Higher Technological Institute
Mechatronics Engineering
Department
Report on:
Project of power supply circuit
Submitted by:
Yomna Mohamed Ahmed Ali
ID:20220248
Gr: 1
Submitted to:
Dr: Eslam Samy
Introduction
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a
source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result,
power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some
power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built
into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter include power
supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Other
functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by
the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault,
power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from
reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to
power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power
(uninterruptible power supply).
All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the
form of electric current from a source, and one or more power output or power
rail connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may come from
the electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such
as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit
connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to
power their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other
types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and
control.
1.1) Objectives of power supply circuit:
A power supply is an electrical device that provides the necessary electrical power
to operate other devices or systems. It converts electrical energy from one form
(e.g., alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet) to another form (e.g., direct
current (DC) at a specific voltage) that is suitable for powering electronic
equipment.
The objective of a power supply circuit is to deliver a stable and reliable electrical
power source to an electronic or electrical system, ensuring optimal performance
and safety. Below are the key objectives:
1. Voltage Regulation:
Provide a constant output voltage irrespective of variations in input voltage or load
conditions.
2. Current Supply:
Deliver the required current to the load without exceeding its capacity, ensuring the
device operates safely and efficiently.
3. AC to DC Conversion:
Convert alternating current (AC) from the mains or other sources into direct current
(DC), which is essential for most electronic devices.
4. Noise Reduction:
Minimize electrical noise and fluctuations (ripple) to prevent interference with
sensitive electronic components.
5. Efficiency:
Maximize energy conversion efficiency to reduce power loss and heat generation,
especially in portable and high-power applications.
6. Safety:
Protect connected devices from overvoltage, overcurrent, short circuits, and power
surges.
7. Adaptability:
Provide multiple voltage levels if needed, as in dual or multi-output power supply
systems for complex circuits.
8. Isolation (Optional):
Electrically isolate the input source from the output load to enhance safety and
reduce the risk of damage during faults.
Fig1: linear power supply
1.2) Block diagram of power supply circuit:
The circuit can be divided into several functional blocks:
1. Step-Down Transformer: Converts high AC voltage to low AC voltage.
2. Bridge Rectifier: Converts AC voltage to pulsating DC voltage.
3. Filter (Capacitors): Smoothens the pulsating DC to a stable DC level.
4. Voltage Regulator (7812): Stabilizes the output voltage to a constant +12V.
5. Output Indicator (LED with Resistor): Provides visual confirmation of circuit
operation.
Fig2: block of power supply
1.3) Circuit diagram of power supply circuit:
1. AC Input (220V, 50Hz):
Connects to the primary winding of the transformer.
2. Step-Down Transformer:
Converts 220V AC to a lower AC voltage 16V AC
3. Bridge Rectifier (4 diodes - 1N4007):
Converts AC voltage to pulsating DC.
4. Filter Capacitors:
C1 = 6800 µF: Main smoothing capacitor.
C2 = 0.33 µF: Removes high-frequency noise.
C3 = 0.1 µF: Further noise suppression.
5. Voltage Regulator (7812):
Provides a stable +12V DC output.
6. LED and Limiting Resistor:
Visual indicator for circuit operation.
Fig3: circuit diagram
1.4) Circuit Simulation Procedures:
4.1) software simulation:
Step 1: Setting Up the Circuit in Simulation Software, use simulation software like
Proteus. Add the components:
• AC voltage source to simulate the input (220V, 50Hz).
• Transformer (step-down to 16V AC).
• 4 diodes to form a bridge rectifier.
• Filter capacitors as per the schematic.
• Voltage regulator 7812 for a constant +12V output.
• LED and resistor for output indication.
Step 2: Connecting the Components
Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram:
• The transformer secondary windings to the bridge rectifier.
• The bridge rectifier output to the smoothing capacitor (C1).
• Connect the output to the 7812 regulator.
• Add the small capacitors (C2 and C3) for noise filtering.
• Connect the LED and resistor to the regulated +12V output.
Step 3: Configure Input Parameters
• Set the AC voltage source to 220V RMS with a frequency of 50Hz.
• Set transformer ratio to step down to 16V AC.
Step 4: Simulate the Circuit
• Run the simulation.
• Measure the following points using multimeters or oscilloscopes:
• Voltage across the rectifier output (should show pulsating DC).
• Voltage across the capacitor (should show smoothed DC).
• Final regulated output after the 7812 (should be +12V DC).
Fig3: simulation of power supply
4.2) Practical Implementation Procedures:
Step 1: Assemble Components
Place all components (transformer, diodes, capacitors, regulator, LED, and resistor)
on a breadboard or soldered PCB.
Step 2: Make Connections
• Follow the schematic precisely:
• Ensure proper orientation of diodes in the rectifier.
• Capacitors should be connected with correct polarity.
• The regulator input pin (Vin) should connect to the rectified and filtered DC.
Step 3: Testing the Circuit
• Power the circuit using a 220V AC supply.
• Use a multimeter to check:
• The voltage at the rectifier output (pulsating DC).
• The voltage after filtering (smooth DC).
• The final output voltage (regulated 12V DC).
• Verify that the LED lights up, indicating proper operation.
Step 4: Debugging (if needed)
If the output is not correct:
• Recheck the connections.
• Verify component ratings (capacitors, transformer, regulator).
• Check for faulty components, such as damaged diodes.
1.5) Calculations:
Conclusion
In conclusion, a power supply circuit is an integral component in electronics,
designed to ensure devices receive a stable and reliable power source. Its primary
purpose is to convert and condition raw electrical energy into a regulated DC
voltage suitable for the connected load. The key stages—transformer, rectifier, filter,
and voltage regulator—work together to achieve efficient and safe power delivery.
Understanding power supply circuits is crucial for designing dependable systems,
as they directly impact the performance and longevity of electronic devices. A well-
designed power supply enhances system stability, reduces electrical noise, and
provides necessary protections against voltage or current irregularities.
