STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION

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Student name: Assessor name:

S Kumarawadu

Issue date: Formative Assessment Date: Submission date:

11th of Nov. 2024 13th Dec. 2024 20th Dec. 2024

Programme:

Pearson Higher Nationals in Mechanical Engineering / Electrical &

Electronic Engineering
Unit:

Unit 02: Engineering Mathematics

Assignment number and title:

Assignment 2 of 2: Analyze Engineering Scenarios and Solve Engineering Problems Using Calculus,
Analytical and Computational Methods.

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Student Declaration
Higher Nationals
Assignment Brief – BTEC (RQF)
Higher National Diploma in Engineering
Student Name/ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 2: Engineering Mathematics

2023 - 24
Academic Year
S Kumarawadu
Unit Assessor

Assignment Title Assignment 2 of 2

12th Nov. 2024
Issue Date
20th Dec. 2024
Submission Date
Majeed Raheem
IV Name
11th Nov. 2024
Date

Submission Format:
You should present,
The assignment working clearly presented with the use of standard technical jargon and fully word-
processed including the text, equations, figures, and tables.
Clearly present the steps of the methods, logic behind the analysis, definitions of the notations used. Use
software where appropriate and show the codes and the results.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO3 Use analytical and computational methods for solving problems by relating sinusoidal wave and vector
functions to their respective engineering applications.

LO4 Examine how differential and integral calculus can be used to solve engineering problems.

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Scenario

You work as an electrical or mechanical engineer in the industry. You have been investigating the ways to
minimize the monthly electricity bill and losses as well as improve the condition of the electrical system to
ensure economical and efficient operation of the electrical loads.
Motion analysis and design of an overhead crane system as well as its energy performance.
Vibration analysis of a machine.
Safely discharging a large capacitor.
Activity:

Task Part I

(a) .
Given details ,
• Input current before connecting the capacitor ( I1 ) at a power factor of 0.72 .
I1 = 249340 A
• Input current after connecting the capacitor ( I2 = 122 A ) with a power factor of 0.98.
• Supply frequency ( f = 50 Hz ).
1. Using the power factor (pf) relation :
Power Factor (pf) = cos (ɵ)
Hence calculate the angles :
• For I1 ,

cos (ɵ1) = 0.72

(ɵ1) = cos -1 0.72
(ɵ1) = 43 57°
• For I2 ,

cos (ɵ2) = 0.98

(ɵ2) = cos -1 0.98
(ɵ2) = 11 48°

The polar form of a current is ,

I = Irms < - ɵ
I1 and I2 in polar form
o I1 = 249340 < - 43 57° A
o I2 = 122 < - 11 48° A
(b) .
The capacitor current Ic ,
Ic = I2 – I1
Convert I1 and I2 to rectangular form
The rectangular form is :
I = Irms (cos ɵ - j sin ɵ )
o For I1,
I1 = 249340 ( cos(-43 57°) + j sin(-43 57°))
= 249340 ( (0.723) + j (-0.691))
= 180274 – j172225 A
o For I2,
I2 = 122 ( cos(-11 48°) + j sin(-11 48°))
= 122 ( (0.981) + j (-0.200))
= 119.58 – j24.36 A
Adding I1 and I2 to Ic = I2 – I1 :
Ic = I 2 – I1
= (119.58 – j24.36) – (180274 – j172225)
= -180154 + j172200 A
Convert Ic back to polar from ,
Magnitude :
ΙIcΙ = √(−180154)2 + (1722200)2
= 248324A
Angle :
172200
ɵc = tan-1 (− 180154)

= 136.63°

Hence :
Ic ≈ 248324 , Δ 136 63°

(c).
The current waveform is :
i (t) = Im sin( 2π ft + ɵ)
Where Im = √2 . Irms
o Before capacitor (i1(t)) :
▪ Irms = 249340 A
▪ Im = √2 . 249340 ≈ 352569 A
▪ ɵ1 = -43.57° = -0.761rad
i1(t) = 352569sin (2π(50)t - 0.761)
 o After capacitor (i2(t)) :
▪ Irms = 122 A
▪ Im = √2 . 122 ≈ 172.47 A
▪ ɵ1 = -43.57° = -0.761rad
i1(t) = 172.47sin (2π(50)t - 0.200)

(d).
Analytical Solution for ic(t)
The capacitor current waveform is:
ic(t) = i2(t) - i1(t)

Substituting:
ic(t) = 172.47 sin(2π (50) t - 0.200) - 352569 sin(2π (50) t - 0.761)

Simplify using trigonometric identities:

ic(t) = Icm sin(2π(50) t + ɵc)

where,
o Icm = 248324 A
o ɵc = 136 63° = 2.385 rad
Final waveform:
ic(t) = 248324 sin(2π(50) t + 2.385)
 Task Part 2
2.1 .

• The given formula for capacitor voltage during discharge :

vc(t) = V0e -1/Rc
• to discharge to 5% of the initial charge v0 after 1 minute (60 seconds) :
vc(t) = 0.05Vo
• substitute this into the equation :
0.05V0 = V0e -60/Rc
• Divide through by V0 :
0.05 = e -60/Rc
• Take value of ln(0.05) is approximately – 2.9957,so :
60
RC =
2.9957

RC = 20.03s
-6
C = 4000 x 10 F
Finding the R :
RC = 20.03s
R x 4000 x 10 -6 = 20.03s
R = 5.0025kΩ

In a 230 V ac system, the highest possible value the capacitor can charge to is
230√2 = 325.3𝑉

volume of Caster oil :

E = ½ cvi2
vi = 325.3v , C = 4000µF
E = ½ (4000 x 10-6) x (325.3)2
E = 211.64j
Q = 211.64 j , ɵ° = 20 ° , C =1.97 kJkg−1°C−1
find the oil quantity :
Q = mcΔɵ
𝑄
m=
𝑐𝛥ɵ
211.64
=
1970 х 20
m = 5.0376 x 10-3 kg
using the density formula,
m = 5.0376 x 10-3 kg , ρ = 961 kgm−3
𝑚
ρ =
𝑣
𝑚
v =
𝜌

5.0376 × 10−3
v =
961
v = 5.59× 10−6
v = 5.59 l

2.2 .
Obtain the 1st and 2nd derivatives ,
1. Position x (t) :
x (t) = 0.5 t3 – 6 t2 + 19.5 t – 14
2. Velocity v (t) ( 1 st derivative ) :
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
v (t) = = 1.5𝑡 2 − 12 𝑡 + 19.5
𝑑𝑡

3. Acceleration a (t) (2nd derivative)

𝑑2 𝑥(𝑡)
a (t) = = 3t – 12
𝑑𝑡 2

finding the B and C , velocity is 0 because these are turning points 0

Finding B and C point :

At point B and C , velocity is 0 because these are turning point of trolley.
Hence : v(t) = 0
0 = 1.5t2 – 12t + 19.5
Solving , the turning point,
t1 = 5.73 s t2 = 2.27s
tb = 2.27s
tc = 5.73s
distance x to the point B ,
𝑥(𝑡)= 0.5𝑡3−6𝑡2+19.5𝑡−14
xB (t) = 0.5 × (2.27)3 - 6 × (2.27)2 + 19.5 × (2.27) -14
xB (t) = 5.196 m

distance x to the point C ,

𝑥(𝑡)= 0.5𝑡3−6𝑡2+19.5𝑡−14
Xc (t) = 0.5 × (5.73)3 - 6 × (5.73)2 + 19.5 × (5.73) -
14
Xc (t) = - 5.196 m
Motor Force F (t)
Using Newton’s second law :
F (t) = ma (t) + Dv (t),
Where :
• Total mass m = 110 + 20 + 150 = 280kg
• Damping coefficient D = 40 kg
• a(t) = 3t -12
• v(t) = 1.5t2 - 12t + 19.5
above values substitute to the F(t) ,
F(t) = 280(3t – 12) + 40 (1.5t2 – 12t + 19.5)
F(t) = 60t2 + 360t – 2580 N
Motor Power P(t)
The Power required by the motor is :
P(t) = F(t) . v(t)
Where :
• F(t) = 60t2 + 360t – 2580
• v(t) = 1.52 – 12t + 19.5
above values substitute to the P(t) ,
P(t) = ( 60t2 + 360t – 2580 ) . (1.52 – 12t + 19.5 )
Motor total energy required :
Energy is obtained by integrating power P(t) time 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≥ 3
3
E = ∫0 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Let’s calculate x(t) , v(t) and a(t) position of B and C ,and the total energy:

Turning point ( where v (t) = 0 ):

• Time tB = 2.27min , Position xB = 5.20 m

• Time tc = 5.73min , Position xc = - 5.20 m

Total energy required:

Energy = - 42471J

2.3
Vibration amplitude of a machine plotted against time shown in Fig. T2.3. is described by
x(𝑡) = sin(0.8𝑡) ln(𝑡+2) 𝑡+0.5
Here, 𝑡 is in seconds and 𝑥 is in millimeters
 Function definition
x(𝑡) = sin(0.8𝑡) ln(𝑡+2) 𝑡+0.5
Differentiating x (t) :
1. Derivative x(t)
𝑑 𝑑
X(t) = [sin(0.8𝑡) ln(𝑡 + 2) 𝑡] + (0.5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

The second term is zero since it is constant, Expanding the first term
𝑑 𝑑
X(t) = 𝑑𝑡 [sin(0.8𝑡) ln(𝑡 + 2) 𝑡] + sin(0.8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 [ln(𝑡 + 2) 𝑡]

Derivative of sin(0.8t) :
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
[𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0.8t)] = 0.8 cos (0.8t)

So the first term becomes :

0.8Cos (0.8t) ln (t +2) t

2. Derivative of ln (t +2)t :
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[ln(𝑡 + 2) 𝑡] = ln(𝑡 + 2 ) [t] + t [ ln ( t + 2 )]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑡
[ln(𝑡 + 2) 𝑡] = ln(𝑡 + 2) +
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡+2)

So the second term becomes :

𝑡
Sin (0.8t) [ln (t + 2) + ]
(𝑡+2)
Final expression :
𝑡
x(t) = Sin (0.8 cos (0.8t) ln (t + 2)t + sin (0.8t) [ ln(t + 2) + ]
𝑡+2
 Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction

P1 Apply dimensional
analysis techniques to solve
complex problems.

P2 Generate answers from

contextualized arithmetic and
geometric progressions.

P3 Determine solutions of
equations using
exponential, trigonometric
and hyperbolic functions

P4 Summarize data by
calculating mean and
standard deviation and
simplify data into graphical
form.
P5 Calculate probabilities
within both binomially
distributed and normally
distributed random variables

M1 Use dimensional analysis

to derive equations

M2 Interpret the results of a

statistical hypothesis test
conducted from a given
scenario.
D1 Present statistical
data in a method that
can be understood by
a non-technical
audience
Higher Nationals –Formative /Summative Assignment Feedback form

Student Name/ID

Unit Title Unit 02: Engineering Mathematics

Assignment Number 1 of 2 Assessor S Kumarawadu

Formative Assessment Date 10th August 2023

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Submission Date 25th August 2023

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