Solid

Mensuration
Plane Figures
PLANE FIGURES
• Plane figures are flat two-dimensional (2D) shape.
A plane figure can be made of straight lines,
curved lines, or both straight and curved lines.
POLYGONS
Polygons
• A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line
segments.
Parts of a
Polygon
• The side or edge of a
polygon is one of the line
segments that make up the
polygon.
• Adjacent sides are pairs of
sides that share a common
end point.
• The vertices of a polygon
are the endpoints of each
side of the polygon.
• Adjacent vertices are
endpoints of a side.
• A diagonal of a polygon is a
line segment joining two
non-adjacent vertices of the
polygon
• An interior angle is the
angle formed by two
adjacent sides inside the
polygon.
• An exterior angle is an
angle that is adjacent to and
supplementary to an interior
angle of the polygon
A polygon may also be defined as a union of line segments such that:
1. Each vertex is a common endpoint of two adjacent line
segments;
2. No two adjacent line segments intersect except at an
endpoint;
3. No two segments with the same endpoint are collinear.
Types of Polygon
Equiangular • A polygon is equiangular if all
Polygon of its angles are congruent.
Equilateral • A polygon is equilateral if all of
Polygon its sides are equal.
 • Regular polygons are both
Regular Polygon equiangular and equilateral.
Irregular • A polygon that is neither
equiangular nor equilateral is
Polygon said to be an irregular polygon.
 • Every interior angle of a convex
polygon is less than 180°. If a line
Convex Polygon drawn through the convex polygon,
the line will intersect6 at most two
sides.
 • A concave polygon has at least
one interior angle that
Concave measures more than 180°. If a
Polygon line is drawn through a
concave polygon the line may
intersect more than two sides.
Similar Polygons
• Two polygons are similar if their
corresponding interior angles are congruent
and their corresponding sides are
proportional. Similar polygons have the
same shape but may differ in size.
The following relations between the two polygons
are obtained using the concept of ratio and
proportion:
y1
y2
x1
x2

A1 A2
 y1
y2
x1
x2

A1 A2

1. The ratio of any two corresponding sides of two

similar polygons are equal.
𝑥1 𝑦1
=
𝑥2 𝑦2
 y1
y2
x1
x2

A1 A2

2. The ratio of the area of similar polygons is the

square of the ratio of any two corresponding
sides.
2
𝐴1 𝑦1
=
𝐴2 𝑦2
 y1
y2
x1
x2

A1 A2

3. The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons

is equal to the ratio of any two corresponding
sides.
𝑃1 𝑦1
=
𝑃2 𝑦2
Properties of a
Regular Polygon
A regular polygon of n sides can be divided into
n congruent isosceles triangles, whose base is a
side of the polygon. The common vertex of
these triangles is the center of the polygon.
Perimeter

𝑷 = 𝒏𝒔
Central Angle

𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝜽=
𝒏
Apothem

𝒔
𝒂=
180°
𝟐 tan
𝑛
Interior Angle

𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒏 − 𝟐
𝑰. 𝑨. =
𝒏
Sum of Interior Angles

𝑺. 𝑰. 𝑨. = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒏 − 𝟐
Area

𝟐
𝟏 𝒏𝒔
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒂 𝑨=
180°
𝟐 𝟒 tan
𝑛
Diagonal

𝒏
𝑫= 𝒏−𝟑
𝟐
EXAMPLE
The sides of a regular nonagon measures 3 units. Determine:
a. Perimeter
b. Central angle
c. Length of the apothem
d. Sum of the interior angles
e. Area
f. Number of distinct diagonals
EXAMPLE
How many sides does a polygon have if the sum
of its interior angles is 540°?
EXAMPLE
An exterior angle of a regular polygon measures
36°. How many sides does the polygon have?
EXAMPLE
Solve for x
EXAMPLE
An octagon is to be formed from a line whose
length is 72 cm. Determine the area of this
octagon.
TRIANGLES
Classification of Triangles According to
Sides
Classification of Triangles According to
Angles
Similar Triangles
Parts of a
Triangle
A triangle has three possible bases and three possible vertices.
Any of the three sides of a triangle may be considered as the
base of the triangle. The angle opposite the base is called the
vertex angle. The two angles adjacent to the base are called
the base angles.
A line segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the
opposite side is called altitude. The point of intersection of the
altitudes of a triangle is the orthocenter.
A median of a triangle is the line segment connecting the
midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex. The centroid is the
point of intersection of the medians of a triangle.
An angle bisector divides an angle of the triangle into two
congruent angles and has endpoints on a vertex and the
opposite side. The point of intersection of the angle bisectors
of a triangle is called incenter.
The perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle divides the
side into two congruent segments and is perpendicular to the
side. The circumcenter is the point of intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors of the triangle.
The Euler line is the line which contains the orthocenter,
centroid and circumcenter of a triangle. The centroid is located
between the orthocenter and the circumcenter. However , in an
equilateral triangle, the centroid, circumcenter, incircle and
orthocenter are coincident.
Formulas for the
Area of a Triangle
• In general, the area of any triangle is one-half the product
of its base and its altitude.

𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉
𝟐
• To solve for the area of a triangle given the measures of
two sides and an included angle, use the SAS (Side-angle-
side) formula.

𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒃 sin 𝜽
𝟐
• When the measures of the three sides are given, the area
of the triangle is determined by Heron’s Formula.

𝑨= 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)

EXAMPLE
Determine the area of the following triangles:

a. For Fig. 1, B=4cm, altitude=9cm

b. For Fig. 2, B=5cm, altitude=6cm
EXAMPLE
Find the area of a triangle given three sides: a=
7m, b = 9m, and c =15m.
EXAMPLE
Two sides of a triangle measure 67m and 50m. If its
area is 1,400 m2, find its perimeter.
EXAMPLE
In triangle ABC, BC = 216mm, AC = 301mm and angle
A = 30˚. Find the area of the triangle.
QUADRILATERALS
• Quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides and four
vertices. It is also called tetragon and quadrangle. In
quadrilaterals the sum of the interior angles is always
equal to 360°
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 360
 QUADRILATERAL

Parallelogram Trapezoid Trapezium

Rectangle Rhombus

Square
Common Parts of a Quadrilateral
1. Side
2. Interior Angle
3. Height or Altitude
4. Base
5. Diagonal
Parallelogram
Shorter Diagonal Area
d = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
Longer Diagonal
d = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃

Perimeter
𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
Rectangle
Diagonals Area
𝑑 = 𝑏 2 + ℎ2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

Perimeter
𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ
Square
Diagonals Area
𝑑=𝑠 2 𝐴 = 𝑠2

Perimeter
𝑃 = 4𝑠
Rhombus
Shorter Diagonal Area
𝑑 = 𝑎 2 − 2 cos 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃
1
𝐴= 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
Longer Diagonal 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑑 = 𝑎 2 + 2 cos 𝜃

Perimeter
𝑃 = 4𝑎
Trapezoid
Area
1
𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2
EXAMPLE
Find the area and perimeter of a square whose
diagonal is 15 units long.
EXAMPLE
Each side of a rhombus measures 105m. If the distance
between its parallel side is 20m, find its area.
EXAMPLE
The diagonals of rhombus measure 50mm and 96mm.
Find its area.
EXAMPLE
The bases of the trapezoid are 18m and 26m. If the
bases are 20m apart, find the area of the trapezoid.
EXAMPLE
If ABCD is a rhombus, AC=4 and ADC is an equilateral
triangle, what is the area of the rhombus?
EXAMPLE
Find the area and the perimeter of the right trapezoid
shown in the figure.

8m

60°

11m
EXAMPLE
Square ABCD has a perimeter of 48 units. Find the
number of units in BD.
EXAMPLE
The sides of a parallelogram measure 25 cm and 40 cm.
One of its interior angles measures 78˚. If the
consecutive midpoints of the sides are connected, find
the area of the figure thus formed.
EXAMPLE
The base width of a trapezoidal channel is 3m and the
sides are sloping at 2 vertical to 1 horizontal. Water is
flowing at depth of 1.20m, find the area of flow.
CIRCLES
Center

A circle is a set of
points, each of which
equidistant from a fixed
point called the center.
Center

The line joining the

Radius
center of a circle to any
points on the circle is
known as the radius.
 Center

Major
Arc An arc is a portion of a
circle that contains two
Radius
endpoints on the circle
and all the points on the
circle between these
enpoints.
Minor
Arc
 A chord is a line
segment joining any two
points on the circle. It
Major
divides the circle into
Segment two regions or
Chord
segments, the major
Minor segment and the minor
Segment
segment.
 B
A sector is a figure
r bounded by two radii
and an included arc. A
θ
O central angle is an
angle whose vertex lies
r
at the center of the
A circle and whose sides
are the radii of the circle.
An inscribed angle is
an angle whose vertex
lies on the circle and
β whose sides are chord
of the circle.
Inscribed Angle β
 If circles of two different
radii have common
center, they are referred
r2
to as concentric circles.
r1 The area bounded by
any two concentric
circles is known as the
annulus. The shaded
region in the figure is an
annular region.
Secant Line A line in the same plane
as the circle is a tangent
line if it intersects the
circle at exactly one
point on the circle. Thus,
the tangent line does
not cross the circle. It
just touches it. A line is
Tangent Line
called a secant line if it
intersects the circle at
two points.
 Two circles are tangent
circles if they are tangent to
the same line at the same
point. The two tangent
coplanar circles are said to
Externally Tangent
be internally tangent if their
centers both lie on one side
of their common tangent
line. They are externally
tangent if their centers are
on the opposite sides of
their common tangent line.

Internally Tangent
A circle is inscribed in a
polygon if the circle is
tangent to all the sides
of the polygon.
A circle is
circumscribed about a
regular polygon if the
circle contains all the
vertices of the polygon.
Formulas on
Circles
• The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the
circle. It can be obtained by the formula

𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

where r is the radius of the circle and C is the

circumference.
• The arc length s of a circle with radius r and central
angle θ (measured in radians) is given by

s
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

r θ r
• The perimeter of a sector P is equal to the sum of the
length of the subtended arc. In symbols,

s
𝑃 = 𝑠 + 2𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑟𝜃 + 2𝑟
r r
𝑃 = 𝑟(2 + 𝜃)
θ
• The perimeter of a segment is the sum of the arc
length s and the length of chord L. In symbols,
s

𝑃 =𝑠+𝐿
L

r θ r 𝐿 = 𝑟 2(1 − cos 𝜃
• The perimeter of a segment is the sum of the arc
length s and the length of chord L. In symbols,
s

𝑃 =𝑠+𝐿
L

r θ r 𝐿 = 𝑟 2(1 − cos 𝜃)
Area of circle Area of Segment
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Area of Sector
1 2 Area of Annular Region
𝐴= 𝑟 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2
or
1
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
2
EXAMPLE
Find the area and the circumference of a circle whose
radius is 12
EXAMPLE
The side of a square is 8 inches long. Find the
circumference of its inscribed and circumscribed circle.
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the annulus if the diameter of the iron
washer is 6cm and the diameter of the hole is 3cm
EXAMPLE
Find the area of a segment of a circle with radius 8
inches and arc AB measuring 45˚.
EXAMPLE
What is the area of a circle with a circumference of 18π
cm?
EXAMPLE
Find the area of a sector bounded by a 60° central
angle in a circle of radius 6 inches
EXAMPLE
A circle which has an area of 144π cm2 is cut into two
segments by a chord that is 6 cm from the center of the
circle. What is the area of the smaller segment
EXAMPLE
A circle having an area of 144π cm2 is cut into two
segments by a chord. 6m from the center of the circle.
Find the area of the larger segment
ACTIVITY
1. Two concentric circles have radii of 15cm and 21 cm.
the central angle is 45°. Find the area of the portion
of the larger sector which is outside the smaller
sector.
2. A metal washer 1 in. in diameter is pierced by a ½ in.
hole. What is the area of one face of the washer?
3. A storage bin of circular base has 324 sq.ft. of floor
space. Find the radius of the floor.