AKS UNIVERSITY, SATNA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

ARCHITECTURE OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

The description of the blocks is as follows:

1.Central Processing Unit (CPU) 7.Serial Communication Port
Function: Executes instructions, controls operations, and coordinates data flow between Type: Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART).
peripherals. Function: Supports serial communication for data transfer between the microcontroller and
The CPU handles: external devices (e.g., PCs or other microcontrollers).
Fetching instructions from program memory. Operates in full-duplex mode with four operational modes.
Decoding and executing them.
Managing arithmetic, logical, and control operations. 8.Interrupt Control
It contains an Instruction Register (IR) and Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the next Interrupt Sources: 5 (2 external, 2 timer, 1 serial).
instruction to execute. Function: Allows the CPU to respond immediately to high-priority tasks without polling.
Priorities can be set, and interrupts can be individually enabled or disabled using the Interrupt
2.Program Memory (ROM) Enable (IE) register.
Type: Read-Only Memory (internal or external).
Function: Stores the firmware or program code. 9.Special Function Registers (SFRs)
The 8051 typically includes 4 KB of internal ROM, but external ROM can be connected for Function: Control and monitor hardware components like timers, I/O ports, and the serial port.
larger programs (up to 64 KB). Examples:
TCON (Timer Control)
3.Data Memory (RAM) SCON (Serial Control)
Type: Random Access Memory (internal or external). ACC (Accumulator)
Function: Provides temporary storage for variables and data during execution. B (Register for multiplication/division operations)
Structure of internal RAM (128 bytes):
a. General-purpose RAM: 80 bytes (30H–7FH) for data and variables. 10.Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
b. Bit-addressable area: 16 bytes (20H–2FH) for bit-level operations. Function: Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logical (AND, OR, XOR, etc.) operations.
c. Register banks: 32 bytes (00H–1FH), divided into 4 banks (R0–R7) for general-purpose Supports 8-bit operations and includes flags for carry, auxiliary carry, overflow, and parity.
registers.
11.Program Counter (PC)
4.Oscillator and Clock Circuit Function: Keeps track of the address of the next instruction to execute.
Function: Provides the clock signal for synchronization. Automatically increments after each instruction fetch.
The clock frequency determines the speed of instruction execution. A typical 8051 operates
at 12 MHz. 12.Stack Pointer (SP)
A quartz crystal oscillator or external clock can be used. Function: Points to the top of the stack in internal RAM.
Used for temporary storage of return addresses, local variables, or data during subroutine calls.
5.Timers/Counters
Timers: Used for time delays or generating precise time intervals. 13.External Memory Interface
Counters: Used to count external events. Function: Allows the microcontroller to access additional program or data memory when internal
Two 16-bit timers/counters (Timer 0 and Timer 1) are available, configurable for different memory is insufficient.
modes of operation. The 8051 can address up to 64 KB of external program memory and 64 KB of external data memory.

6.Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports)

Number: Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0, P1, P2, P3). 14.Power Management
Function: Allows connection to external devices (e.g., sensors, LEDs, motors). Idle Mode: Disables the CPU but keeps timers and the serial port active.
Each pin of these ports can be configured as an input or output. Power-Down Mode: Reduces power consumption by halting the oscillator and disabling all
functions except external interrupts.

SUBMITTED BY-
SUBMITTED TO- Muskan Shukla- B2255R10106115
Mansi Agnihotri- B2255R10106120
MR. KRISHNA KUMAR TRIPATH
(Department of Computer Science & Engineering)
Neha vishwakarma - B2255R10106072
Shivani Ahirwar - B2255R10106061
Divya lodhi- B2255R10106081
Ashish Bharti - B2255R10106066
B.TECH (CSE)- V SEMESTER Rakhi pandey- B2255R10106119
Ruchi - B2255R10106075