welcome

cell and its functons

presentation by:-Tanvi Das
Class:-XI
 contents
• What is cell?
• History of cell
• Cell theory
• Structure of cell
• Cell organelles
• Types of Cells in human body
 what is cell?

• Cell is the basic Structural and

functionalunit of living organisms.
• In other words, cells make up living things
and carry out activities that keep a living
 classification based on number of cells present

Unicellular Organisms
An organism that is made up of only one cell is called as
unicellular organism.

Multicellular Organisms
An organism that is made up of more than one cell is called
as multicellular organism.
 Size of cells

• Cells vary in size.

• Most cells are very small
(microscopic),
• some may be very large
(macroscopic
• The unit used to measure size
of a cell is micrometer.

1 um = 1/1000 millimeter
 shape of cells
• Cells vary in shape
• Variation depends
mainly upon the
function of cells.
• Some cells like Euglena
and Amoeba can
change their shape, but
shape,but
most cells have a fixed
shape.
• In1665, Robert Hooke used a
microscope to examine a thin
slice of cork(dead plant cells)
• What he saw looked like small
boxes

• Hooke called them "CELLS"

because they looked like the
small rooms that monks lived in
called Cells
microscope used by robert hook
Robert Hooke developed this technology
into a compound microscope. It was
constructed of four extensible tubes
within a 15 cm long cylinder, on top of
which rested a plano-convex eye lens.
The objective was double convex, had a
very short focal length and a pinhole
Robert hook
diaphragm.
 Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1839, a German
zoologist named Theodore
Schwann concluded that all
animals were made of cells.
• In 1855, a German medical
doctor named Virchow observed, Theodor schwann
under the microscope
cellsdividing
• He reasoned that all cells come
from other pre-existing cells by
cell division
Rudolf virchow
 Cell Theory
• All living things are
made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and function
in an organism(basic unit
of life)
• Cells come from the
reproductionof existing
cells (cell division)
 Two major types of cells

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

 prokaryotes
• Cells that lack a nucleus or
membrane - bound organelles
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest type of cell
• Single, circular chromosome
• Nucleoid region contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane&
cellwall
• Contain ribosomes 80s
(no membrane) in their cytoplasm to
make proteins
 Eukaryotic cell
• Cells that have a nucleus
and membrane bound
organelles
• Includes protists, fungi
plants, and animals
• Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
• organelles
 Two major Eukaryotic cells

Animal cell Plant cell

 structure of cells
• If we study a cell under a microscope, we would come across three
features in almost every cell: plasma membrane,nucleus and cytoplasm
• All activities inside the cell and interactions of the cell with its
environment are possible due to these features.
1 Plasma Membrane
2 Nucleus
3 Cytoplasm
4 Endoplasmic reticulum
5 Golgi body
6 Lysosomes
7 Vacuoles
8 mitochondria
9 Plastids
10 Centrosome
11 Cytoskeleton
Cell organelles
 What are cell organelles?

• Very small in size(Microscopic)

• Perform various functions for
a cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membran
 Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of
double layer of
phospholipids and
proteins
• Surrounds outside
of all cells
• Controls what
enters or leaves
the cell
 Fluid mosaic model

This model explains the structure of the plasma membrane of

animal cells as a mosaic of components such as phospholipids,
proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates and it was given by
singer and Nicolson in 1970
• The plasma membrane comprises amphiphilic, phospholipid
molecules
• The second important component of the plasma membrane is
integral proteins that are integrated completely into the
membrane.
 cell membrame protiens
• Proteins help move
large molecules or aid in
cell recognition
• Peripheral proteins are
attached on the surface
• Integral proteins are
embedded completely
through the membrane
Phospholipids present in cell membrame
• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are
hydrophilic (attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids
and are hydrophobic (repel
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails
point inward toward
eachother
 Transportation of substance
across the cell membrame
• Active transport is the movement of
molecules across a membrane from a region
of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration against the concentration
gradient, often assisted by enzymes and
requires energy
• Passive transport is the movement of ions
and molecules across the cell membrane
without requiring energy
 cell wall
• Non-living and outermost covering
of a cell
• Can be tough, rigid and
sometimes flexible
• Made up of cellulose
• May be thin or thick, multilayered
structure
• Thickness varies from 50-1000 A°

Functions:
• Provides definite shape, strength &
rigidity
• Prevents drying up(desiccation) of
cells
 cytoplasm
• Jelly-like material formed by 80 % of
water
• Present between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
• Contains a clear liquid portion
called cytosol and various particles
• Particles are proteins, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids, lipids and inorganic ions
• Also contains many organelles with
distinctstructure and function
• Some of these organelles are visible
only under an electron microscope
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Network of tubular and
vesicular structureswhich are
interconnected with one
another
• Some parts are connected to
the nuclear membrane, while
others are connected to the
cell membrane
• Two types: smooth(lacks
ribosomes) and rough
studded with ribosomes)
known as Rough ER and
Smooth ER
 Difference between smooth and
rough endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 Function
• Gives internal support to the
cytoplasm
•. RER synthesize secretory proteins
and membrane proteins
• SER synthesize lipids for cell
membrane
• In liver cells SER detoxify drugs &
poison
• In muscle cells SER store calcium ion
 Golgi body
• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous
sacs
• Sacs are usually flattened and are
called the cisternae
• Has two ends: cis face situated near
the endoplasmic reticulum and trans
face situated near the cell membrane
Functions:
• Modifies, sorts and packs materials
synthesized in the cell
• Delivers synthesized materials to various
targets inside the cell and outside the cell
• Produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles
• Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes
 Lysosomes
• Small, spherical, single membrane sac
• Found throughout the cytoplasm
• Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
• Occur in most animal cells and in few
type of plant cells
• Functions:
• Help in digesting of large
molecules
• Protect cell by destroying
foreign
• invaders like bacteria and
viruses
• Degradation of worn out
organelles
• In dead cells perform autolysis
 vacuoles
• Single membrane sac filled with liquid
or sap (water, sugar and ions)
• In animal cells, vacuoles are temporary,
small in size and few in number
• In plant cells, vacuoles are large and
more in number
• May be contractile or non -contractile

Functions:
• Store various substances including waste
products
• Maintain osmotic pressure of the cell
• Store food particles in amoeba cells
• Provide turgidity and rigidity to plant cells
 Mitochondria
• Small, rod shaped organelles bounded by two membranes - inner and
outer
• Outer membrane is smooth and encloses the contents of mitochondria
• Inner membrane is folded in the form of shelf like inward projections
called cristae
• Inner cavity is filled with matrix which contains many enzymes
• Contain their own DNA which are responsible for many enzymatic
actions

• Functions
• Synthesize energy rich compound ATP
• ATP molecules provide energy for the vital
activities of living cells
 Plastids
• Plastids are double
membrane-bound
organelles found inside
plants and some algae.
• They are responsible for
activities related to
making and storing food.
• They often contain
different types of
pigments that can
change the colour
of the cell
• chromoplasts are of
three types
 Chromoplasts

Chromoplasts are plastids

that produce and store
pigments they are
responsible for different
colours found in leaves,
fruits,flowers and
vegetables.
 Leucoplasts

Leucoplasts are
colourless plastids
that store foods.
They are found in
storage organssuch as
fruits, tubers and seeds.
 Chloroplasts
• Double membrane-bound organelles
found mainly in plant cells
• Usually spherical or discoidal in shape
• Shows two distinct regions-grana and
stroma
• Grana are stacks of thylakoids
(membrane-bound, flattened discs)
• Thylakoids contain chlorophvll molecules
which are responsible for photosynthesis
• Stroma is a colourless dense fluid
Functions-
• Convert light energy into chemicalenergy
in the form of food
• Provide green colour to leaves, stems and vegetables
 Cytoskeleton
• Formed by microtubules and
microfilaments
• Microtubules are hollow
tubules made up of protein
called tubulin
• Microfilaments are rod
shaped thin filamentsmade up
of protein called actin

Functions:
• Determine the shape of the
cell
• Give structural strength to the
cell
• Responsible for cellular
movements
 centrioles
• Centrosome is the
membrane bound organelle
• Consists of two structures
called centrioles
• Centrioles are hollow,
cylindrical structures
made of microtubules
• Centrioles are arranged at
right angles to eachother

Functions:
• Form spindle fibres which
help in the movementof
chromosomes during cell
division
• Help in the formation of cilia
and flagella
Nucleus
• Dense spherical body located
near the centre of the cell
• Diameter varies from 10-25 um
• Present in all the cells except red
blood cells and sieve tube cells
• Well developed in plant and
animal cells
• Undeveloped in bacteria and
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
•Most of the cells are uninucleated
(havingonly one nucleus)
• Few types of cells have more
than one nucleus (skeletal muscle
cells)
• Nucleus has a double layered covering
called nuclear membrane
• Nuclear membrane has pores of diameter
about 80-100 nm
• Colourless dense sap present inside the
nucleus known as nucleoplasm
• Nucleoplasm contains round shaped
nucleolus and network of chromatin fibres
• Fibres are composed of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and protein histone
• These fibres condense to form
chromosomes during cell division
• Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called
genes
• Genes transfer the hereditary informationfrom
one generation to the next

Functions:
• Control all the cell activities
likemetabolism,proteinsynthesis
, growth and cell division
• Nucleolus synthesizes
ribonucleic acid (RNA) to
constitute ribosomes
• Store hereditary information in
genes
 Difference between plant
cell and animal cell
1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body
3. Vesicle
4. Plasma membrane
5. Mitochondria
6. Cytoskeleton
7. Centriole
8. Lysosome
9. Cytoplasm
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
12. Nucleolus

Animal cell
 Difference between plant
cell and animal cell
1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body
3. Vesicle
4. Lysosome
5. Plasma membrane
6. Mitochondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Cell wall
9. Vacuole
10. Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
11. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
12. Nucleolus
Thank you