22EE301- COMPLEX INTEGRATION,

TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS

UNIT II
FOURIER SERIES

1. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
In many engineering and scientific problems, f (x ) is not given directly, rather set of
discrete values of function are given in the form xi , yi , i  1, 2, 3, ..., m where xi ' s are equispaced.
The process of obtaining f (x ) in terms of Fourier series from given set of values is known as
harmonic analysis.
The Fourier series is given by

a0   n x    n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1  l  n1  l 
where

 n x   n x 
2 f  x  cos   2 f  x  sin  
2 f  x   l   l 
a0  , an  , bn 
n n n

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL OR FIRST HARMONIC:

The term  a1 cos x  b1 sin x  in Fourier series is called the fundamental or first harmonic.

1.2 SECOND HARMONIC:

The term  a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x  in Fourier series is called the second harmonic and so on.
1.3 AMPLITUDES:

A1  a12  b12 , A2  a2 2  b2 2 are amplitudes of first and second harmonics respectively.

NOTE:
The amplitudes A1 , A2 ,... will decrease rapidly. Hence the first few harmonics give a good
result to the given function.

1.4 TYPES:
1.  form
2.  form
3. T form
4. l form

1.5 PROBLEMS:

1. Find the Fourier series up to the third harmonic for y  f  x  in  0, 2  defined by the table
of values given below.
 2 4 5 2
x 0 
3 3 3 3

y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

SOLUTION:
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first 6 values will be used.

Length of the interval = Upper limit – Lower limit = 2  0  2

i.e., 2l  2
l 

n6
Let the Fourier series be

a0   n x    n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1  l  n1  l 

a0 3  n x  3  n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1    n1   
a0
f  x    a1 cos x  b1 sin x    a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x    a3 cos 3 x  b3 sin 3 x  ---- (1)
2
 x y y cosx y cos2x y cos3x y sinx y sin2x y sin3x

0 1.0 1 1 1 0 0 0

3
 60  1.4 0.7 -0.7 -1.4 1.2124 1.2124 0
2
3
120  1.9 -0.95 -0.95 1.9 1.6454 -1.6454 0

 180  1.7 -1.7 1.7 -1.7 0 0 0

4
3

240  1.5 -0.75 -0.75 1.5 -1.299 1.299 0
5
3
 300  1.2 0.6 -0.6 -1.2 -1.0392 -1.0392 0

  8.7 -1.1 -0.3 0.1 0.5196 -0.1732 0

2 y 2 8.7 
a0    2.9
n 6

2 y cos x 2  1.1
a1    0.37
n 6

2 y cos 2 x 2  0.3
a2    0.1
n 6

2 y cos3x 2  0.1
a3    0.03
n 6

2 y sin x 2  0.5196 
b1    0.17
n 6

2 y sin 2 x 2  0.1732 
b2    0.06
n 6

2 y sin 3x 2  0
b3   0
n 6
Equation (1) becomes
2.9
f  x    0.37 cos x  0.17 sin x    0.1cos 2 x  0.06sin 2 x    0.03cos 3 x  0sin 3x 
2
f  x   1.45   0.37 cos x  0.17sin x    0.1cos 2 x  0.06sin 2 x    0.03cos 3x 

Amplitudes are

A1  a12  b12   0.37    0.17   0.1658  0.4072

2 2

 0.1   0.06 
2 2
A2  a2 2  b2 2   0.0136  0.1166

 0.03   0 
2 2
A3  a32  b32   0.03

2. Find the Fourier series upto the second harmonic for y  f  x  in  0,T  defined by the table
of values given below.
T T T 2T 5T T
x 0
6 3 2 3 6

y 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98

2 x
where  
T
SOLUTION:
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first 6 values will be used.

Let the Fourier series be

a0   n x    n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1  l  n1  l 

a0 3  n x  3  n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1    n1   
a0
f  x    a1 cos x  b1 sin x    a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x  ---- (1)
2

2 x
x y  y cos  y sin  y cos 2 y sin 2
T
0 1.98 0 1.98 0 1.98 0

T
6
1.30
3
 60  0.65 1.1258 -0.65 1.126
2
T
3
1.05
3

120  -0.525 0.9093 -0.525 -0.909

 180 
T
1.30 -1.3 0 1.30 0
2
 4
2T
3
-0.88
3
240  0.44 0.762 0.44 -0.762
5
5T
6
-0.25
3
300  -0.125 0.2165 0.125 0.2167

  4.5 1.12 3.014 2.67 -0.328

2 y 2  4.5
a0    1.5
n 6

2 y cos  2 1.12 
a1    0.373
n 6

2 y cos 2 2  2.67 
a2    0.89
n 6

2 y sin  2  3.014 
b1    1.005
n 6

2 y sin 2 2  0.328
b2    0.109
n 6
Equation (1) becomes
1.5
f  x    0.373cos   1.005sin     0.89 cos 2  0.109sin 2 
2

f  x   0.75   0.373cos   1.005sin     0.89cos 2  0.109sin 2 

3. Find the Fourier series upto the second harmonic for y  f  x  in  0, 6  defined by the table
of values given below.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 9 18 24 28 26 20 9

x
where  
l
SOLUTION:
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first 6 values will be used.

Length of the interval = Upper limit – Lower limit = 6  0  6

 i.e., 2l  6
l 3

n6
Let the Fourier series be

a0   n x    n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n1  l  n1  l 

a0 2 x  2 x
f  x     an cos     bn sin  
2 n1  3  n1  3 

a0  x x  2 x 2 x 
f  x    a1 cos  b1 sin    a2 cos  b2 sin  ---- (1)
2  3 3   3 3 

x
x y  y cos  y sin  y cos 2 y sin 2
3
0 9 0 9 0 9 0

1 18
3
 60  9 15.588 -9 15.59
2
2 24
3
120  -12 20.785 -12 -20.78

3 28  180  -28 0 28 0
4
4 26
3
240  -13 -22.517 -13 22.52
5
5 20
3
300  10 -17.321 -10 -17.32

  125 -25 -3.465 -7 0.01

2 y 2 125
a0    41.67
n 6

2 y cos  2  25
a1    8.33
n 6

2 y cos 2 2(7)
a2    2.34
n 6

2 y sin 2 2(0.01)
b2   0
n 6
Equation (1) becomes

41.67  x x  2 x 2 x 
f  x    8.33cos  1.16sin    2.34cos  0sin 
2  3 3   3 3 

 x x 2 x
f  x   20.84   8.33cos  1.16sin   2.34cos
 3 3  3

4. Find the Fourier series upto the two harmonic for y  f  x  in  0, 2  defined by the table
of values given below.
x (in 360
0 60 120 180 240 300
degrees)
y 40 31 -13.7 20 3.7 -21 40

5. The following values of ‘y’ give the displacement of a machine part for the
rotation x of a flywheel. Express ‘y’ in Fourier series up to third harmonic.
6. Experimental values of y corresponding to x are tabulated below:
 7. The following table connects values of and for a statistical input:

Express y in Fourier series up to first harmonic. Also find amplitude of the first harmonic.
 8. The following table gives the variation of a periodic current over a period ‘T ‘

Show that there is a direct current part of 0.75 amp in the variable current. Also obtain the
amplitude of the first harmonic.

9. The following table gives the variations of periodic current over a period.
t (seconds) : 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T
A (amplitude): 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98