1

Arrays

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 2

Introduction

• Arrays
– Structures of related data items
– Static entity (same size throughout program)
• A few types
– Pointer-based arrays (C-like)
– Arrays as objects (C++)

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 3

Arrays

• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
• To refer to an element
– Specify array name and position number (index)
– Format: arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
• N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
– Nth element as position N-1

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 4

Arrays

• Array elements like other variables

– Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
• Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]

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 5

Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

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 6

Declaring Arrays

• When declaring arrays, specify

– Name
– Type of array
• Any data type
– Number of elements
– type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats

• Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

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 7

Using Arrays

• Initializing arrays
– For loop
• Set each element
– Initializer list
• Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
• If too many syntax error
– To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
– If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 8
1 // Fig. 4.3: fig04_03.cpp
2 // Initializing an array.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main()
Declare a 10-element array of integers.
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
15
16 // initialize elements of array n to 0
Initialize array to 0 using a for loop. Note that
17 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) the array has elements n[0] to n[9].
18 n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0
19
20 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
21
22 // output contents of array n in tabular format
23 for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
24 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
25
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
28 } // end main

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 9
Element Value
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0

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 10

Using Arrays

• Array size
– Can be specified with constant variable (const)
• const int size = 20;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called named constants or read-only variables

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 11
1 // Fig. 4.5: fig04_05.cpp
2 // Initialize array s to the even integers from 2 to 20.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 int main() Note use of const keyword. Only const
13 { variables can specify array sizes.
14 // constant variable can be used to specify array size
15 const int arraySize = 10; The program becomes more
16 scalable when we set the array size
17 int s[ arraySize ]; // array s has 10 elements using a const variable. We can
18
change arraySize, and all the
19 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // set the values
20 s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i;
loops will still work (otherwise,
21 we’d have to update every loop in
22 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl; the program).
23

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 12
24 // output contents of array s in tabular format
25 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
26 cout << setw( 7 ) << j << setw( 13 ) << s[ j ] << endl;
27
28 return 0; // indicates successful termination
29
30 } // end main

Element Value
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20

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 13

Using Arrays

• Strings (more in next session)

– Arrays of characters
– All strings end with null ('\0')
– Examples
• char string1[] = "hello";
– Null character implicitly added
– string1 has 6 elements
• char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l',
'o', '\0’ };
– Subscripting is the same
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'

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 14

Using Arrays

• Input from keyboard

char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
– Puts user input in string
• Stops at first whitespace character
• Adds null character
– If too much text entered, data written beyond array
• Printing strings
– cout << string2 << endl;
• Does not work for other array types
– Characters printed until null found

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 15
1 // Fig. 4_12: fig04_12.cpp
2 // Treating character arrays as strings.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl; Two different ways to declare
8 strings. string2 is initialized, and
9 int main()
10 {
its size determined automatically .
11 char string1[ 20 ], // reserves 20 characters
12 char string2[] = "string literal"; // reserves 15 characters
13
14 // read string from user into array string2
15 cout << "Enter the string \"hello there\": ";
16 cin >> string1; // reads "hello" [space terminates input]
17
18 // output strings Examples of reading strings from
19 cout << "string1 is: " << string1 the keyboard and printing them out.
20 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2;
21
22 cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
23

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 16
24 // output characters until null character is reached
25 for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
26 cout << string1[ i ] << ' ';
27
28 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
Can access the characters in a string
29 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl; using array notation. The loop ends
30 when the null character is found.
31 return 0; // indicates successful termination
32
33 } // end main

Enter the string "hello there": hello there

string1 is: hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
h e l l o
string1 is: there

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 17

Using Arrays

• Recall static storage

– If static, local variables save values between function
calls
– Visible only in function body
– Can declare local arrays to be static
• Initialized to zero
static int array[3];
• If not static
– Created (and destroyed) in every function call

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 18
1 // Fig. 4.13: fig04_13.cpp
2 // Static arrays are initialized to zero.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 void staticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype
9 void automaticArrayInit( void ); // function prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 cout << "First call to each function:\n";
14 staticArrayInit();
15 automaticArrayInit();
16
17 cout << "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n";
18 staticArrayInit();
19 automaticArrayInit();
20 cout << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
23
24 } // end main
25

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 19
26 // function to demonstrate a static local array
27 void staticArrayInit( void )
28 {
29 // initializes elements to 0 first time function is called
30 static int array1[ 3 ];
Static array, initialized to zero on
31
32 cout << "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n";
first function call.
33
34 // output contents of array1
35 for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
36 cout << "array1[" << i << "] = " << array1[ i ] << " ";
37
38 cout << "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n";
39
40 // modify and output contents of array1 Array data is changed; the
41 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) modified values stay.
42 cout << "array1[" << j << "] = "
43 << ( array1[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";
44
45 } // end function staticArrayInit
46

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 20
47 // function to demonstrate an automatic local array
48 void automaticArrayInit( void )
49 {
50 // initializes elements each time function is called
Automatic array, recreated
51 int array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 };
52
with every function call.
53 cout << "\n\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n";
54
55 // output contents of array2
56 for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
57 cout << "array2[" << i << "] = " << array2[ i ] << " ";
58
59 cout << "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n";
60
61 // modify and output contents of array2 Although the array is
62 for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) changed, it will be destroyed
63 cout << "array2[" << j << "] = " when the function exits and
64 << ( array2[ j ] += 5 ) << " "; the changes will be lost.
65
66 } // end function automaticArrayInit

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 21
First call to each function:

Values on entering staticArrayInit:

array1[0] = 0 array1[1] = 0 array1[2] = 0
Values on exiting staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5

Values on entering automaticArrayInit:

array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

Second call to each function:

Values on entering staticArrayInit:

array1[0] = 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5
Values on exiting staticArrayInit:
array1[0] = 10 array1[1] = 10 array1[2] = 10

Values on entering automaticArrayInit:

array2[0] = 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
Values on exiting automaticArrayInit:
array2[0] = 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

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 22

Passing Arrays to Functions

• Specify name without brackets

– To pass array myArray to myFunction
int myArray[ 24 ];
myFunction( myArray, 24 );
– Array size usually passed, but not required
• Useful to iterate over all elements

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 23

Passing Arrays to Functions

• Arrays passed-by-reference
– Functions can modify original array data
– Value of name of array is address of first element
• Function knows where the array is stored
• Can change original memory locations
• Individual array elements passed-by-value
– Like regular variables
– square( myArray[3] );

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 24

Passing Arrays to Functions

• Functions taking arrays

– Function prototype
• void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize );
• void modifyArray( int [], int );
– Names optional in prototype
• Both take an integer array and a single integer
– No need for array size between brackets
• Ignored by compiler
– If declare array parameter as const
• Cannot be modified (compiler error)
• void doNotModify( const int [] );

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 25
1 // Fig. 4.14: fig04_14.cpp
2 // Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip> Syntax for accepting an array
9
in parameter list.
10 using std::setw;
11
12 void modifyArray( int [], int ); // appears strange
13 void modifyElement( int );
14
15 int main()
16 {
17 const int arraySize = 5; // size of array a
18 int a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; // initialize a
19
20 cout << "Effects of passing entire array by reference:"
21 << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
22
23 // output original array
24 for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
25 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ];

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 26
26
27 cout << endl;
28
29 // pass array a to modifyArray by reference
Pass array name (a) and size to function.
30 modifyArray( a, arraySize );
31
Arrays are passed-by-reference.
32 cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n";
33
34 // output modified array
35 for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
36 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ j ];
37
38 // output value of a[ 3 ]
39 cout << "\n\n\n"
40 << "Effects of passing array element by value:"
41 << "\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << '\n';
42
43 // pass array element a[ 3 ] by value
44 modifyElement( a[ 3 ] ); Pass a single array element by value;
45 the original cannot be modified.
46 // output value of a[ 3 ]
47 cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
48
49 return 0; // indicates successful termination
50
51 } // end main

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 27
52
53 // in function modifyArray, "b" points to Although named b, the array
54 // the original array "a" in memory points to the original array a.
55 void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray ) It can modify a’s data.
56 {
57 // multiply each array element by 2
58 for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++ )
59 b[ k ] *= 2;
60
61 } // end function modifyArray
62
63 // in function modifyElement, "e" is a local copy of
64 // array element a[ 3 ] passed from main
65 void modifyElement( int e ) Individual array elements are
66 { passed by value, and the
67 // multiply parameter by 2
originals cannot be changed.
68 cout << "Value in modifyElement is "
69 << ( e *= 2 ) << endl;
70
71 } // end function modifyElement

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 28
Effects of passing entire array by reference:

The values of the original array are:

0 1 2 3 4
The values of the modified array are:
0 2 4 6 8

Effects of passing array element by value:

The value of a[3] is 6

Value in modifyElement is 12
The value of a[3] is 6

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 29
1 // Fig. 4.15: fig04_15.cpp
2 // Demonstrating the const type qualifier.
3 #include <iostream>
4 Array parameter declared as const.
5 using std::cout; Array cannot be modified, even
6 using std::endl; though it is passed by reference.
7
8 void tryToModifyArray( const int [] ); // function prototype
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 int a[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
13
14 tryToModifyArray( a );
15
16 cout << a[ 0 ] << ' ' << a[ 1 ] << ' ' << a[ 2 ] << '\n';
17
18 return 0; // indicates successful termination
19
20 } // end main
21

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 30
22 // In function tryToModifyArray, "b" cannot be used
23 // to modify the original array "a" in main.
24 void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] )
25 {
26 b[ 0 ] /= 2; // error
27 b[ 1 ] /= 2; // error
28 b[ 2 ] /= 2; // error
29
30 } // end function tryToModifyArray

d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(26) : error C2166:

l-value specifies const object
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(27) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_15.cpp(28) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object

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 31

Sorting Arrays

• Sorting data
– Important computing application
– Virtually every organization must sort some data
• Massive amounts must be sorted
• Bubble sort (sinking sort)
– Several passes through the array
– Successive pairs of elements are compared
• If increasing order (or identical), no change
• If decreasing order, elements exchanged
– Repeat these steps for every element

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 32

Sorting Arrays

• Example:
– Go left to right, and exchange elements as necessary
• One pass for each element
– Original: 3 4 2 7 6
– Pass 1: 3 2 4 6 7 (elements exchanged)
– Pass 2: 2 3 4 6 7
– Pass 3: 2 3 4 6 7 (no changes needed)
– Pass 4: 2 3 4 6 7
– Pass 5: 2 3 4 6 7
– Small elements "bubble" to the top (like 2 in this example)

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 33
Searching Arrays: Linear Search and Binary
Search
• Search array for a key value
• Linear search
– Compare each element of array with key value
• Start at one end, go to other
– Useful for small and unsorted arrays
• Inefficient
• If search key not present, examines every element

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 34
Searching Arrays: Linear Search and Binary
Search
• Binary search
– Only used with sorted arrays
– Compare middle element with key
• If equal, match found
• If key < middle
– Repeat search on first half of array
• If key > middle
– Repeat search on last half
– Very fast
• At most N steps, where 2N > # of elements
• 30 element array takes at most 5 steps
5
2 > 30

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 35

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Multiple subscripts
– a[ i ][ j ]
– Tables with rows and columns
– Specify row, then column
– “Array of arrays”
• a[0] is an array of 4 elements
• a[0][0] is the first element of that array
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 0 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ]

Row 1 a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ]

Row 2 a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ]

Column subscript

Array name
Row subscript

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 36

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• To initialize
– Default of 0
– Initializers grouped by row in braces 1 2
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4
Row 0 Row 1

1 0
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4

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 37

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Referenced like normal

cout << b[ 0 ][ 1 ]; 1 0

– Outputs 0 3 4

– Cannot reference using commas

cout << b[ 0, 1 ];
• Syntax error
• Function prototypes
– Must specify sizes of subscripts
• First subscript not necessary, as with single-scripted arrays
– void printArray( int [][ 3 ] );

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 38

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• Next: program showing initialization

– After, program to keep track of students grades
– Multiple-subscripted array (table)
– Rows are students
– Columns are grades Quiz1 Quiz2

Student0 95 85
Student1 89 80

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 39
1 // Fig. 4.23: fig04_23.cpp
2 // Double-subscripted array example.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::fixed;
8 using std::left;
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setw;
13 using std::setprecision;
14
15 const int students = 3; // number of students
16 const int exams = 4; // number of exams
17
18 // function prototypes
19 int minimum( int [][ exams ], int, int );
20 int maximum( int [][ exams ], int, int );
21 double average( int [], int );
22 void printArray( int [][ exams ], int, int );
23

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 40
24 int main()
25 {
26 // initialize student grades for three students (rows)
27 int studentGrades[ students ][ exams ] =
28 { { 77, 68, 86, 73 },
29 { 96, 87, 89, 78 },
30 { 70, 90, 86, 81 } };
31
32 // output array studentGrades
33 cout << "The array is:\n";
34 printArray( studentGrades, students, exams );
35
36 // determine smallest and largest grade values
37 cout << "\n\nLowest grade: "
38 << minimum( studentGrades, students, exams )
39 << "\nHighest grade: "
40 << maximum( studentGrades, students, exams ) << '\n';
41
42 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
43

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 41
44 // calculate average grade for each student
45 for ( int person = 0; person < students; person++ )
46 cout << "The average grade for student " << person
47 << " is "
48 << average( studentGrades[ person ], exams )
49 << endl;
50
Determines the average for
51 return 0; // indicates successful termination one student. We pass the
52 array/row containing the
53 } // end main student’s grades. Note that
54 studentGrades[0] is
55 // find minimum grade itself an array.
56 int minimum( int grades[][ exams ], int pupils, int tests )
57 {
58 int lowGrade = 100; // initialize to highest possible grade
59
60 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ )
61
62 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
63
64 if ( grades[ i ][ j ] < lowGrade )
65 lowGrade = grades[ i ][ j ];
66
67 return lowGrade;
68
69 } // end function minimum

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 42
70
71 // find maximum grade
72 int maximum( int grades[][ exams ], int pupils, int tests )
73 {
74 int highGrade = 0; // initialize to lowest possible grade
75
76 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ )
77
78 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
79
80 if ( grades[ i ][ j ] > highGrade )
81 highGrade = grades[ i ][ j ];
82
83 return highGrade;
84
85 } // end function maximum
86

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 43
87 // determine average grade for particular student
88 double average( int setOfGrades[], int tests )
89 {
90 int total = 0;
91
92 // total all grades for one student
93 for ( int i = 0; i < tests; i++ )
94 total += setOfGrades[ i ];
95
96 return static_cast< double >( total ) / tests; // average
97
98 } // end function maximum

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 44
99
100 // Print the array
101 void printArray( int grades[][ exams ], int pupils, int tests )
102 {
103 // set left justification and output column heads
104 cout << left << " [0] [1] [2] [3]";
105
106 // output grades in tabular format
107 for ( int i = 0; i < pupils; i++ ) {
108
109 // output label for row
110 cout << "\nstudentGrades[" << i << "] ";
111
112 // output one grades for one student
113 for ( int j = 0; j < tests; j++ )
114 cout << setw( 5 ) << grades[ i ][ j ];
115
116 } // end outer for
117
118 } // end function printArray

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 45
The array is:
[0] [1] [2] [3]
studentGrades[0] 77 68 86 73
studentGrades[1] 96 87 89 78
studentGrades[2] 70 90 86 81

Lowest grade: 68
Highest grade: 96
The average grade for student 0 is 76.00
The average grade for student 1 is 87.50
The average grade for student 2 is 81.75

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