Basic Commands
1. print() - Displays output.
Syntax: print("Hello, World!")
2. input() - Takes user input as a string.
Syntax: name = input("Enter your name: ")
3. len() - Returns the length of a sequence (string, list, etc.).
Syntax: length = len("Hello")
4. type() - Returns the data type of an object.
Syntax: data_type = type(123)
Data Type Conversions
5. int() - Converts a value to an integer.
Syntax: num = int("123")
6. float() - Converts a value to a float.
Syntax: flt = float("12.3")
7. str() - Converts a value to a string.
Syntax: txt = str(123)
8. list() - Converts a value to a list.
Syntax: lst = list("abc") # ['a', 'b', 'c']
Control Flow Statements
9. if, elif, else - Conditional statements.
Syntax:
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")
10. for - For loop iteration.
Syntax:
for i in range(5):
print(i)
11. while - While loop iteration.
Syntax:
while x < 5:
print(x)
x += 1
12. break - Stops the loop.
Syntax:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
13. continue - Skips the current iteration.
Syntax:
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)
14. pass - Does nothing (used as a placeholder).
Syntax:
if True:
pass # Placeholder for future code
File Management
15. open() - Opens a file in a specified mode.
Syntax: file = open("filename.txt", "r")
16. read() - Reads the file's content.
Syntax: content = file.read()
17. write() - Writes data to a file.
Syntax: file.write("Hello, World!")
18. close() - Closes a file.
Syntax: file.close()
Functions and Modules
19. def - Defines a function.
Syntax:
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
20. return - Returns a value from a function.
Syntax:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
21. import - Imports a module.
Syntax: import math
22. from ... import ... - Imports specific items from a module.
Syntax: from math import sqrt
23. as - Assigns an alias to a module.
Syntax: import numpy as np
Exception Handling
24. try / except / finally - Catches exceptions.
Syntax:
try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
finally:
print("End of code.")
Classes and Objects
25. class - Defines a class.
Syntax:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
26. self - Refers to the instance of a class.
Syntax:
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, {self.name}")
Miscellaneous Commands
27. help() - Shows help for a function or module.
Syntax: help(len)
28. dir() - Lists attributes and methods of an object.
Syntax: dir(str)
29. eval() - Evaluates a string as Python code.
Syntax: result = eval("3 + 5")
30. exec() - Executes dynamic Python code.
Syntax: exec("x = 5; print(x)")
