs of Functions

3
Consolidation Exercise Solution

Consolidation Exercise 3A (P.3.2) ∴ The graph does not pass through the
1. (a) The domain is all real numbers. origin.
(b) The domain is all real numbers.
(c) The domain is all angles. 3. (a) ∵ y = x2 − 4x + 5 is a quadratic function.
(d) The domain is all angles except ±90°, ∴ The maximum value or minimum value
±270°, …. exists.
(e) The domain is all real numbers. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
(f) The domain is all positive real numbers. ∴ It is the minimum value.
(b) y = cos x is a cosine function.
2. (a) y = 5 − 5x is a linear function. ∴ Both the maximum value and minimum
∴ Its graph is a straight line. value exist.
When x = 0, y = 5 − 5(0) = 5. (c) y = 6−x is an exponential function.
∴ The graph does not pass through the ∴ Both the maximum value and minimum
origin. value do not exist.
2
(b) y = (x − 1) − 1 is a quadratic function. (d) y = log0.1 x is a logarithmic function.
∴ Its graph is a curve. ∴ Both the maximum value and minimum
2
When x = 0, y = (0 − 1) − 1 = 0. value do not exist.
∴ The graph passes through the origin.
2
 1 1 4. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
(c) y =  x +  + is a quadratic function.
 3 9 (b) The axis of symmetry is x = −1.5.
∴ Its graph is a curve.
2
 1 1 2 5. (a) The period is 360°.
When x = 0, y =  0 +  + = .
 3 9 9 (b) None
∴ The graph does not pass through the
origin. 6. (a) Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0
(d) y = sin x is a sine function. ∴ Minimum value = 8
∴ Its graph is a curve. The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
When x = 0°, y = sin 0° = 0. (b) Coefficient of x2 = −2 < 0
∴ The graph passes through the origin. ∴ Maximum value = −6
x
(e) y = 3 is an exponential function. The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
∴ Its graph is a curve. (c) Coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0
When x = 0, y = 30 = 1. ∴ Minimum value = −7
∴ The graph does not pass through the The axis of symmetry is x = 5.
origin. (d) Coefficient of x2 = −4 < 0
(f) y = log4 x is a logarithmic function. ∴ Maximum value = 13
∴ Its graph is a curve. The axis of symmetry is x = −1.
The graph does not intersect the y-axis.

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.1 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

7. (a) When y = 0, 9. (a) When y = 0,

x=0 − 3x + 2 = 0
∴ x-intercept = 0
x=
2
When x = 0, 3

y=0 ∴ x-intercept =
2

∴ y-intercept = 0
When x = 0,
3

(b) The graph is sketched below.

y = −3(0) + 2
y
y=x =2
∴ y-intercept = 2
(b) The graph is sketched below.
x
O y

2 y = −3x + 2

8. (a) When y = 0,
4−x=0
x
x=4 0
∴
2
x-intercept = 4 3
When x = 0,
y=4−0 10. (a) When y = 0,
=4 2x − 6 = 0
∴ y-intercept = 4 x=3
(b) The graph is sketched below. ∴ x-intercept = 3
y When x = 0,
y = 2(0) − 6
4 y=4−x
= −6
0
4
x ∴ y-intercept = −6
(b) The graph is sketched below.
y y = 2x − 6

x
0
3

−6

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.2 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

11. (a) Coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0 The graph is sketched below.

∴ The graph opens upward. y

Coordinates of the vertex = (0 , −3) (0 , 1)

The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
(b) When y = 0, x
0
2
3x − 3 = 0 −1 1

x2 = 1 y = −x2 + 1
x = ±1
∴ The x-intercepts are 1 and −1.
13. (a) Coefficient of x2 = −1 < 0
When x = 0, ∴ The graph opens downward.
y = 3(0)2 − 3 Coordinates of the vertex = (−3 , 4)
= −3
∴
The axis of symmetry is x = −3.
y-intercept = −3
(b) When y = 0,
The graph is sketched below.
4 − (x + 3)2 = 0
y
(x + 3)2 = 4
y = 3x2 − 3 x + 3 = ±2
x = −1 or −5

−1
0
1
x ∴ The x-intercepts are −1 and −5.
When x = 0,
(0 , −3) y = 4 − (0 + 3)2
= −5
12. (a) Coefficient of x2 = −1 < 0 ∴ y-intercept = −5
∴ The graph opens downward. The graph is sketched below.
y
Coordinates of the vertex = (0 , 1) 2 (−3 , 4)
y = 4 − (x + 3)
The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
(b) When y = 0,
x
−x2 + 1 = 0 −5 −1 0
x2 = 1
−5
x = ±1
∴ The x-intercepts are 1 and −1.
x = −3

When x = 0,
14. (a) Coefficient of x2 = −4 < 0
y = − 02 + 1
=1
∴ The graph opens downward.

∴ y-intercept = 1
Coordinates of the vertex = (1 , −6)
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.3 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

(b) When y = 0, Coordinates of R

2
−4(x − 1) − 6 = 0 = (1 + 2 , 0)
3 = (3 , 0)
(x − 1)2 = −
∴
(rejected)
2
∴ The graph does not have x-intercepts.
∴
r=3
pr > (1)(3)
When x = 0,
pr > 3
y = −4(0 − 1)2 − 6
∴ It is true that pr > 3.
= −10
∴ y-intercept = −10
17. y-intercept = 5
The graph is sketched below.
When y = 0,
y
x=1 5 − 6x = 0
x 5
0 x=
(1 , −6) 6

−10 ∴ x-intercept =
5
6
The graph is sketched below.
y = −4(x − 1)2 − 6 y
y = 5 − 6x

15. (a) Substitute x = 0 and y = d into y = cx.

5
d = c0
d=1
∴ The coordinates of D are (0 , 1). 0
5
x

(b) y = cx is an exponential function, and its graph 6

slopes downward from left to right.
∴ 0<c<1 18. y-intercept =
3
0+1<c+d<1+1 5
When y = 0,
1<c+d<2
∴ It is not possible that c + d > 2.
3 + 4x
5
=0

3 + 4x = 0
16. (a) When y = 0, 3
x=−
logp x = 0 4
x=1 ∴ x-intercept = −
3

∴ The coordinates of Q are (1 , 0).

4
The graph is sketched below.
(b) y = logp x is a logarithmic function, and its y
graph slopes upward from left to right.
∴ p>1
3
5 y=
3 + 4x
5

x
0
3
−
4

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.4 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

19. Coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0 The graph is sketched below.

∴ The graph opens upward. y
(1 , 9)
Coordinates of the vertex = (−3 , 2) y = 9 − 4(x − 1)2
The axis of symmetry is x = −3.
5
When y = 0,
2(x + 3)2 + 2 = 0
x
(x + 3)2 = −1 (rejected) 0
1 5
∴ The graph does not have x-intercepts.
−
2
x=1
2

When x = 0,
y = 2(0 + 3)2 + 2 21. y = 3(2x − 3)2 − 12
2
= 20   3 
= 32 x −   − 12
∴ y-intercept = 20   2 
2
The graph is sketched below.  3
= 12 x −  − 12
 2
y
Coefficient of x2 = 12 > 0
∴
2
y = 2(x + 3) + 2
The graph opens upward.
20
3 
Coordinates of the vertex =  , −12 
2 
3
The axis of symmetry is x = .
(−3 , 2) 2
x When y = 0,
0
x = −3 2
 3
12 x −  − 12 = 0
 2
2
20. Coefficient of x2 = −4 < 0  3
∴ The graph opens downward.
x−  = 1
 2
Coordinates of the vertex = (1 , 9) 3
x − = ±1
2
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
5 1
When y = 0, x= or
2 2
9 − 4(x − 1)2 = 0
9
∴ The x-intercepts are
5
2
and
1
2
.
(x − 1)2 =
4 When x = 0,
3 2
x − 1 =±  3
2 y = 12 0 −  − 12
 2
5 1
x= or − = 15

∴
2
The x-intercepts are
2
5 1
and − .
∴ y-intercept = 15
2 2
When x = 0,
y = 9 − 4(0 − 1)2
=5
∴ y-intercept = 5

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.5 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

The graph is sketched below. 25. 6 > 1

y
3
∴ The graph slopes upward from left to right.
x= y = 3(2x − 3)2 − 12
2 x-intercept = 1
15
The graph is sketched below.
y
y = log6 x
x
0

3  x
 , −12  0
2  1

22. The graph is sketched below.

y
y = sin x 26. 0.5 < 1
1
∴ The graph slopes downward from left to right.
x x-intercept = 1
0
90° 180° 270° 360° 450° 540°
The graph is sketched below.
−1
y

23. 8 > 1
∴ The graph slopes upward from left to right. 0
1
x

y-intercept = 1
y = log0.5 x
The graph is sketched below.
y

27. (a) When y = 0,

4x2 − 8x + 3 = 0
(2x − 1)(2x − 3) = 0
y = 8x
1 3
1 x= or
x
2 2
0
∴ The x-intercepts are
1
2
3
and .
2
24. y = 0.52x y-intercept = 3
x
= 0.25 (b) y = 4x2 − 8x + 3
0.25 < 1 = 4(x2 − 2x) + 3
∴ The graph slopes downward from left to right.   −2   −2  
2 2
= 4 x 2 − 2 x +   −    + 3
y-intercept = 1  2   2  

The graph is sketched below. = 4(x2 − 2x + 1) − 4 + 3
y
= 4(x − 1)2 − 1

1 y = 0.52x

x
0

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.6 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

x
(c) Coefficient of x2 = 4 > 0  1 
∴ The graph opens upward.
29. (a) f(x) =  
 0.25 
Coordinates of the vertex = (1 , −1) = 4x
The axis of symmetry is x = 1. g(x) = log 4 x

The graph is sketched below. (b) The graph is sketched below.

y x=1 y
y = 4x2 − 8x + 3
y = 0.25x y = 4x
3

P(0 , 1) y = log4 x

x x
0 0
1 3 1
2 2 (1 , −1)

28. (a) When y = 0,

(c) Let (q , 1) be the coordinates of Q.
13 + 12x − x2 = 0
Substitute x = q and y = 1 into y = log4 x.
x2 − 12x − 13 = 0
1 = log4 q
(x + 1)(x − 13) = 0
q=4

∴
x = −1 or 13
∴ The coordinates of Q are (4 , 1).
The x-intercepts are −1 and 13.
∵ Q has the same y-coordinate as P.
y-intercept = 13
∴ PQ is a horizontal line.
(b) y = 13 + 12x − x2
∵ PQ ⊥ QR
= −(x2 − 12x) + 13
  −12   −12  
∴ QR is a vertical line.
∴
2 2
= −  x 2 − 12 x +   −   + 13 R has the same x-coordinate as Q.
  2   2  
Let (4 , r) be the coordinates of R.
= −(x2 − 12x + 36) + 36 + 13
Substitute x = 4 and y = r into 3x − 2y + 6 = 0.
= −(x − 6)2 + 49
3(4) − 2r + 6 = 0
(c) Coefficient of x2 = −1 < 0
∴ The graph opens downward.
2r = 18
r=9
Coordinates of the vertex = (6 , 49)
The axis of symmetry is x = 6.
∴ The coordinates of R are (4 , 9).

The graph is sketched below.

y
(6 , 49)

y = 13 + 12x − x2

13
x
0
−1 x=6 13

© Oxford University Press 2015 3A-3.7 Consolidation Exercise Solution 5A03