Calculus 1

MTH 101
Lecture # 17

Zertaisha Nasir
Mathematics Department,
COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus.
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REVIEW OF LAST LECTURE:

• Derivatives of trigonometric functions.

• Chain Rule.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED:

• Explicit and implicit functions

• Implicit differentiation
• Derivatives of logarithmic functions
• Derivatives of exponential functions
• Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
OBJECTIVES:

• To be able to find the derivatives of implicit functions.

• To be able to find derivative of the functions involving
transcendental functions.
EXPLICIT FUNCTIONS:
An equation of the form y  f ( x) is said to define y explicitly as a function of
x . For example
y  3x  2
y  x2  5

IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS:
If dependent variable cannot be expressed in terms of independent variable, then
it is called implicit differentiation.

y 2  2 yx  4 x 2  0

y5  3 y 2 x 2  2  0
We will say that a given equation in x and y defines the function f implicitly if
the graph of y = f(x) coincides with a portion of the graph of the equation.
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION:

dy
Consider y  f ( x) To find
dx

• Differentiate both sides with respect to x, creating y as a

differentiable function of x

dy
• Solve for
dx
Example 1:

𝑥𝑦 = 1

1
𝑦=
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Example 2:
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find if 5 y 2  sin y  x 2
dx
Solution
d  2
5 y  sin y    x 2 
d
dx   dx  

d 2 d
5 y  sin y   2x
dx dx

 dy  cos y dy 
5 2 y   2x
 dx  dx
dy dy
10 y  cos y  2x
dx dx
dy dy 2x
10 y  cos y   2x  
dx 10 y  cos y
dx
 Example 3:
d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find of x3  y3  1
dx 2
Solution
d  3  d
x  y  1
3

dx   dx

d 3 d  3
(x )  y 0
dx 
dx  
2 2 dy
3x  3 y 0
dx
dy
3 y2  3 x 2
dx
dy  x 2
 2
dx y
Again differentiating both side implicitly
d2y d   x2 
  2   2 dy 
 2 xy  2 x y dx 
2
2 dx  y 
dx
  4 
 y 
 2 d  2 2 d  2  
 y dx  x   x dx  y  
  4 
 y   2 
  2  x 
 2 xy  2 x y   2  
2
  y 
  4 
 y 
 2 dy    
2  
 y (2 x )  x  2 y 
   dx 
 y4  d2y  2 xy 3  2 x 4 
  2
  5 
dx  y 
Example 4:
Find the slopes of the tangent line to the curve y2  x 1  0
at the points (2, -1) and (2, 1).
Solution:
𝑑 2
𝑦 −𝑥+1 =0 Slope of the tangent line at (2, -1)
𝑑𝑥
d  2 d dy x  2 1 1
y   x  0  
dx   dx dx y  1 2(1) 2

dy Slope of the tangent line at (2,1)

2 y 1  0
dx
dy 1 dy x  2 1

1
 
dx y  1 2(1) 2
dx 2 y
DERIVATIVES OF LOGRITHEMIC FUNCTIONS:

d 1
  ,x  0
ln x 
Generalized derivative formulas
dx x d 1 du
ln u  
d  x  d  ln x  1 1 dx u dx
log b     .
dx   dx  ln b  ln b x
d  u 1 du
logb 
dx   u ln b dx
d  x 1
logb  ,x0
dx   x ln b
 dy
Examples 5: Find
dx
1. y  ln 5x 2. y  x3ln x
3. y  x 2 log 2 (3  2 x) 4. y  ln  ln x 
5. y  cos  ln x 

Solution 1. y  ln 5x

dy d d 1 du
 (ln5 x)
dx dx
ln u  
dx u dx
1 d
 (5 x)
5 x dx
1 1
 .5 
5x x
2. y  x3ln x
dy d 3
 ( x ln x)
dx dx Product rule

3 d d  3
x ln x   ln x  x 
dx dx
1
 x  ln x 3x
3
x
2
 
dy
 x 2  3 x 2ln x
dx
3. y  x 2 log 2 (3  2 x)
dy d  2
 x log 2 (3  2 x) 
dx dx  

d d  2
x 2
log 2 (3  2 x)  log 2 (3  2 x)  x 
dx dx
Product rule
1 d
x .2
3  2 x   log2 (3  2 x).(2 x)
 3  2 x  ln 2 dx
d  u 1 du
x (2)
2
logb 
  2 x log 2 (3  2 x) dx   u ln b dx
 3  2 x  ln 2
2 x 2
  2 x log 2 (3  2 x)
 3  2 x  ln 2
4. y  ln  ln x  5.
y  cos  ln x 
dy d
 ln(ln x )  dy d
dx dx   cos(ln x) 
dx dx
1 d d
 ln x    sin(ln x) ln x 
ln x dx dx


1  sin(ln x)

x ln x x
 1
dy y x(1  x 2 ) 3
Example 6: Find using logarithmic differentiation
dx
1
y x(1  x 2 ) 3 d 1 d 
ln 1  x 2 
Solution: 1 dy 
 lnx
y dx dx 3 dx  
Taking ln of both sides 1 dy 1 1 1 d
 1   (1  x 2
)
y dx x 3 1  x dx
2
ln y  ln  x(1  x 2 ) 3 
 
  1 1 dy 1 1
  2x
lny  lnx  ln(1  x 2 ) 3 y dx x 3(1  x )
2
1
lny  lnx  ln(1  x 2 ) dy 1 2x 
3  y  
Differentiating with respect to x dx  x 3(1  x ) 
2

d d  1 2  1
lny   lnx  ln(1  x )  dy
 x(1  x 2 ) 3
1 2x 
dx dx  3    
dx  x 3(1  x ) 
2
DERIVATVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS:
d  x
b  b x ln b (b>0, b  1)
dx  
d x
(e )  e x
dx

Generalized form
d  u du
b  bu lnb (b>0, b  1)
dx   dx
d u du
[ e ]  eu
dx dx
Examples 7:
d  x
2  2 x ln2
1. dx  

d  2x  2 x d 2 x
2. e e (2 x) 2e
dx   dx

d  x3  x3 d  3  2 x3
3.  e  e x  3x e
dx   dx  

d  cos x  cos x d
4. e e  cos x    sin x e
cos x
dx   dx
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS:
Generalized derivative formulas
d  1  1 du
d  1  1 du 4. cot u 
1. sin u  dx   1  u 2 dx
dx  
1  u 2 dx

2. d  1  1 du d  1 
sec u 
1 du
cos u 
dx   5. dx  
u u 2  1 dx
1  u 2 dx

3.
d  1 
tan u 
1 du d  1  1 du
  1  u 2 dx 6. csc u 
dx dx  
u u 2  1 dx
 if y  sin 1 ( x3 )
dy
Example 8: Find
dx

dy d
Solution:  sin 1 ( x3 )
dx dx d  1  1 du
sin u 
dx  
1 d 3 1  u 2 dx
 (x )
1  ( x3 ) 2 dx

3x 2

1  x6
 dy 1
Example 9: Find if y  e x
sec x
dx

dy d  x
Solution:  e sec 1 x 
dx dx  
d  1  1 du
d  1  d sec u 
 ex sec x  sec 1 x e x dx  
dx   dx u u 2  1 dx

1
e . x
 sec1 x.e x
x x2  1

dy ex
  e x sec1 x
dx x x 2  1
 𝑑𝑦
Example 10: Find .
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = sin 𝑙𝑛𝑥

2. 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

3. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 2)𝑙𝑛𝑥

Solution:

Solve it by yourself
Practice Exercise:

Implicit differentiation:
 Calculus by Anton, Exercise: 3.1,
question no. 1-32.

Derivatives of logarithmic functions:

 Calculus by Anton, Exercise: 3.2,
question no. 1-44.

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric and

exponential functions:
 Calculus by Anton, Exercise: 3.3,
question no. 3-6, 15-58.
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