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Lecture-4.1 ThermalPhysics Intro

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Thao Linh Luu Hoang
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28 views12 pages

Lecture-4.1 ThermalPhysics Intro

Uploaded by

Thao Linh Luu Hoang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Thermal Physics

 Temperature
 Thermal Expansion
 Ideal Gas Law
 Atoms, Molecules and Moles
 Kinetic Theory
Temperature :
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other are at
the same temperature
 Temperature is the property that determines whether or not
an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects

Celsius Scale
 Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0º C
This is the freezing point of water
 Temperature of a water-steam mixture is
defined as 100º C
This is the boiling point of water
 Distance between these points is divided
into 100 units.
 The scale is completely arbitrary!
Fahrenheit chose a different fluid.
Absolute Temperature

 The pressure of all gases in a fixed volume approaches 0 at


a common lowest achievable temperature.
 This temperature corresponds to zero incoherent
microscopic thermal energy, is common to all kind sof
objects and is called absolute zero
 When the pressure of a gas
goes to zero, its temperature is
–273.15º C
 This temperature is called
absolute zero
 This is the zero point of the
Kelvin scale
–273.15º C = 0 K
 To convert: TC = TK – 273.15
Thermal Expansion

 The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of


the increase in the average separation between its
constituent atoms or molecules as thermal energy is
added.
 At ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate with a small
amplitude. As temperature increases and heat is added,
the amplitude increases and the overall object as a whole
expands.
 Notice that thermal expansion of a solid or liquid can
involve energy comparable to the chemical energy binding
atoms together before the solid or liquid is destroyed. The
heat capacity of a solid or liquid can be quite large indeed.
The Ideal Gas Law

 PV = NkBT

P = pressure in N/m2 (or Pascals)


V = volume in m3
N = number of molecules
T = absolute temperature (K)
kB = Boltzmann’s constant
» kB = 1.28 x 10-23 J/K
» note: PV has units of N-m or J (energy!)
The Ideal Gas Law

 PV = NkBT
 Alternate way to write this
N = number of moles (n) x NA molecules/mole
PV= NkBT
» nNAkB T
» n(NAkB)T
» nRT
 PV = nRT
R = ideal gas constant = NAkB = 8.31 J/(mol-K)
Internal energy & Heat

 Heat (flow) is the transfer of energy across the boundary of


a system. Heat is present when there is a difference in
temperature between two systems in thermal contact.

 Internal Energy is all the energy of a system that is


associated with its microscopic components -- atoms and
molecules. But not the bulk motion.
Kinetic energy
Chemical bonding
Weak bonding (e.g. protein folding)
Nuclear energy
Units

 calorie -- amount of energy transferred which raises 1 gram


of water from 14.5 oC to 15.5 oC -- 4.186 joules

 Calorie -- amount of energy transferred which raises 1 kg of


water from 14.5 oC to 15.5 oC -- 4.186 kjoules

 In the U.S. the unit of heat is the BTU (British Thermal Unit)
-- which is the energy transfer required to raise one pound
of water from 63 oF to 64 oF -- 1054 joules

 Of course the usual mks unit of energy is the joule.


Mechanical equivalent of heat
 We know from the “non-conservation” of mechanical
energy there must be heat involved. (friction etc.)

 Joule did an experiment to measure the equivalence of the


mechanical unit of energy and the calorie.

4.186 J  1cal
Heat capacity

 We have defined the energy transfer necessary to change


the temperature of a gram of water (1 cal).

Is this a universal constant??

No! all materials have different requirements -- even ice is


different than water.

Generalize the relations

C
Q  CT c
m
Q  cT
heat capacity (object) specific heat (material)
Phase changes

 The conversion of materials from one form to another can


be expected to incorporate the exchange of energy.
i.e. conversion of ice to water.

 But there is no change of temperature!!

Q  mL
Work
Vf
 Work is done by forces
W  -  PdV
Vi

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