Deep Foundatio n II : Behavio r o f Laterall y Loade d Vertica l an d Batter Pile s 70 9

As in Ex. 16. 1 T= 2.3 5 m, M, = 0.268 x 2 = 0.536 MN- m

2.43 x 0.268 x (2.35)3 1.6 2 x 0.536 x (2.35)2
Substituting, y g= ^ ^+ ^ ^

= 0.0194 + 0.0110 = 0.0304 m = 3.04 cm .

Example 16. 3
If the pile in Ex. 16. 1 is fixed agains t rotation, calculate the deflection at the ground line.

Solution
UseEq. (16.16a )

_ 0.93P,r 3
y
*~ ~El~
The value s of P f Tand E l are as given in Ex. 16.1 . Substituting these values
0.93 x 0.268 x(2.35)3
= 0.0075 m = 0.75 cm
4.35 xlO2

16.6 BROMS ' SOLUTION S FO R LATERALLY LOADE D PILE S

Broms' (1964a , 1964b ) solutions for laterally loaded piles deal with the following:
1 . Latera l deflections of piles at ground level at working loads
2. Ultimat e lateral resistance of piles under lateral loads
Broms' provide d solution s fo r bot h shor t an d lon g pile s installe d i n cohesiv e an d
cohesionless soil s respectively . H e considere d pile s fixe d o r fre e t o rotat e a t th e head . Latera l
deflections a t workin g loads hav e bee n calculate d usin g the concep t o f subgrad e reaction . I t i s
assumed that the deflection increases linearly with the applied loads when the loads applied are less
than one-half to one-third of the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile.

Lateral Deflection s a t Workin g Load s

Lateral deflections at working loads can be obtained from Fig. 16. 5 for cohesive soil and Fig. 16. 6
for cohesionles s soil s respectively. For piles in saturated cohesive soils, the plot in Fig. 16. 5 gives
the relationships between the dimensionless quantity (3L and (y okdL)IPt fo r free-head and restrained
piles, where

El = stiffnes s o f pile section

k = coefficien t o f horizontal subgrade reaction
d - widt h or diameter of pile
L = length of pile
A pile is considered lon g or short on the following condition s
Free-head Pile
Long pile when ft L > 2.50
Short pile when j B L < 2.5 0
710 Chapter 1 6

1 2 3 4 5
Dimensionless length , fi L

Figure 16. 5 Chart s for calculatin g latera l deflection a t th e groun d surfac e of

horizontally loade d pil e i n cohesive soil (afte r Broms 1964a )

46 10
Dimensionless length, rjL

Figure 16. 6 Chart s for calculatin g lateral deflection a t the groun d surfac e of
horizontally loade d piles in cohesionless soil (afte r Brom s 1964b )
Deep Foundatio n II: Behavio r o f Laterall y Loade d Vertica l an d Batter Pile s 711

Fixed-head Pil e
Long pile whe n ft L > 1.5
Short pile when fi L < 1.5
Tomlinson (1977) suggests that it is sufficiently accurat e to take the value of k in Eq. (16.17)
as equal to k\ given in Table 14.1(b) .
Lateral deflections at working loads of piles embedded in cohesionless soil s may be obtained
from Fig . 16. 6 Non-dimensionles s facto r [ v (£7) 3/5 (n h)2/5]/PtL i s plotte d a s a functio n o f r\L fo r
various values of e/ L
where y = deflection a t ground level
1/5

El (16.18)

nh = coefficient of soil modulus variation

PC = latera l load applied at or above ground level
L= length of pile
e= eccentricity of load.

Ultimate Latera l Resistanc e o f Pile s i n Saturate d Cohesiv e Soil s

The ultimate soil resistance of piles in cohesive soils increases with depth from 2c u (c u = undrained
shear strength) to 8 to 12 cu at a depth of three pile diameters (3d) below the surface. Broms (1964a)
suggests a constan t valu e o f 9c u belo w a dept h o f l.5d a s th e ultimat e soi l resistance .
Figure 16. 7 give s solutions for short piles and Fig. 16. 8 for long piles. The solutio n for long piles

04 8 1 21 6
Embedment length , Lid

Figure 16. 7 Ultimat e latera l resistanc e o f a short pil e i n cohesive soi l relate d t o
embedded lengt h (afte r Brom s (1964a) )
712 Chapter 1 6

3 46 10 2 04 0 10 0 200 40 0 60 0
Ultimate resistance moment,

Figure 16. 8 Ultimat e latera l resistance of a long pil e i n cohesive soi l relate d t o
embedded lengt h (afte r Broms (1964a) )

200

40

12
Length Lid

Figure 16. 9 Ultimat e latera l resistance of a short pil e i n cohesionless soi l relate d t o
embedded lengt h (afte r Broms (1964b) }

involves th e yiel d momen t M, fo r th e pil e section . Th e equation s suggeste d b y Brom s fo r

computing M, are as follows:
Deep Foundatio n II : Behavio r o f Laterall y Loade d Vertica l an d Batte r Pile s 713

1000

10 10 0 1000 10000
Ultimate resistance moment, MJcfyK

Figure 16.1 0 Ultimate latera l resistance of a long pil e i n cohesionless soil relate d t o
embedded lengt h (afte r Broms (1964b) )

For a cylindrical steel pipe section

My=\3fyZ (16.19a)
For an H-sectio n
M^UfyZ^ (16.19b)
where / = yiel d strength of the pile material
Z = sectio n modulu s of the pile section
The ultimat e strength o f a reinforce d concret e pil e sectio n ca n b e calculate d i n a similar
manner.

Ultimate Latera l Resistanc e o f Pile s i n Cohesionles s Soil s

The ultimat e lateral resistanc e o f a shor t pile s embedde d i n cohesionles s soi l ca n b e estimate d
making us e o f Fig . 16. 9 an d tha t o f lon g pile s fro m Fig . 16.10 . I n Fig . 16. 9 th e dimensionles s
quantity Pu/yd3Kp i s plotted against the Lid ratio for short piles and in Fig. 16.1 0 Pu/yd3Kp i s plotted
against M . In both cases the terms used are
y = effective uni t weight of soil
Kp = Rankine's passive earth pressure coefficient = tan2(45°+0/2)

Example 16. 4
A stee l pip e pil e o f 6 1 c m outsid e diamete r wit h 2.5 c m wal l thickness is drive n int o saturate d
cohesive soil to a depth of 20 m. The undrained cohesive strength of the soil is 85 kPa. Calculate the
ultimate lateral resistance of the pile by Broms' method with the load applied a t ground level.

Solution
The pile is considered as a long pile. Use Fig. 16. 8 to obtain the ultimate lateral resistance P u of the
pile.
714 Chapte r 16

My
The non-dimensional yield moment ~ , 3
cua
where=
Mv yiel d resistance of the pile sectio n
fZ
1.3 Jy
=f yiel d strengt h o f th e pil e materia l
2800 kg/cm 2 (assumed )

=Z sectio n modulu s = — — [dQ - d { ]

64 A
=I momen t o f inertia ,
=dg outsid e diamete= r 6 1 cm,
=di insid e diameter = 56 cm ,
=R outsid e radiu s = 30. 5 c m

314:
Z= - [614 -564 ] =6,452.6 cm 3
-
64x30.5
My = 1.3 x 2,800 x 6,452.6 =23.487 x 10 6 kg-cm .

M 23.48 7 xlQ6 _
0.85 x613

M _u
From Fig . 16. 8 fo r el d = 0, , , 3 ~ 122 , — ~ 35
dl

Pu = 35 c udQ2 = 35 x 8 5 x 0.61 2 = 1,10 7 k N

Example 16. 5
If the pile given in Ex. 16. 4 is restrained agains t rotation, calculate the ultimate lateral resistanc e P u.

Solution

v_ 122
Per Ex. 16. 4 ~JT~
"
MP
From Fig . 16.8 , fo r — y— = 122 , for restrained pil e — ^-50

Therefore p = — x 1,107 = 1,581 kN

"3 5

Example 16. 6
A stee l pip e pil e o f outsid e diamete r 6 1 c m an d insid e diamete r 5 6 c m i s drive n int o a medium
dense san d unde r submerge d conditions . Th e san d ha s a relative densit y o f 60% an d a n angl e of
internal frictio n o f 38° . Comput e th e ultimat e latera l resistanc e o f th e pil e b y BrorrT s method .
Assume tha t th e yiel d resistanc e o f th e pil e sectio n i s th e sam e a s tha t give n i n E x 16.4 . Th e
submerged uni t weigh t o f th e soi l y b = 8.7 5 kN/m 3.
 Deep Foundatio n II : Behavio r o f Laterall y Loade d Vertica l an d Batte r Pile s 71 5

Solution
From Fig . 16.1 0

Non-dimensional yield moment = ^4 ^

where, K = p tan 2 (45 + 0/2) = tan 2 64 = 4.20 ,

M=y 23.48 7 x 10 6 kg-cm,
=Y 8.7 5 kN/m 3 « 8.75 x 10' 4 kg/cm 3,
d= 6 1 cm.
Substituting,

M
v 23.48 7 xl06 x!0 4 . „
= 4o2
8.75 x 614 x 4.2

M
From Fig . 16.10 , for ,
y -~ -"462, for eld - 0 we have V( fiv-
4~

Therefore P u = 80 yd 3AT = 80 x 8.7 5 x 0.61 3 x 4.2 = 667 kN

Example 16. 7
If the pile in Ex. 16. 6 is restrained, wha t is the ultimate lateral resistance o f the pile?

Solution

M
4& 2
From Fig . 16.10 , for , 4~ - , the value
/t* * v p

Pu= I 13 5 Y^
p
K = ' 135 x 8.75 x 0.61 3 x 4.2 = 1,12 6 kN.

Example 16. 8

Compute the deflection a t ground level by Broms' method for the pile given in Ex. 16.1 .

Solution
FromEq. (16.18 )

1/5 1/ 5
77 = H!L= — = 0.42 4
El 4.3 5 xlO2
r? L = 0.424x20 = 8.5 .
From Fig . 16.6 , fo r f] L = 8.5, e IL = 0, we have

y£/) 3/5 K) 2/5 _ a2

02PtL 0.2x0.268x2 0
=y=
y 35
— = 0.014 m = 1.4 cm
* (El) ' (n. ) 2/5 (4.3 5 x 102 )3/5 (6)2/5
716 Chapte r16

Example 16. 9
If the pile given i n Ex. 16. 1 is only 4 m long, compute the ultimate lateral resistanc e o f the pile by
Broms' method.

Solution
FromEq. (16.18)
1/5 1/ 5
rj= ^= °
= 0.42 4
El 4.3 5 x l O2
11 L = 0.424x4=1.696 .
The pil e behaves as an infinitel y stif f membe r sinc e r\ L < 2.0, Lid = 4/0.61 = 6.6 .
From Fig . 16.9 , fo r Lid- 6.6 , e IL = 0, , we have
Pu/Y^Kp = 25.
0 = 33°, y= 8-75 kN/m 3 , d = 61 cm, K = tan2 (45° + 0/2) = 3.4 .
3 3
Now P u= i 25 yd
p
K = ^ 25 x 8.7 5 x (0.61)
'
x 3. 4 = 16 9 kN
If th e san d i s mediu m dense, a s give n i n Ex . 16.6 , the n K = 4.20, an d th e ultimat e latera l
resistance P u is

42
P = — x!69 = 209kN
" 3. 4
As pe r Ex . 16.6 , P u fo r a lon g pil e = 66 7 kN , whic h indicate s tha t th e ultimat e latera l
resistance increase s wit h th e lengt h of th e pil e and remain s constan t fo r a lon g pile .

16.7 A DIREC T METHO D FO R SOLVING TH E NON-LINEA R

BEHAVIOR O F LATERALL Y LOADE D FLEXIBL E PIL E PROBLEM S
Key t o th e Solutio n
The key to the solution of a laterally loaded vertica l pile problem i s the development o f an equation
for n h. The presen t stat e o f th e ar t doe s no t indicat e an y definit e relationshi p betwee n n h, the
properties of the soil, the pile material, and the lateral loads. However it has been recognize d tha t nh
depends o n the relativ e density of soil for pile s in sand an d undrained shear strengt h c for piles in
clay. It is well known that the value of nh decreases wit h an increase i n the deflection o f the pile. It
was Palme r e t a l (1948 ) who firs t showe d tha t a change o f width d of a pile wil l have a n effect on
deflection, momen t and soil reaction even while El is kept constant for all the widths. The selectio n
of an initial value for nh for a particular problem is still difficult an d many times quite arbitrary. The
available recommendations i n this regard (Terzagh i 1955 , an d Reese 1975 ) ar e widely varying .
The autho r has been workin g on this problem sinc e a long time (Murthy , 1965) . A n explici t
relationship between n h and th e other variabl e soil an d pile propertie s ha s bee n develope d o n the
principles of dimensional analysis (Murthy and Subb a Rao, 1995) .

Development o f Expression s fo r n h
The ter m n h may b e expressed a s a function of the following parameter s for piles i n sand an d clay.