Institute Of Cost And Accounting Management

An Assignment On TA112

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Answer to the Question No. 1

A) (3+2)^{2}-7
 =5^{2}-7

=25-7=18

⚫ 2/3+3/4-1/3
= 8/12+9/12-4/12
=13/12-4/12
=9/12
=3/4

⚫ [{10x(3-1)-2}-{(6-6)/2}]/3
=[{10x2-2}-{0/2}]/3
=(20-2)/3
=18/3
=6

B) To find the values of the given expressions, let’s start by solving for x
and y using the given equations \(x + y = 5\) and \(xy = 6\).
To find the values of the given expressions, let’s start by solving for x
and y using the given equations \(x + y = 5\) and \(xy = 6\).

We can rewrite the first equation as \(y = 5 – x\). Substituting this

expression for y into the second equation \(xy = 6\), we get:

\[x(5 – x) = 6\]
\[5x – x^2 = 6\]
\[x^2 – 5x + 6 = 0\]

Now, let’s solve this quadratic equation to find the values of x. We can
factor it as follows:

\[(x – 2)(x – 3) = 0\]

So, the solutions are \(x = 2\) and \(x = 3\).

Since \(x > y\), we can assign \(x = 3\) and \(y = 2\).

Now, we can use these values to find the expressions:

(a) \(2(x^2 + y^2)\)

 \[2(3^2 + 2^2)\]
\[2(9 + 4)\]
\[2(13)\]
\[26\]

(b)\(x^3 – y^3 – 3(x^2 + y^2)\)

\[(3)^3 – (2)^3 – 3(3^2 + 2^2)\]
\[27 – 8 – 3(9 + 4)\]
\[27 – 8 – 3(13)\]
\[27 – 8 – 39\]
\[19 – 39\]
\[-20\]

© \(x^5 + y^5\)
\[3^5 + 2^5\]
\[243 + 32\]
\[275\]

So, the values of the expressions are:

(a) (26\),
(b) (-20\),
(c) (275\).

C) Number of passenger in a steamer is 752

Let x be the number of passenger on the deck So the number of

passenger on the cabin will be 752-2 The fare per head for the deck is
Box

The fare per head for the cabin is thrice 30x3=90

Total collected fare is 33840.

The equation is in terms of u:

30X+90(752-21)=33840
=30X+67680-90X=33840
=60X=33840
=X=564
: the number of passenger on the deck is 564

The number of passenger on the cabin 752-564=188

Ans to the Question No.2

(a) Queue Problem: Let the number of students standing behind Zakir
be x. Then, the number of students standing in front of Zakir = x +
4. According to the given conditions: 3(x) = x + 4 Solving this
equation, we find x = 2. So, the total number of students in the
queue = 3(x + 4) = 3(2 + 4) = 18.

(b)Tax Calculation: Let the earnings beyond Tk.2,50,000 be E.

According to the given conditions: 0.15€ = Tk.75,000 Solving this
equation, we find E = (Tk.75,000) / 0.15 = Tk.5,00,000. So, the
gross earnings = Tk.5,00,000 + Tk.2,50,000 = Tk.7,50,000.

(c) Price Change Problem: Let the Initial selling price be P. After the
first year, the price becomes P * 1.05. After the second year, the
price becomes P * 1.05 * 1.06. According to the given conditions: P *
1.05 * 1.06 = $35.73 Solving this equation, we find P = $30. So, the
percentage price change in year 3 = ((35.73 – 30) / 30) * 100%.

(d) Inequalities:

y<8
x – 2 < 2 => x < 4
x>1

Ans to the Question No.3

(a) Set Operations: (i) A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4),
(4, 2), (4, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} (ii) B × C = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (4, 1), (4,
3), (4, 5)} (iii) C × A = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1),
(5, 3), (5, 5)}

(b)Survey of Students: Students took Spanish: 28 + 10 + 8 + 3 = 49

Students took German and Spanish but not French: 8
Students took French but not Spanish: 42 – 10 = 32

Ans to the Question No.4

A) Compound Interest: Using the formula for compound interest: (A =

P(1 + \frac{r}{n})^{nt}) (3P = P(1 + \frac{0.12}{4})^{4t}) Solving
for t, we find the time required.
B) Arrangements at a Round Table: (i) Without the women sitting
together: (7! – 4!) (ii) With the women sitting together: (4! \times 3!)
C) Committee Selection: Selecting 3 members from party A and 2 from
party B: (^6C_3 \times ^4C_2)

Ans to the Question No.5

(a) Compound Interest Problem: Using the compound interest

formula and given data, we can solve for the rate of interest and
the principal amount invested.
(b)House Purchase: Calculate the annual installment using the
formula for installment payments.
(c) Machine Replacement: Use the formula for annuity to calculate
the annual investment required.
(d)Project Investment: Calculate the net present value (NPV) of the
project to determine if it’s wise to invest.

Ans to the Question No.6

(a) Skewness and Dispersion: Explain skewness and its difference from
dispersion. Discuss how measures of skewness complement averages
and measures of dispersion in understanding frequency distributions.
(b)Coefficient of Variation: Define coefficient of variation and its
advantages over other measures of dispersion. Analyze the variability
of scores between male and female students.

Ans to the Question No:7

(a) Frequency Table and Mean Calculation: The purpose of classification of

statistical data is to organize and present raw data in a structured
manner to facilitate analysis and interpretation. Classification helps in
understanding the characteristics of the data, identifying patterns, and
drawing meaningful conclusions

It provides a systematic framework for summarizing large amounts of

information, making it easier to comprehend and extract insights.
In the given example, the weights of 55 students are listed without any
classification. By classifying this data into groups or intervals (such as
40-50 kg, 51-60 kg, and so on),

we can create a frequency distribution table that shows how many

students fall into each weight range. This classification allows us to
observe trends, such as the most common weight range among the
students or the overall distribution of weights. It also enables statistical
analysis, such as calculating measures of central tendency and
dispersion, which provide further insights into the dataset

Therefore, classification of statistical data serves the purpose of

organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to facilitate decision-
making and understanding of the underlying patterns and trends.
Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation:

(a) **Frequency Table:**

| Class Interval | Frequency |

To calculate the arithmetic mean, we use the formula:

\[ \text{Arithmetic Mean} = \frac{\sum \text{(Midpoint of Class) } \

times \text{ Frequency}}{\text{Total Frequency}} \]

Midpoints:
- 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105

Using the given data:

\[ \text{Total Frequency} = 55 \]

\[ \text{Arithmetic Mean} = \frac{(45 \times 5) + (55 \times 8) + (65 \

times 17) + (75 \times 17) + (85 \times 6) + (95 \times 1) + (105 \
times 1)}{55} \]

\[ = \frac{225 + 440 + 1105 + 1275 + 510 + 95 + 105}{55} \]

\[ = \frac{3755}{55} \]

\[ \text{Arithmetic Mean} \approx 68.27 \]

(b) **Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation:**

To calculate the standard deviation and coefficient of variation, we first
need to calculate the mean for each class interval, and then use the
following formulas:

\[ \text{Standard Deviation} = \sqrt{\frac{\sum \text{(Frequency) } \

times (\text{(Midpoint of Class) } - \text{ Mean})^2}{\text{Total
Frequency}}} \]

\[ \text{Coefficient of Variation} = \left( \frac{\text{Standard

Deviation}}{\text{Mean}} \right) \times 100\% \]

To calculate the mean for each class interval, we’ll use the midpoint of
each interval:

| Class Interval | Midpoint | Frequency | Midpoint × Frequency |

|----------------|----------|-----------|----------------------|
Now, we can calculate the mean:

\[ \text{Mean} = \frac{\text{Total Midpoint × Frequency}}{\text{Total

Frequency}} = \frac{3715}{174} \]

\[ \text{Mean} \approx 21.33 \]

Now, we’ll calculate the standard deviation:

\[ \text{Standard Deviation} = \sqrt{\frac{\sum \text{(Frequency) } \

times (\text{(Midpoint of Class) } - \text{ Mean})^2}{\text{Total
Frequency}}} \]

\[ = \sqrt{\frac{(8 \times (7.5 – 21.33)^2) + (18 \times (12.5 –

21.33)^2) + (42 \times (17.5 – 21.33)^2) + (62 \times (22.5 –
21.33)^2) + (30 \times (27.5 – 21.33)^2) + (10 \times (32.5 –
21.33)^2) + (4 \times (37.5 – 21.33)^2)}{174}} \]

\[ \approx \sqrt{\frac{6029.5}{174}} \]

\[ \approx \sqrt{34.64} \]

\[ \text{Standard Deviation} \approx 5.88 \]

Finally, we’ll calculate the coefficient of variation:

\[ \text{Coefficient of Variation} = \left( \frac{\text{Standard

Deviation}}{\text{Mean}} \right) \times 100\% \]

\[ \approx \left( \frac{5.88}{21.33} \right) \times 100\% \]

\[ \approx 27.56\% \]

So, the standard deviation is approximately 5.88 and the coefficient of

variation is approximately 27.56%.

Ans to the Question No.8

A) Mistakes in Probability Statements: In the first statement,
the probabilities given for the number of accidents do not sum
up to 1. The probability of having no, one, or two or more
accidents should collectively cover all possible outcomes and add
up to 1. However, the given probabilities sum up to 1.01,
indicating an error.Similarly, in the second statement, the
probabilities for the stock’s price movements do not sum up to 1.
The probabilities should account for all possible outcomes,
including the stock price remaining unchanged, going up, or
going down. However, the given probabilities sum up to 1.02,
indicating an error.In the third statement, the probabilities for the
number of rainy days next week also do not sum up to 1. The
probabilities should cover all possible scenarios, including no
rainy days, one rainy day, two rainy days, or three rainy days.
However, the given probabilities sum up to 1.00, indicating an
error.

B) Conditional Probability: Given

⚫P(D) = 0.83 ) (probability of departure on time)(

⚫P(A) = 0.82 ) (probability of arrival on time)(

⚫ P(D \cap A) = 0.78 ) (probability of departure and arrival on

time)(a) Arrival on Time given Departure on Time: [ P(A|D) = \
frac{P(A \cap D)}{P(D)} = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(D)} = \
frac{0.78}{0.83} ](b) Departure on Time given Arrival on Time: [
P(D|A) = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(A)} = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(A)} = \
frac{0.78}{0.82} ]

Conditional Probability: Given

 (a) Arrival on Time given Departure on Time: [ P(A|D) = \
frac{P(A \cap D)}{P(D)} = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(D)} = \
frac{0.78}{0.83} ](b) Departure on Time given Arrival on Time: [
P(D|A) = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(A)} = \frac{P(D \cap A)}{P(A)} = \
frac{0.78}{0.82} ]

(c) Probability of Meteor Observations: Given:

The average number of meteors found in any 30-second interval is
1.81.To find the probability of no meteors in a one-minute interval, we
need to consider two consecutive 30-second intervals. Since the
occurrences are independent: [ P(\text{No meteors in one-minute
interval}) = P(\text{No meteors in 30 seconds})
\times P(\text{No meteors in another 30 seconds}) ] [ = (1 – 1.81) \
times (1 – 1.81) ]

Ans to the Question No.9

(a) Distinction between z and t statistics

⚫Z-statistic: It is used when the population standard deviation (σ) is

known.Z-statistic follows the standard normal distribution with a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. It is used for large sample sizes
(typically n ≥ 30).

⚫t-statistic: It is used when the population standard deviation (σ) is

unknown and is estimated from the sample data. T-statistic follows the
t-distribution, which is similar to the normal distribution but has
heavier tails. It is used for small sample sizes (typically n < 30).similar
to the normal distribution but has heavier tails. It is used for small
sample sizes (typically n < 30).

Particular quantity distinguishing these statistics: The main difference

between the z and t statistics is the use of the population standard
deviation (σ) in the z-statistic and the sample standard deviation (s) in
the t-statistic.
 Class of research questions suitable for testing via the z statistic: The
z-statistic is appropriate when:The population standard deviation is
known.The sample size is large (typically n ≥ 30).The sampling
distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed.

Characteristics of questions and data suitable for z statistic:The

research questions involve large sample sizes.The population standard
deviation is known.The data follow a normal distribution or the sample
size is large enough for the central limit theorem to apply.

(b)Hypothesis Testing for Sales Compensation Plan:Null Hypothesis (H0):

The average sales per salesperson remains unchanged or does not
increase due to the new compensation plan. (H0: \mu =
$8000)Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The average sales per salesperson
increases due to the new compensation plan. (Ha: \mu > $8000)

Type I Error: Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected
when it is actually true.In this situation, it means concluding that the
compensation plan increases average sales when it actually does
not.The consequence is implementing the new plan, which might lead
to unnecessary changes in the company’s policies, wasting resources,
and potentially harming salespersons’ morale.

Type II Error: Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not
rejected when it is actually false.In this situation, it means failing to
conclude that the compensation plan increases average sales when it
actually does.The consequence is missing the opportunity to
implement a beneficial compensation plan, potentially leading to
missed sales opportunities and decreased company profitability.

Ans to the Question No.10

A) Paasche’s index:
 For commodity a

B)

Trend Analysis:Given the profits for each year, we will use the least
squares method to fit a straight line trend to the data. Then, we’ll make
estimates for the profit in the year 2000.Let’s start by calculating the
mean of the years and profits: [ \overline{x} = \frac{\sum x_i}{n} ] [ \
overline{y} = \frac{\sum y_i}{n} ]Next, calculate the slope of the line:
[ m = \frac{\sum(x_i - \overline{x})(y_i - \overline{y})}{\sum(x_i - \
overline{x})^2} ]

The equation of the trend line is: [ y = mx + b ]

Using this equation, estimate the profit for the year 2000 by substituting ( x
= 2000 ).