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Complete Module 1 Sensors and Electrodes

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15 views3 pages

Complete Module 1 Sensors and Electrodes

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Module 1: Sensors and Electrodes

Electrochemical Cells

- Devices (e.g., galvanic or electrolytic cells) convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice

versa through oxidation-reduction reactions.

Types of Electrochemical Cells:

1. Galvanic Cell:

- Converts chemical energy into electrical energy via redox reactions.

- Example: Daniell cell.

2. Electrolytic Cell:

- Converts electrical energy into chemical energy via redox reactions.

- Example: Lead-acid battery during charging.

Notes:

- In a galvanic cell:

- Anode is negative (-ve).

- Cathode is positive (+ve).

- In an electrolytic cell:

- Anode is positive (+ve).

- Cathode is negative (-ve).

Sensors

- A sensor detects physical changes in the environment (e.g., heat, light,

pressure, etc.) and converts the data into an electrical signal for electronic

devices.

Key Terms:

1. Transducers: Convert primary forms of energy (optical, mechanical,


chemical) into electrical signals.

- Example: Photometric sensor.

2. Actuators: Perform output functions.

- Transducer = Sensor + Actuator.

General Working Principle of Sensors

1. Input variables -> Sensor Element -> Electric Signal -> Electronics -> Sensor

Output Signal.

Example: Photometric sensors convert light into electrical signals.

Sensor Types:

- Potentiometric Sensors: Measure potential.

- Amperometric Sensors: Measure current.

- Conductometric Sensors: Measure conductance.

Electrochemical Sensors

- Devices that give real-time chemical composition of an analyte.

Components of Electrochemical Sensors:

1. Receptor: Binds the sample.

2. Analyte: The chemical to be measured.

3. Transducer: Converts chemical reactions into electrical signals.

Requirements:

1. Closed circuit.

2. Current flow for measurement.

3. Electrode surface used for reactions.

4. Directly proportional current to analyte concentration.

Working Principle
1. Recognition Element -> Amplifier -> Processor -> Display.

2. Electric current produced in an electrochemical system is proportional to

analyte concentration.

Mechanism:

- Target molecule interacts with receptor molecules on electrode surface.

- Chemical reaction produces signals converted into electrical outputs.

Electrochemical System Types

1. Three-Electrode System:

- Sensing, reference, and counter electrodes used.

2. Two-Electrode System:

- Only sensing and counter electrodes used.

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