Answers to Sample Paper 13

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)

7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
14. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
15. (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
16. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
17. Electric and magnetic field vectors will be along X and Y directions.
c 3 × 108
\ l=
= = 10 m
v 30 × 106
18. Emf induced in the loop (E) = Blv
Current in the loop,
E Blv
i= = …(i)
R R
Here, R = resistance of the loop + resistance of the network
R = (1.0 + 2) = 3 Ω
(Network is balanced wheatstone bridge)
From equation (i), we have
B = 2 T, l = 15 × 10–2 m, i = 2 × 10–3 A, R = 3 Ω
iR 2 # 10 −3 # 3
From equation (i) v= =
Bl 2 # 15 # 10 −2
v = 2 × 10–2 m/s
19. Bohr’s quantization principle: Electron can revolve around the nucleus inside a H-atom
in only those orbits in which its angular momentum is quantised and is equal to an integral
h
multiple of . According to Bohr, no other orbits were valid for an electron to revolve
2π
around.
nh
Mathematically, L= ,n∈Z
2π
nh
or mvr =
2π
For Brackett series,
1 1
= 109677 cm–1 d
16 n 2 n
1 –
, n = quantum number
λ

Physics—12

(1)
 To obtain shortest wavelength of Brackett series, transition should be made from ∞ or
n = ∞ (maximum energy difference or shortest wavelength)
= 109677 cm–1 c 0m
1 1 −
So,
λ 16
l = 16 × 911.7Å
= 14587.2 Å
= 1.45872 × 10–6 m
belongs to infrared radiations of spectrum.
Or
For first excited state, n = 2
2πke 2
v2 =
nh
2 × 3.14 × 9 × 109 × (1.6 × 10 –19) 2
v2 =
2 × 6.6 × 10 –34
v2 = 1.095 × 106 ms–1
(2) 2 × (6.6 × 10 –34) 2
r2 =
4 × (3.14) 2 × (9.1 × 10 –31) × 9 × 109 × (1.6 × 10 –19) 2
r2 = 2.12 Å = 2.12 × 10–10 m
2πr2 2π × 2.12 × 10 –10
T2 = = = 1.22 × 10–15 s
v2 1.095 × 10 6

1 1 1 1
20. As = (µ – 1) e − o ; we know that µ ∝ ,
f r1 r2 λ
Then as λred > λviolet ⇒ µred < µviolet
1 1
∴
< ⇒ fred > fviolet
fred fviolet
21. From the figure, we see that x-axis components of electric field due to upper and lower
halves of the rod will get cancelled out. Therefore, net electric field will be in – y-axis.
+y
dQ

r
+Q
dE1cosq q dE2cosq
q q X
P
–Q → dE sinq →
r dE
1
1 dE2
+dE2sinq
–dQ
–y

Physics—12

(2)
 µ 0 2i1i2
22. (a) Force per unit length, F=
4π r
10 –7 × 2 × 4 × 4
F= = 16 × 10–5 Nm–1
–2
2 × 10
F = 1.6 × 10–4 Nm–1
(b) (i) M1 = M + M = qm (2l) + qm(2l)
= 2qm (2l) = 2M
(ii) M2 = qm [2(2l)] = 2 qm (2l) = 2M
So, in both cases, dipole moment will be same, i.e. 2M.
23. (a) Let the wire be x = x (t) at time t.
So, Flux = B(t) l x (t)
dφ dB (t)
∴ E=− =− l x (t) − B (t) l.v (t)
dt dt
(second term is due to motional emf)
1
As I= E
R
l B (t) dB
∴ Force = <− l x (t) − B (t) l v (t)F it
R dt
d2 x l 2 B dB l 2 B 2 dx
or m =− x (t) −
dt 2 R dt R dt
dB d 2 x l2 B 2 dx
(b) If = 0, ∴ + =0
dt dt 2 mR dt
dv l2 B 2
or + v=0
dt mR
− l2 B2 t
or v = A exp f p
mR
At t = 0, v = u0
v (t) = u0 exp (– l2B2t/mR)
24. For an ideal step-up transformer,
ip Vs Ns
= = = r (transformation ratio)
is Vp Np

Here Np = 100, Vp = 220 V, Pp = 1100 W, r = 100

Physics—12

(3)
 Ns
(a) =r
Np
⇒ Ns = Np × r = 100 × 100 = 10,000
∴ Number of turns in secondary = 10,000
(b) Pinput = Vinput × ip
1100 = 220 × ip
1100
⇒ ip = =5A
220
(c) Voltage across the secondary (Vs)
Vs
⇒ =r
Vp

Vs
∴ = 100
220
⇒ Vs = 22,000 V

Power in secondary 1100

(d) Current in secondary = = A = 0.05 A
Vs 22000
(e) Power in secondary = Power in primary coil = 1100 W
Or
(a) The bulb B lights because an emf is induced in coil Q due to change in magnetic flux
crossing through it.
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left because of mutual induction,
and hence induced emf in coil Q decreases with separation between the coils.
25. Condition for minima, a sin q = nl
For first maximum, n = 1
and given q = 30°, l = 650 nm
\ a sin 30° = 650
1
or a× = 650
2
or a = 650 × 2
= 1300 nm

Physics—12

(4)
 λ'
For maximum, a sin q = (2n + 1)
2
For first maximum to lie at ‘P’, n = 1
3λ'
a sin q =
2
2a sin θ
or l’ =
3
2×1300× sin 30°
=
3
1
2×1300×
2
= = 433.3 nm
3
26. (a) From the graph,
(i) Threshold frequency (νo) = 10 × 1014 Hz
(ii) Work function = 4 eV
(b) An increase in intensity means increase in number of photons and thus, increase in
photoelectric current.
27. (a) (i) T
 he hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus having a charge +e
around which an electron of mass m is revolving in a circle of
radius r. Since the electrostatic force supplies the necessary
centripetal force.
mv 2 e2 1
∴ = k , where k =
r r2 4πε 0
ke 2
∴ r= ...(1)
mv 2
Also, from Bohr’s second postulate angular momentum is quantized.
h
∴ mvr = n
2π
nh
∴ v= ...(2)
2πmr
Putting this value of v in equation (1), we have
ke 2
r= 4π 2 m 2 r 2
2 2
mn h
n2 h2
which gives rn = ...(3)
4π 2 mke 2
Clearly, r ∝ n2

Physics—12

(5)
 (ii) Total energy En of the electron in the nth orbit is
1 2 e× e
En = Ek + Ep = mv – k
2 r
1 ke 2 ke 2 ke 2
En = – f a mv 2 = p
2 r r r
ke 2 ke 2
En = – =– × 4p2mke2
2rn 2 2
2n h
2π 2 mk 2 e 4
En =
n2 h2
1
Clearly, E∝
n2
1 1 1
(b) We know that wave number ν is given by ν = = R> − H
λ n1 n 22
2
Where R is called the Rydberg’s constant.
For Hα line in Balmer series,
n1 = 2, n2 = 3
1 1 1
= 1.097 # 10 7 < − F
λ 4 9
1 5
= 1.097 # 10 7 #
λ 36
36
∴ λ= # 10 −7 m
1.097 # 5
36 # 1000
λ= # 10 −10 m = 6563.4 Å
1.097 # 5
28. (a) The energy gaps in Ge and Si are of the order of 1 eV. Due to this gap the electrons
can easily be excited from valence band to conduction band to conduct electricity.
(b) It depends upon
(i) width of the forbidden band.
(ii) intrinsic charge carriers concentration.
(c) Doping: It is a process of addition of certain specific impurity in small amount to a
pure semiconductor.
29.    (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (c)

Physics—12

(6)
 Thickness of glass
(iv) (a) Time =
Speed of light in glass
d d µd
= = =
v c/µ c
3×4×10 −3
= = 4 × 10–11 sec
8
3×10
Or
(iv) (c) By Snell’s law,
sin i c
m= =
sin r v
Here, i = 45° and r = 30°
sin 45° 3×108
\ =
sin 30° v
1
2 3×108
or =
1 v
2
3 2
or v= ×108
2
v = 2.12 ×108 m/s.
30. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (a) or (iv) (c)
31. (a) Electrostatic potential is the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge
from infinity to a point against the electrostatic field.
1
  (i) For axial line, V ∝
r2
  (ii) For equatorial line electric potential is zero at any point.
(b) Principle: When we bring an uncharged conductor near a
charged one it reduces the potential of the charged conductor
without reducing its charge, i.e. electrostatic induction.
Charge on capacitor plates, i.e. Q = σA ...(i)
Potential difference between the plates is
V = E0 (d – t)
σ ( d – t) σ
V= >a E0 = ε H ...(ii)
ε0 0

Physics—12

(7)
 Q σAε 0
As C= =
V σ ( d – t)
ε0A
C=
(d – t)
Or
According to Gauss’s theorem, total electric flux passing through a closed surface is
1
equal to times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
ε0

q q
φE =
ε0
or y E . ds = ε0
Consider a surface charge distribution having surface charge density σ. To calculate
electric field at a point distant r from it we imagine a symmetrical Gaussian surface
(here cylindrical) enclosing area of the surface in such a way that the point lies on it.
yS E . ds = yS E . ds + yS E . ds + yS E . ds
1 2 3

yS E . ds = ES ( θ = 0°)
1

yS E . ds = ES ( θ = 0°)
2

yS E . ds =0 ( θ = 90°)
3

Thus yS E . ds = 2ES ...(i)

According to Gauss’s theorem,

q
yS E . ds =
ε0
Here q = σS

Physics—12

(8)
 σS
So, yS E . ds
ε0
= ...(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

σ
E=
2ε 0
Graph between electric field and separation of point of observation from plane
sheet having continuous charge distribution

32. (a) Kirchhoff’s Rules:

(i) Junction Rule (Conservation of Charge): At any junction in a circuit, the sum
of currents entering the junction must be equal to the sum of the currents
leaving it.
(ii) Closed Mesh Rule (Conservation of Energy): In any closed loop of an electric
circuit, the sum of potential change across all the circuit elements is zero.
(b) We assign an unknown current to each branch of the network keeping in mind
Kirchhoff’s junction rule.

Kirchhoff’s second rule for loop ADCA gives

10 – 4(I1 – I2) + 2(I2 + I3 – I1) – 2I1 = 0
8I1 – 6I2 – 2I3 = 10 ...(i)
For closed loop ABCA, we get
10 – 4I2 – 2(I2 + I3) – 2I1 = 0
2I1 + 6I2 + 2I3 = 10 ...(ii)

Physics—12

(9)
 For closed loop BCDEB, we get
5 – 2(I2 + I3) – 2(I2 + I3 – I1) = 0
5 + 2I1 – 4I2 – 4I3 = 0
2I1 – 4I2 – 4I3 = –5 ...(iii)
On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
3 15
I1 = 2 A , I2 = A , I3 = A
8 8
Currents in various branches of the network
3 3 13
AB = A   AD = 2 – = A
8 8 8
AC = 2 A
3 15 18 9
BC = + = = A
8 8 8 4
15 9 1
DEB = A ;    CD = – 2 = A
8 4 4
Or
Here, I3 = I1 + I2 6V 6Ω
A B
(a) Writing KVL for loop I, we get I1
I
–6I1 + 6 – 8 + 4I2 = 0 8V
4Ω
⇒ –3I1 + 2I2 = 1 …(i) F C
I2
For loop II II

–4I2 + 8 – 12I3 = 0 12 Ω
E D
⇒ –4I2 + 8 – 12I1 – 12I2= 0 I3

4I2 + 3I1 = 2 …(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get
6I2 = 3
1
I2 = A
2
∴ I1 = 0 A
1
∴ I3 = I1 + I2 = A
2

Physics—12

(10)
 (b) VAB = εAB + I1r1
As I1 = 0
VAB = εAB = 6V
VFC = εFC – I2r2
1
VFC = 8 – × 4 = 6 V
2
33. (a) Ray diagram of compound microscope

f 1+ p
L D
Magnifying power =
f0 fe
Where L is the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first
focal point of the eyepiece. It is called tube length of compound microscope.
(b) (i) For an eyepiece
Given: ve = –25 cm,   fe = 6.25 cm,   ue = ?
1 1 1
\ = –
fe ve ue
1 1 1
⇒ =–e + o
ue 25 6.25
⇒ ue = –5 cm
For an objective
Given: v0 = (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm, f0 = 2 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
\ – = ⇒ – = ⇒ – =
v0 u0 f0 10 u 0 2 10 2 u0
1–5 1
\ =
10 u0
⇒ u0 = –2.5 cm

Physics—12

(11)
 v0 ve 10 25
Magnifying power, m = × = × = 20
u0 ue 2.5 5
(ii) Final image is formed at infinity only if
| ue | = fe = 6.25 cm
| v0 | = (15 – 6.25) cm = 8.75 cm
f0 = 2.0 cm
1 1 1 1 1 2 – 8.75
\ = – = – =
u0 v0 u0 8.75 2 17.5
u0 = –2.59 cm
v0 ve 8.75 25
Magnifying power, m = × = ×
u0 ue 2.59 6.25
27
m= × 4 = 13.5
8
Or

(a)

According to Young’s experiment,

Path difference between the waves, ∆P = S2Q – S1Q = S2M
∆P
i.e. sinθ =
a
y
From ∆QOO′, tanθ =
D
∆P y
For small angle sinθ ≈ tan θ ⇒ =
a D
ya
i.e. ∆P =
D
(i) For bright fringes, ∆P = nλ
y na nλD
Thus, = nλ  ⇒ yn =
D a

Physics—12

(12)
 λ
(ii) For dark fringes, ∆P = (2n − 1)
2
ylna λ (2n − 1) Dλ
Thus, = (2n − 1) ⇒ y′n =
D 2 2a
Separation between two conservative dark or bright fringes is called fringe
width.
   \ β = yn – yn–1
nλD (n − 1) λD λD
b= − =
a a a
   Here β is fringe width.
s λ
(b) For interference fringes to be seen, the condition < should be satisfied.
D a
(c) Yes the phenomenon of interference of light in accordance with law of conservation
of energy. In case of constructive interference, bright fringes are formed as intensity
becomes maximum while in case of destructive interference, dark fringes are
formed as intensity becomes minimum. This implies that in interference of light,
the intensity is simply being redistributed, i.e., energy is only transferred from dark
to bright fringe and no energy is created or destroyed in this process.

Physics—12

(13)
 Answers to Sample Paper 13
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)
7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
14. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
15. (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
16. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of
Assertion.
17. Electric and magnetic field vectors will be along X and Y directions.
c 3 × 108
\ l=
= = 10 m
v 30 × 106
18. Emf induced in the loop (E) = Blv
Current in the loop,
E Blv
i= = …(i)
R R
Here, R = resistance of the loop + resistance of the network
R = (1.0 + 2) = 3 Ω
(Network is balanced wheatstone bridge)
From equation (i), we have
B = 2 T, l = 15 × 10–2 m, i = 2 × 10–3 A, R = 3 Ω
iR 2 # 10 −3 # 3
From equation (i) v= =
Bl 2 # 15 # 10 −2
v = 2 × 10–2 m/s
19. Bohr’s quantization principle: Electron can revolve around the nucleus inside a H-atom
in only those orbits in which its angular momentum is quantised and is equal to an integral
h
multiple of . According to Bohr, no other orbits were valid for an electron to revolve
2π
around.
nh
Mathematically, L= ,n∈Z
2π
nh
or mvr =
2π
For Brackett series,
1 1
= 109677 cm–1 d
16 n 2 n
1 –
, n = quantum number
λ

Physics—12

(1)
 To obtain shortest wavelength of Brackett series, transition should be made from ∞ or
n = ∞ (maximum energy difference or shortest wavelength)
= 109677 cm–1 c 0m
1 1 −
So,
λ 16
l = 16 × 911.7Å
= 14587.2 Å
= 1.45872 × 10–6 m
belongs to infrared radiations of spectrum.
Or
For first excited state, n = 2
2πke 2
v2 =
nh
2 × 3.14 × 9 × 109 × (1.6 × 10 –19) 2
v2 =
2 × 6.6 × 10 –34
v2 = 1.095 × 106 ms–1
(2) 2 × (6.6 × 10 –34) 2
r2 =
4 × (3.14) 2 × (9.1 × 10 –31) × 9 × 109 × (1.6 × 10 –19) 2
r2 = 2.12 Å = 2.12 × 10–10 m
2πr2 2π × 2.12 × 10 –10
T2 = = = 1.22 × 10–15 s
v2 1.095 × 10 6

1 1 1 1
20. As = (µ – 1) e − o ; we know that µ ∝ ,
f r1 r2 λ
Then as λred > λviolet ⇒ µred < µviolet
1 1
∴
< ⇒ fred > fviolet
fred fviolet
21. From the figure, we see that x-axis components of electric field due to upper and lower
halves of the rod will get cancelled out. Therefore, net electric field will be in – y-axis.
+y
dQ

r
+Q
dE1cosq q dE2cosq
q q X
P
–Q → dE sinq →
r dE
1
1 dE2
+dE2sinq
–dQ
–y

Physics—12

(2)
 µ 0 2i1i2
22. (a) Force per unit length, F=
4π r
10 –7 × 2 × 4 × 4
F= = 16 × 10–5 Nm–1
–2
2 × 10
F = 1.6 × 10–4 Nm–1
(b) (i) M1 = M + M = qm (2l) + qm(2l)
= 2qm (2l) = 2M
(ii) M2 = qm [2(2l)] = 2 qm (2l) = 2M
So, in both cases, dipole moment will be same, i.e. 2M.
23. (a) Let the wire be x = x (t) at time t.
So, Flux = B(t) l x (t)
dφ dB (t)
∴ E=− =− l x (t) − B (t) l.v (t)
dt dt
(second term is due to motional emf)
1
As I= E
R
l B (t) dB
∴ Force = <− l x (t) − B (t) l v (t)F it
R dt
d2 x l 2 B dB l 2 B 2 dx
or m =− x (t) −
dt 2 R dt R dt
dB d 2 x l2 B 2 dx
(b) If = 0, ∴ + =0
dt dt 2 mR dt
dv l2 B 2
or + v=0
dt mR
− l2 B2 t
or v = A exp f p
mR
At t = 0, v = u0
v (t) = u0 exp (– l2B2t/mR)
24. For an ideal step-up transformer,
ip Vs Ns
= = = r (transformation ratio)
is Vp Np

Here Np = 100, Vp = 220 V, Pp = 1100 W, r = 100

Physics—12

(3)
 Ns
(a) =r
Np
⇒ Ns = Np × r = 100 × 100 = 10,000
∴ Number of turns in secondary = 10,000
(b) Pinput = Vinput × ip
1100 = 220 × ip
1100
⇒ ip = =5A
220
(c) Voltage across the secondary (Vs)
Vs
⇒ =r
Vp

Vs
∴ = 100
220
⇒ Vs = 22,000 V

Power in secondary 1100

(d) Current in secondary = = A = 0.05 A
Vs 22000
(e) Power in secondary = Power in primary coil = 1100 W
Or
(a) The bulb B lights because an emf is induced in coil Q due to change in magnetic flux
crossing through it.
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left because of mutual induction,
and hence induced emf in coil Q decreases with separation between the coils.
25. Condition for minima, a sin q = nl
For first maximum, n = 1
and given q = 30°, l = 650 nm
\ a sin 30° = 650
1
or a× = 650
2
or a = 650 × 2
= 1300 nm

Physics—12

(4)
 λ'
For maximum, a sin q = (2n + 1)
2
For first maximum to lie at ‘P’, n = 1
3λ'
a sin q =
2
2a sin θ
or l’ =
3
2×1300× sin 30°
=
3
1
2×1300×
2
= = 433.3 nm
3
26. (a) From the graph,
(i) Threshold frequency (νo) = 10 × 1014 Hz
(ii) Work function = 4 eV
(b) An increase in intensity means increase in number of photons and thus, increase in
photoelectric current.
27. (a) (i) T
 he hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus having a charge +e
around which an electron of mass m is revolving in a circle of
radius r. Since the electrostatic force supplies the necessary
centripetal force.
mv 2 e2 1
∴ = k , where k =
r r2 4πε 0
ke 2
∴ r= ...(1)
mv 2
Also, from Bohr’s second postulate angular momentum is quantized.
h
∴ mvr = n
2π
nh
∴ v= ...(2)
2πmr
Putting this value of v in equation (1), we have
ke 2
r= 4π 2 m 2 r 2
2 2
mn h
n2 h2
which gives rn = ...(3)
4π 2 mke 2
Clearly, r ∝ n2

Physics—12

(5)
 (ii) Total energy En of the electron in the nth orbit is
1 2 e× e
En = Ek + Ep = mv – k
2 r
1 ke 2 ke 2 ke 2
En = – f a mv 2 = p
2 r r r
ke 2 ke 2
En = – =– × 4p2mke2
2rn 2 2
2n h
2π 2 mk 2 e 4
En =
n2 h2
1
Clearly, E∝
n2
1 1 1
(b) We know that wave number ν is given by ν = = R> − H
λ n1 n 22
2
Where R is called the Rydberg’s constant.
For Hα line in Balmer series,
n1 = 2, n2 = 3
1 1 1
= 1.097 # 10 7 < − F
λ 4 9
1 5
= 1.097 # 10 7 #
λ 36
36
∴ λ= # 10 −7 m
1.097 # 5
36 # 1000
λ= # 10 −10 m = 6563.4 Å
1.097 # 5
28. (a) The energy gaps in Ge and Si are of the order of 1 eV. Due to this gap the electrons
can easily be excited from valence band to conduction band to conduct electricity.
(b) It depends upon
(i) width of the forbidden band.
(ii) intrinsic charge carriers concentration.
(c) Doping: It is a process of addition of certain specific impurity in small amount to a
pure semiconductor.
29.    (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (c)

Physics—12

(6)
 Thickness of glass
(iv) (a) Time =
Speed of light in glass
d d µd
= = =
v c/µ c
3×4×10 −3
= = 4 × 10–11 sec
8
3×10
Or
(iv) (c) By Snell’s law,
sin i c
m= =
sin r v
Here, i = 45° and r = 30°
sin 45° 3×108
\ =
sin 30° v
1
2 3×108
or =
1 v
2
3 2
or v= ×108
2
v = 2.12 ×108 m/s.
30. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (a) or (iv) (c)
31. (a) Electrostatic potential is the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge
from infinity to a point against the electrostatic field.
1
  (i) For axial line, V ∝
r2
  (ii) For equatorial line electric potential is zero at any point.
(b) Principle: When we bring an uncharged conductor near a
charged one it reduces the potential of the charged conductor
without reducing its charge, i.e. electrostatic induction.
Charge on capacitor plates, i.e. Q = σA ...(i)
Potential difference between the plates is
V = E0 (d – t)
σ ( d – t) σ
V= >a E0 = ε H ...(ii)
ε0 0

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 Q σAε 0
As C= =
V σ ( d – t)
ε0A
C=
(d – t)
Or
According to Gauss’s theorem, total electric flux passing through a closed surface is
1
equal to times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
ε0

q q
φE =
ε0
or y E . ds = ε0
Consider a surface charge distribution having surface charge density σ. To calculate
electric field at a point distant r from it we imagine a symmetrical Gaussian surface
(here cylindrical) enclosing area of the surface in such a way that the point lies on it.
yS E . ds = yS E . ds + yS E . ds + yS E . ds
1 2 3

yS E . ds = ES ( θ = 0°)
1

yS E . ds = ES ( θ = 0°)
2

yS E . ds =0 ( θ = 90°)
3

Thus yS E . ds = 2ES ...(i)

According to Gauss’s theorem,

q
yS E . ds =
ε0
Here q = σS

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 σS
So, yS E . ds
ε0
= ...(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

σ
E=
2ε 0
Graph between electric field and separation of point of observation from plane
sheet having continuous charge distribution

32. (a) Kirchhoff’s Rules:

(i) Junction Rule (Conservation of Charge): At any junction in a circuit, the sum
of currents entering the junction must be equal to the sum of the currents
leaving it.
(ii) Closed Mesh Rule (Conservation of Energy): In any closed loop of an electric
circuit, the sum of potential change across all the circuit elements is zero.
(b) We assign an unknown current to each branch of the network keeping in mind
Kirchhoff’s junction rule.

Kirchhoff’s second rule for loop ADCA gives

10 – 4(I1 – I2) + 2(I2 + I3 – I1) – 2I1 = 0
8I1 – 6I2 – 2I3 = 10 ...(i)
For closed loop ABCA, we get
10 – 4I2 – 2(I2 + I3) – 2I1 = 0
2I1 + 6I2 + 2I3 = 10 ...(ii)

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 For closed loop BCDEB, we get
5 – 2(I2 + I3) – 2(I2 + I3 – I1) = 0
5 + 2I1 – 4I2 – 4I3 = 0
2I1 – 4I2 – 4I3 = –5 ...(iii)
On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
3 15
I1 = 2 A , I2 = A , I3 = A
8 8
Currents in various branches of the network
3 3 13
AB = A   AD = 2 – = A
8 8 8
AC = 2 A
3 15 18 9
BC = + = = A
8 8 8 4
15 9 1
DEB = A ;    CD = – 2 = A
8 4 4
Or
Here, I3 = I1 + I2 6V 6Ω
A B
(a) Writing KVL for loop I, we get I1
I
–6I1 + 6 – 8 + 4I2 = 0 8V
4Ω
⇒ –3I1 + 2I2 = 1 …(i) F C
I2
For loop II II

–4I2 + 8 – 12I3 = 0 12 Ω
E D
⇒ –4I2 + 8 – 12I1 – 12I2= 0 I3

4I2 + 3I1 = 2 …(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get
6I2 = 3
1
I2 = A
2
∴ I1 = 0 A
1
∴ I3 = I1 + I2 = A
2

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 (b) VAB = εAB + I1r1
As I1 = 0
VAB = εAB = 6V
VFC = εFC – I2r2
1
VFC = 8 – × 4 = 6 V
2
33. (a) Ray diagram of compound microscope

f 1+ p
L D
Magnifying power =
f0 fe
Where L is the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first
focal point of the eyepiece. It is called tube length of compound microscope.
(b) (i) For an eyepiece
Given: ve = –25 cm,   fe = 6.25 cm,   ue = ?
1 1 1
\ = –
fe ve ue
1 1 1
⇒ =–e + o
ue 25 6.25
⇒ ue = –5 cm
For an objective
Given: v0 = (15 – 5) cm = 10 cm, f0 = 2 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
\ – = ⇒ – = ⇒ – =
v0 u0 f0 10 u 0 2 10 2 u0
1–5 1
\ =
10 u0
⇒ u0 = –2.5 cm

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 v0 ve 10 25
Magnifying power, m = × = × = 20
u0 ue 2.5 5
(ii) Final image is formed at infinity only if
| ue | = fe = 6.25 cm
| v0 | = (15 – 6.25) cm = 8.75 cm
f0 = 2.0 cm
1 1 1 1 1 2 – 8.75
\ = – = – =
u0 v0 u0 8.75 2 17.5
u0 = –2.59 cm
v0 ve 8.75 25
Magnifying power, m = × = ×
u0 ue 2.59 6.25
27
m= × 4 = 13.5
8
Or

(a)

According to Young’s experiment,

Path difference between the waves, ∆P = S2Q – S1Q = S2M
∆P
i.e. sinθ =
a
y
From ∆QOO′, tanθ =
D
∆P y
For small angle sinθ ≈ tan θ ⇒ =
a D
ya
i.e. ∆P =
D
(i) For bright fringes, ∆P = nλ
y na nλD
Thus, = nλ  ⇒ yn =
D a

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 λ
(ii) For dark fringes, ∆P = (2n − 1)
2
ylna λ (2n − 1) Dλ
Thus, = (2n − 1) ⇒ y′n =
D 2 2a
Separation between two conservative dark or bright fringes is called fringe
width.
   \ β = yn – yn–1
nλD (n − 1) λD λD
b= − =
a a a
   Here β is fringe width.
s λ
(b) For interference fringes to be seen, the condition < should be satisfied.
D a
(c) Yes the phenomenon of interference of light in accordance with law of conservation
of energy. In case of constructive interference, bright fringes are formed as intensity
becomes maximum while in case of destructive interference, dark fringes are
formed as intensity becomes minimum. This implies that in interference of light,
the intensity is simply being redistributed, i.e., energy is only transferred from dark
to bright fringe and no energy is created or destroyed in this process.

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