Answer:(a)

Core data types in Python include:

1. Numeric Types:

o int (integer): Whole numbers (e.g., 5, -10).

o float (floating-point): Decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, -2.71).

o complex: Complex numbers (e.g., 2+3j).

2. Sequence Types:

o str (string): Text data (e.g., "Hello").

 o list: Ordered and mutable collection (e.g., [1, 2, 3]).

o tuple: Ordered but immutable collection (e.g., (1, 2, 3)).

3. Mapping Type:

o dict: Key-value pairs (e.g., {"key": "value"}).

4. Set Types:

o set: Unordered collection of unique elements (e.g., {1, 2, 3}).

o frozenset: Immutable version of a set.

5. Boolean Type:

o bool: True or False.

6. NoneType:

o None: Represents the absence of a value.

(b) What are command line arguments?

Answer:
Command-line arguments are inputs passed to a Python script during its
execution via the command line. These arguments are stored in the
sys.argv list, where:

 sys.argv[0] contains the script name.

 sys.argv[1:] contains the arguments passed to the script.

Example:

python

Copy code

import sys

print(sys.argv)

If the script is executed as:

Copy code

python script.py arg1 arg2

The output will be:

css

Copy code

['script.py', 'arg1', 'arg2']

(c) Define class with a proper example.

Answer:
A class in Python is a blueprint for creating objects. It encapsulates data
(attributes) and methods (functions).

Example:

python

Copy code

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years

old.")

# Create an object of the class

person1 = Person("Alice", 25)

person1.greet()

Output:

csharp

Copy code

Hello, my name is Alice and I am 25 years old.

(d) What is Recursion? Give example.

Answer:
Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself directly
or indirectly to solve a problem.

Example: Calculating Factorial Using Recursion

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1: # Base case

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1) # Recursive case

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

(e) What do you mean by the scope of variables in Python?

Answer:
The scope of a variable refers to the context in which the variable is
accessible:

1. Local Scope: Variables defined inside a function are accessible only

within that function.

2. Global Scope: Variables defined outside any function are

accessible throughout the program.

3. Nonlocal Scope: Variables defined in an enclosing function (not

global) can be accessed using the nonlocal keyword in nested
functions.

Example:

python

Copy code

x = 10 # Global variable

def outer():

y = 20 # Enclosing variable
 def inner():

nonlocal y

y += 10

print(y)

inner()

outer()

(f) What are built-in functions in Python? Give example.

Answer:
Built-in functions in Python are predefined functions that can be used
without importing any module. Examples include:

 len(): Returns the length of an object.

 sum(): Returns the sum of elements in an iterable.

 type(): Returns the type of an object.

 print(): Prints output.

Example:

python

Copy code

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(len(nums)) # Output: 4

print(sum(nums)) # Output: 10

2. (a) What is string slicing in Python? Explain with a proper

example.

Answer:
String slicing allows extracting a portion of a string by specifying a range
of indices. The syntax is:
string[start:end:step]

 start: Starting index (inclusive, default is 0).

  end: Ending index (exclusive).

 step: Step value (optional, default is 1).

Example:

python

Copy code

text = "Hello, World!"

print(text[0:5]) # Output: Hello (characters 0 to 4)

print(text[7:]) # Output: World! (from index 7 to the end)

print(text[::-1]) # Output: !dlroW ,olleH (reversed string)

(b) Define Decision table.

Answer:
A Decision Table is a tabular representation of decision logic. It lists all
possible conditions and actions for a particular problem. It helps in
systematic decision-making by identifying all possible scenarios.

Structure Example:

Action Action
Conditions
1 2

Condition 1:
Yes No
True

Condition 2:
No Yes
False

(c) What is a list variable in Python? Give example.

Answer:
A list in Python is a mutable, ordered collection of elements. Lists can
store elements of different data types and allow duplicate values.

Example:

python

Copy code

my_list = [1, 2, 3, "Python", 4.5]

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 'Python', 4.5]

my_list.append(6) # Adds an element

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 'Python', 4.5, 6]

3. (a) What are the important characteristics of Python

programming? What are identifiers and keywords?

Answer:
Characteristics of Python Programming:

1. Easy to Learn and Use: Simple syntax and readability.

2. Interpreted Language: Executes line-by-line without compilation.

3. Dynamically Typed: No need to declare variable types.

4. Extensive Libraries: Rich standard libraries for various

applications.

5. Portability: Works on multiple platforms (Windows, Linux, etc.).

Identifiers:

 Names used to identify variables, functions, or classes.

 Rules:

o Must start with a letter or underscore.

o Cannot be a keyword or contain special characters.

Keywords:

 Reserved words in Python with specific meanings (e.g., if, else, for,
while).

(b) Write a program to implement linear search on a list.

Answer:

python

Copy code

def linear_search(arr, target):

for i in range(len(arr)):

if arr[i] == target:
 return i

return -1

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

target = 30

result = linear_search(numbers, target)

if result != -1:

print(f"Element found at index {result}")

else:

print("Element not found")

4. (a) Explain Relational and Logical operators of Python

programming with proper example.

Answer:
Relational Operators: Compare values and return a boolean.

 <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=.

Example:

python

Copy code

x, y = 5, 10

print(x < y) # Output: True

print(x == y) # Output: False

Logical Operators: Combine conditional statements.

 and, or, not.

Example:

python

Copy code

x, y = True, False

print(x and y) # Output: False

print(x or y) # Output: True

print(not x) # Output: False

(b) What is the structure of a Python program? Discuss.

Answer:
A Python program typically consists of:

1. Imports: Import necessary libraries or modules.

2. Global Variables: Define variables to be used globally.

3. Functions: Define reusable blocks of code.

4. Main Execution: Entry point of the program.

Example:

python

Copy code

# Import

import math

# Global variable

PI = 3.14

# Function

def area_circle(radius):

return PI * radius ** 2

# Main execution

if __name__ == "__main__":

print(area_circle(5)) # Output: 78.5

5. (a) What are the major programming methodologies? Explain.

Answer:
Major programming methodologies include:

1. Procedural Programming: Uses procedures or routines (e.g., C).

 2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Based on objects and
classes (e.g., Python, Java).

3. Functional Programming: Focuses on functions and immutability

(e.g., Haskell).

4. Logic Programming: Based on formal logic (e.g., Prolog).

(b) Write a program to generate Fibonacci series.

Answer:

python

Copy code

def fibonacci(n):

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(n):

print(a, end=" ")

a, b = b, a + b

fibonacci(10) # Output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

6. Answer any two:

(a) Write a program to sort a list using insertion sort.

Answer:

python

Copy code

def insertion_sort(arr):

for i in range(1, len(arr)):

key = arr[i]

j=i-1

while j >= 0 and key < arr[j]:

arr[j + 1] = arr[j]

j -= 1
 arr[j + 1] = key

numbers = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6]

insertion_sort(numbers)

print(numbers) # Output: [5, 6, 11, 12, 13]

(b) Write a program to create Stack class and implement all its
methods.

Answer:

python

Copy code

class Stack:

def __init__(self):

self.items = []

def push(self, item):

self.items.append(item)

def pop(self):

if not self.is_empty():

return self.items.pop()

else:

return "Stack is empty"

def peek(self):

if not self.is_empty():

return self.items[-1]

else:
 return "Stack is empty"

def is_empty(self):

return len(self.items) == 0

def size(self):

return len(self.items)

# Example Usage

stack = Stack()

stack.push(10)

stack.push(20)

print(stack.peek()) # Output: 20

print(stack.pop()) # Output: 20

print(stack.pop()) # Output: 10

print(stack.pop()) # Output: Stack is empty

(c) Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd.

Answer:

python

Copy code

def check_even_odd(number):

if number % 2 == 0:

return "Even"

else:

return "Odd"

# Example Usage

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print(f"The number {num} is {check_even_odd(num)}.")

(d) Write a program to reverse a number.

Answer:

python

Copy code

def reverse_number(number):

reversed_num = int(str(number)[::-1])

return reversed_num

# Example Usage

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print(f"The reversed number is: {reverse_number(num)}")

(b) Stack Class Program Output

Code:

python

Copy code

stack = Stack()

stack.push(10)

stack.push(20)

print(stack.peek()) # Output: 20

print(stack.pop()) # Output: 20

print(stack.pop()) # Output: 10

print(stack.pop()) # Output: Stack is empty

Output:

csharp

Copy code
20

20

10

Stack is empty

(c) Even or Odd Program Output

Code:

python

Copy code

num = 7 # Example Input

print(f"The number {num} is {check_even_odd(num)}.")

Output (if input is 7):

csharp

Copy code

The number 7 is Odd.

Code (if input is 4):

python

Copy code

num = 4 # Example Input

print(f"The number {num} is {check_even_odd(num)}.")

Output (if input is 4):

csharp

Copy code

The number 4 is Even.

(d) Reverse Number Program Output

Code:

python

Copy code
num = 12345 # Example Input

print(f"The reversed number is: {reverse_number(num)}")

Output:

python

Copy code

The reversed number is: 54321

Code (if input is 9876):

python

Copy code

num = 9876 # Example Input

print(f"The reversed number is: {reverse_number(num)}")

Output:

python

Copy code

The reversed number is: 6789

THANK YOU