Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management Volume 4, 2009

An Improved SMS User Interface

Result Checking System

O. Awodele E. R. Adagunodo
Babcock University, Ilishan- Obafemi Awolowo University,
Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
[email protected] [email protected]

A. T. Akinwale S. Idowu and M. Agbaje

University of Agriculture, Babcock University, Ilishan-
Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Remo,Ogun State, Nigeria
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract
This paper reviews the use of mobile phones for delivering examination results via Short Messag-
ing Service (SMS) in a university where student who have written examinations and are anxious
to see their results need to get their grades in a convenient and accessible way, whether in the
comfort of their homes, on the road, or while at work.
At this time, a mobile phone is accessible to most students, and they take it almost everywhere
with them. This technology can, therefore, be highly effective in bringing information to them
quickly, easily, and while they are on the move. An SMS result checking system not only enables
students to request their grades, the system can also deliver the grades to their phones as soon as
the grades become available. This means that they can access their grades even in the remotest
locations where internet service might be unavailable, preventing them from accessing the
school’s website.
This version is an improved version of the system presented previously (Adagunodo, Awodele, &
Idowu, 2009). The former system requires the user to submit an ID with a password, which is
common to many SMS systems. The present system uses a social interaction with the password to
reduce the incidence of guessing access codes occurring in the checking system.
Keywords: Short Message Services,
Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or SMS, GSM, Result Checking, Mobile
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Editor: Zlatko Kovacic

An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

years ago, has undergone a great improvement, so much that today we have fixed wireless
phones, mobile phones, and the like. With the rapid development of mobile phones come several
services, like the Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),
that are readily available and add to the usefulness of mobile phones. SMS in particular is widely
used in communication and, more recently, has been leveraged to provide several services like
airline ticketing, banking services, and commercial services such as share and sell (an added ser-
vice provided by MTN Nigeria) where subscribers can easily share and/or sell airtime. SMS is a
mobile technology that allows for sending and receiving text or even binary messages to and from
a mobile phone. The relative ease of use of SMS makes it possible for a user to learn how to send
SMS easily. More than 160 billion SMSs are exchanged each month in European countries (Ma-
vrakis, 2004), and, according to Resource Shelf (2006), 48.7 billion SMS messages were sent in
the second half of 2005, which is up 50% from the six months before that. The major advantage
of SMS is its cost effectiveness and availability, as most individuals own a phone.
In different parts of the world, several service providers offer mobile services that include SMS.
Most times the cost attached to sending a SMS is relatively small, and most providers do not
charge for receiving SMS. Sometimes, service providers give users a certain amount of free SMS
per month, which allows customers send and receive unlimited number of SMS messages. It is
possible to acquire a special dedicated line that uses a custom rate for messages sent to the num-
ber; it is also possible to have a number as toll free, making it free for users to send SMS to the
number. All these contribute to what makes SMS a really cost effective means of disseminating
information.
Till today, especially in the developing countries, there still exists the problem of checking ex-
amination results as students throng to notice boards in anxiety, although most universities, even
those in the less developed countries, now make examination results available on their websites.
The level of internet availability in less developed countries is still low and quite expensive. Even
in the developed countries, where most homes have internet access, SMS is still a faster and
cheaper means of disseminating examination results as well as other information. Pramsane and
Sanjaya (2006) stated that universities can provide educational services based on SMS, such as
grade release, enrollment information, university announcement, and internship opportunity. An
advantage SMS offers is that students can receive valuable information on the fly without re-
questing it.
The result checking system not only allows student to request grades, it provides the result as
soon as they as become available. This is done by pushing the result to the students (sending it to
their phones) or working on a request sent from a student to produce the result (pulling). There
are two methods of SMS widely used in applications; they are the PUSH & PULL. This applica-
tion can either be used to push or pull messages.
A Push SMS application is one whereby a message is sent from the application to the user. It is a
one way message. In other words, it is the mobile application (in this case, the SMS result check-
ing application) that initiates a message. An example could be a school that automatically sends
examination results to the students and their parents/sponsors as soon as the grades become avail-
able. The users do not request the grades, do not take any action, and are not charged for receiv-
ing the SMS. The SMS would be delivered to them in a matter of seconds regardless of where
they are, as long as their mobile phone is within their network operator’s coverage.
A Pull SMS application, on the other hand, is one whereby a user sends a request and obtains a
reply from the application. This is a full duplex scenario. An example is when a student requests
for his/her grades for a recently concluded semester.

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 Awodele, Adagunodo, Akinwale, Idowu, & Agbaje

SMS applications can be built as two kinds of services:

Independent Service - This involves using solely a mobile phone and the application server (the
system running the SMS application). This option offers limited benefit, but it is easy and fast to
setup. It does not require authorization of the service provider or connection to any third party
SMS provider. The mobile phone uses a regular SIM card which has a normal phone number, and
messages that originate from the phone attract the standard cost or tariff.
Dependent Service – This involves having the application server connect to the service pro-
vider’s SMS Center (SMSC). It requires a constant connection to the internet as the application
server does not require any physical phone/modem with a SIM card connected to it; rather it con-
nects to a SMSC. When users send their request, it goes to the SMSC, which automatically for-
wards the message to the application server over the internet. This option provides added benefits,
as the service provider can provide a special tariff and a dedicated line for the university. Here,
the SMS application usually runs on corporate servers that are connected to the SMS network
through specialized connectors and gateways connected to the SMS Center (SMSC) of mobile
operators (Mavrakis, 2004). These servers are assigned short numbers instead of the traditional 10
or 11 digits mobile numbers. These numbers, also known as short codes, are usually 4 to 6 digits
long and are operator specific. Also, a premium fee (a fee other than the fixed rates for SMS) can
be charged on these short codes; in other words, users would pay more for sending SMS to short
codes.
SMS uses the GSM special signaling channel instead of the voice channel and is, therefore, a very
reliable media channel. Mavrakis (2004) identifies two types of SMS which can be classified by
the origin of the message:
• Mobile Originated (MO): SMS-MO is sent from a mobile phone and could be sent either to
another mobile phone (such as when a mobile subscriber sends a personal message to another
subscriber) or to a computer application that will process the message.
• Mobile Terminated (MT): SMS-MT is transmitted to a mobile phone. It also could be sent by
another mobile phone or generated by a computer application (Adagunodo, Awodele, & Ajayi,
2007).

Existing System Overview

Most universities now provide examination results on their website. When results are made avail-
able on the website, students have to login by providing a username or ID and password before
they can view their result. This ensures that examination results are protected from unauthorized
access. Although websites are readily accessible and provide options like printing and saving,
these benefits could easily be inaccessible if a user does not have access to the internet. Also, the
student must visit the website to know find out if the examination results are available.
While websites seem to be a very good option in countries where the internet is readily available,
its impact can be less felt and it can be quite inconvenient and expensive in countries with poor
internet access. In such places, students will have to visit cyber cafes where they have to pay to
check their grades.
Apart from using websites to provide students with their examination results, other means include
IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System), and email.

IVRS
Interactive Voice Response System is a self guided result checking system. In this system, a stu-
dent dials a number and listens to computer generated or recorded voice direction. The voice in-

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An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

structs the student on what action (usually by pressing keys) to take to supply the needed informa-
tion. The supplied information is then used to generate the student’s result, which is spoken to the
user.

Email
While email seems to be another intuitive means of sending results and other information to stu-
dents, even without them requesting for it, it requires internet connection, and although several
mobile phones allow accessing of emails on them, it is seldom used by mobile phone users (at
least students). Email offers the benefit of mass distribution of information, which is also possible
using SMS as Bulk SMS.

Evaluation of Similar Systems

NTU eXpress SMS
NeXS (NTU eXpress SMS) is used at the Nanyang Technological University. To use NeXS the
user needs to be an undergraduate student of NTU and needs to register his/her mobile phone on
the NeXS Portal. NeXS accepts numbers from three mobile providers (Singtel/Starhub/M1).
Once a mobile phone is registered, the student can use the phone to send SMS and access infor-
mation. However, students can only use the mobile number that was registered.
To get exam results via NeXS, users send the keyword NTU RESULT to 74000. If the exam re-
sults of the current semester are released, NeXS will respond with the reply (Ling, 2005).

Strength of NeXS
The primary strength of NeXS is that it offers a form of security by ensuring that only the regis-
tered mobile phone can request the result. NeXS also provides other SMS services like examina-
tion seating arrangements, subject timetable, library account information, and NTU staff directory
search.

Weakness of NeXS
The fact that NeXS allows students to register their mobile phone number and limits access to the
number is quite a disadvantage than an advantage. This is because it reduces the flexibility of the
system and also poses a threat of identifying whether it is the real owner of the phone that is re-
questing for the result. For example, a student can take another student’s phone and request for
the student’s result. NeXS cannot tell that the request wasn’t made from the real owner of the
phone. Also, if the register phone is stolen or lost, the student would have to visit the website to
register a new phone. NeXS also provides examination result for the recently concluded semester.

SMS Result Checking of Board of Secondary Education, Orissa

The Board of Secondary Education in Orissa makes the HSC exam result available via SMS. The
examination result is requested by sending the SMS Code: HSCR RollNo (for regular/regular
Correspondence Courses) and HSCX Roll-No (for Ex-regular/Ex-regular Correspondence
Courses) to 56505 (Desi, 2008).

Weakness of the System

The system allows requests from only BSNL Mobile and does not provide any form of security.
Students can easily request the results of others by simply specifying their roll number.

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 Awodele, Adagunodo, Akinwale, Idowu, & Agbaje

MUET SMS Result Checking

The checking of MUET Result via SMS is also another example of SMS result checking. This
system receives SMS in the format MUET <space> IC Number, sent to 39003. The service
charges 15 cents for each message sent and 30 cents for each received.

Weakness of the System

The system does not offer any form of security. A student with the knowledge of another stu-
dent’s IC number can request for that student’s result. It is also expensive on the side of the users.
In summary, none of these systems provide any practical form of security and are, therefore, sus-
ceptible to several security issues. Also, they provide only the current examination results and this
prevents users from requesting for older results.

Proposed System
The proposed system uses the short messaging service (SMS), which is dependent on the tele-
communication infrastructure provided by GSM operators to provide a means of cheap and fast
communication between the students and the university. Although a few SMS result checking
systemss already implement the use of password, such a system was proposed by Pramsane and
Sanjaya (2006). This system implements the same form of security and, further, provides access
to new and old results. It also provides two options of requesting examination result. The SMS
result checking system works using client-server architecture and can be either implemented as a
dependent service or independent service. The system described here is deployed as a dependent
service; this implies that the server (with the SMS application) has a phone with a standard SIM
card connected to it.
The SMS server receives SMS messages from the users and processes the message by connecting
to the database that holds the details and grades. The SMS server receives all SMS via the GSM
terminal connected to the computer; it then connects to the database to authenticate the user and
queries for the results via the appropriate database connector, like Open Database Connectivity
(ODBC).
The former system (discussed in Adagunodo et al., 2009) uses a password system where the re-
sult checker submits an ID and a password). One problem is that a student may know the ID and
password of another student; guessing of passwords and ID can also occur. The present system
uses a social interaction mechanism which involves the use of the surname provided by the user
and then a generated password to be used with an ID to reduce the incidence of guess occurring in
the checking system.

The UML Description of the Proposed System

The proposed system is described below by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The UML is
a general purpose visual modeling language that is used to specify, visualize, construct, and doc-
ument the artefacts of a system. It captures decision and understanding about the systems that
must be constructed as depicted in the diagrams in Figure 1. This is applied to the element of the
proposed system.

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An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

Student
:system
surname:string
id:number Student
password:string
Request for result

Result_checker
Generate password
Error
date:date
courses:number reply:string
gpa:number Send password/ID

Send details of result

Show_result

courses:number
gpa:number
date:date

(a) Class diagram (b) System sequence diagram

Figure 1: Class and sequence diagrams
The present system for an improved user’s authentication will be a 2-tier password system that
will require the student to first provide a means of personal identification for the result checking
system before the system itself generates its own password. On the user’s side he/she is expected
to submit the surname and ID as a means of identification.
Over a period of time amongst students it has been noticed that many students do not care to
know the surname of other students. Students either interact based on their nicknames or other
names. Only very close friends or associates care to take note of the surname of the other. (This
may not be true in other cultures; for example, in the US most students know the surnames of
many others.) In a school of over three thousand students it will be difficult to know everyone
surname unless you specifically print out the class list from a database.
In case of an intruder, that is, if someone seals a phone, that person can check his own results but
not those of another unless he knows the surname. The trouble to him might outweigh the bene-
fits. For the present system the student will be required to first send his/her surname and ID,
which is the matriculation number of the student. The system checks if such a pair (surname, ID)
exists in the result database. If such a pair exists it generates a single use password which is sent
to the student. The student now uses this password along with the ID to request the type of result
needed.
The system matches this password and generates the result, which is then sent back to the student.
The password is generated once per result making it difficult to have just one permanent pass-
word for any transaction thus preventing multiple use.
The application queries the database and filters out the user’s result appropriately after which it
sends the examination result back to the user through the GSM terminal as shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Functioning of a SMS Result Checking System

The flow of the systems starts when a student sends a SMS (in the prescribed format) to the given
number. The system then uses the content of the SMS to process the student’s request, after
which the student’s result is sent back to the student via the same number.
The features of this system are:
• It will receive SMS from all kind of phones from all networks.
• It functions 24hrs a day.
• Users are notified when they make an invalid request.
• It is relatively easy to customize.
• It uses passwords to provide security.
• It provides more flexibility, by allowing many result checking options.

Security and Error Handling

Like other means employed by institutions to disseminate examination results and other similar
information, which includes website, email and IVRS, there exists the possibility of errors and
security issues. While most universities make results available on their websites, students have to
at least securely login to the website using their ID and a password. Apart from the possibility of
a student knowing the ID and password of another student, the possibility of a guess can occur.
Although, most websites offer a secure form of authentication like HTTPS, there is really no
means of telling that the person that supplied the ID and password on the site is the actual student.
Literature has proven that there have been more attacks on the web than SMS. All these imply
that websites, though convenient to use, do not offer a totally secured solution for result checking.
Similarly, using emails or IVRS, there is no means of confirming that the person initiating a
phone call on an IVRS system is the real student. And even in cases where the real student is the
user of the system, a mistyped username and password would deny a student access to the site,
and a student who mistakenly sends wrong information via email or an IVRS can obtain a false
result, which could have consequences. An example of such event occurred in India, when a stu-
dent, having probably sent the wrong details, got a false result and committed suicide (Wrong
SMS leads to suicide, 2004).

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An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

While each of these means has its own strength and weakness, it can be arguably said that no one
is necessarily better than others. And as a matter of fact, several institutions use all these means
together.
SMS on its own has several limitations, which include the limited number of characters allowed
and the unavailability of features like printing, tables, images, etc. It, however, has almost the
same security threat as the other means, considering the fact that same way a hacker can tap into a
text message, the hacker can also hack into a school’s website and pull results or manipulate the
database, which is more disastrous.
The proposed system offers a reasonable level of security, which most similar systems do not
provide. As discussed earlier, most SMS result checking systems either have student register their
mobile phone number or have them send a text containing their identification number with no
form of verification.
This system uses a password, with a default password assigned initially that they are expected to
change on the school’s website or by sending a SMS to the school. Specifying a password in the
SMS ensures that if a cell phone gets stolen or get into the wrong hands, the student’s result can-
not be accessed unless the password is specified. This works in a similar way to the website, and
neither of them has a way to prove that the request originates from the real user. Sharing or care-
less exposure of passwords will breach both systems; therefore education of users is paramount.
Error handling is an essential part of good system, as errors are bound to occur, especially in situ-
ations requiring user input. Users can misspell words, mismatch format, or even send the message
to a wrong number. A feedback mechanism is therefore essential to inform users of their errors
and provide suggestion of what went wrong. This feature is often missing in most SMS result
checking systems; it is overlooked probably because the cost associated to sending SMS is low or
even free. However, to ensure that users find the system friendly, error handling and notification
is important. This system checks for possible errors in a received SMS and sends an error notifi-
cation to the users. Possible errors are a wrong id and password combination, a wrong SMS for-
mat, etc.

Implementation
To use this system as an independent SMS service, the university must provide the necessary
hardware and software requirement, which primarily are:
• A mobile phone with modem that supports communication with a computer, and a sup-
ported SIM card.
• A computer system to host the SMS application.
• A network connection to the database server.
• A cable or other connection means to connect the phone to the computer.

System Verification
As an example of the operation of this SMS result checking system, the mode of operation is il-
lustrated using a particular 3rd year student by the name “Bunmi David” with matriculation num-
ber “05/0777”.
Bunmi David sends an SMS message with surname and ID. The system checks for Bunmi’s name
and generate password. Bunmi now re-send the password with the ID to request for result.
The SMS result checking, as shown in Figure 3, provides primarily two SMS formats. The first
format requests for the detailed examination result, while the second format requests for the grade
point average (GPA) only. As an advantage of this system over others, it allows students to check

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 Awodele, Adagunodo, Akinwale, Idowu, & Agbaje

for results of past semesters, unlike most systems that only offer the current semester result. In
this case, the student can specify which year and semester for which they want to access their
grades. It is also possible to accept request for a particular course.

New text message New text message

To: To:

Message:
Message:
DAVID, 05/0777 Password:

oqw275

Option send clear Option send clear

New text message New text message

To: To:

Message: Message:

05/0777, oqw275 Bunmi David your results

are: ACCT224 (88)-A;
COSC 302(85)-A;
COSC312 (90)-A;
ELECT308 (85)-A

GPA: 500

Option send clear Option send clear

Figure 3: Example of SMS result checking system

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An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

Advantages of SMS Results Checking

The advantages of SMS results are the same with that of any other SMS application.
• Convenience – Users get their results at their own convenience.
• Accessibility – Users can access their results from any location (as long as they are within
a network service reception area).
• Portability – Results can be received and checked from any GSM phone. All GSM
phones support SMS.
• Saves time – SMS is on the fly. It reduces the throughput of result checking as websites
are sometimes unavailable due to congestion or server down time. SMS provides a faster
means of sending and receiving such information.
• Cheaper – SMS is generally economical, and it sometimes is provided as a free service
(at least for certain periods) by the service provider. Most providers also do not charge
when users receive SMS.
• Less human resources required – Results are processed automatically
• Mobility – It is obvious that most mobile phone users have their phones with them eve-
rywhere they go; most people often leave their computer at home or work, but they will
always have their phone on them.

Limitations of SMS Results Checking

The limitations of SMS results are the same with that SMS applications in general.
• Unlike paper results, which are stamped, it is difficult to certify SMS results. However,
mobile operators provide numbers that bear the name of company or institution. This way
the user can be sure that the message originated from the right source.
• As a rule, length of a SMS message is 160 characters. This is a limitation in SMS tech-
nology. Therefore the messages are abbreviated depending on the availability of the
space.
• The SMS technology (like email) does not guarantee set transmission times or guaranteed
delivery of the message; therefore some messages may be delayed, blocked, or lost in
transmission.
• The cost of the message might be transferred to the sender (although toll-free lines can be
acquired) and this is network dependent. It is also possible to reimburse such cost and to
operate volume based tariffs.
• Service operators might not have coverage in some areas, and some locations may be
have mobile-phone jammers therefore preventing users from getting service signals.
• Not all students will have a mobile phone. This is negligible considering the amount of
mobile phone owners; at least one person in a family will own a phone.

Conclusion and Further Work

The SMS result checking system is a cost effective and widely available means of communication
for most students. The use of this medium enhances easy access to their result. The previous pa-
per (Adagunodo et al, 2009) described the use of the student’s ID with a password for obtaining
the result, while the improved system uses social interaction based on surname of the individual
involved in the checking system to request for the scores in addition to the password system.
This system uses a 2-tier level verification system involving the student’s surname. The SMS re-
sult checking system tries to approach examination result checking from the point of social inter-
action between the students to improve the security to a certain level. The former system needs
the students to produce the ID and a password, while in the new system the password is self-

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generated. This system tries to develop an open system which is based on trust so that students
can access their result without being limited to a particular phone number. The extent of response
to messages will depend on the network in use; therefore, the guaranteed delivery of grades with-
in the shortest period is networked based. Another limitation is that the phone may have a low
battery at the point of delivery to a student whereby the phone is switched off on its own. Further
work is still to be done on the security protocols and to really ascertain the delivery of the various
messages to the recipients.

References
Adagunodo, E. R., Awodele, O., & Ajayi, O. B. (2007). SMS Banking Services: A 21st Century Innovation
in Banking Technology. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 4, 101-112. Re-
trieved from http://proceedings.informingscience.org/InSITE2007/IISITv4p227-234Adag332.pdf
Adagunodo, E. R., Awodele, O., & Idowu, O. (2009). SMS user interface result checking system. Issues in
Informing Science and Information Technology, 6, 163-177. Retrieved from
http://iisit.org/Vol6/IISITv6p101-112Adagunodo601.pdf
Desi, S. (2008). Check Orissa HSC exam results 2008/Board of Secondary Education. Retrieved from
http://moviedrive.blogspot.com/2008/06/check-orissa-hsc-exam-results-2008.html
Ling, S. H (2005). SMS to get your exam results. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from
http://www2.ntu.edu.sg/itzone/may2005/smsresult.html
Mavrakis, D. (2004). The Monaco Telematique mobile SMS whitepaper. Retrieved on December 1, 2008
from http://www.scribd.com/doc/916690/SMS-Whitepaper
Pramsane, S., & Sanjaya, R. (2006). Mobile education services based on SMS and their architectture com-
parison. Retrieved on March 5, 2009 from http://www.ijcim.th.org/v14nSP1/pdf/p49.1-9-fin-61.pdf
Resource Shelf. (2006). Statistics: Use of text messaging (SMS) grows in the United States. Retrieved on
March 5, 2009 from http://www.resourceshelf.com/2006/09/01/statistics- use-of-text-messaging-sms-
grows-in-the-united-states/
Wrong SMS leads to suicide. (2004). Textually.org. Retrieved on March 5, 2009 from
http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/2004/05/003929.htm

Biographies
Oludele Awodele has a Ph.D degree in Computer Science from the
Universityof Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. He has several years of
experience in teaching computer science courses at the university level.
He is currently a lecturer in the department of Computer Science and
Mathematics, Babcock University, Nigeria. He is a full member of the
Nigeria Computer Society and the Computer Professional Registration
Council of Nigeria. His areas of interest are Artificial Intelligence and
Computer Architecture. He has published scientific articles in several
journals of international repute.

Emmanuel Rotimi Adagunodo is a professor of computer science at the Obafemi Awolowo.

University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. He is also the Deputy Director of Distance Learning.
Center of the same University. He can be contacted at [email protected].

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An Improved SMS User Interface Result Checking System

Akinwale A. T. has a Ph.D degree in computer science, he is a senior lecturer and presently the
HOD of the Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria. His
area of specialization is Knowledge Base system.
Sunday Idowu is a senior lecturer in the department of computer sci-
ence & mathematics, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State,
Nigeria. He holds a Masters degree in Software Engineering, and he is
currently working on his Ph.D. in the University of Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria. His research areas are Software Engineering, Web Application
Development and Security. He has published works in several journals
of international repute. He can be contacted at saido-
[email protected]

Agbaje M.O. is a lecturer in the Department of Computer Science,

Babcock University, Illisan, Ogun State. He has a B.Sc. degree in
Physics, from the University of Ilorin and M. Sc Computer Science,
from the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. His interests
include: Information security, Artificial Intelligence and Embedded
systems.

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