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17 views7 pages

Otes of

FGTGFG

Uploaded by

anshurangari4780
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© © All Rights Reserved
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otes of Ch 1 Chemical Reactions and

Equations Class 10th Science


Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Chemical reaction
• Chemical equation
• Balanced chemical equation
• Types of chemical reaction
• Corrosion
• Rancidity

Introduction

→ Most of the substance around us undergoes various


changes. Some of these changes are temporary with
no new substance being formed. They are called
physical changes.

→ In certain other changes the new substance formed


in which the reactant or the parent loses its identity to
form new substance called product. These changes
are permanent changes as we won’t get the reactant
back.

Chemical Reaction
→ Chemical reaction is the process by which two or
more substance react with each other to form new
substance with different properties.

→ These are the following changes to determine that


the chemical reaction has taken place:
(i) Change in state
(ii) Change in colour
(iii) Evolution of gas
(iv) Change in temperature

Chemical Equation

→ A chemical equation is the symbolic representation


of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and
formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on
the left-hand side and the product entities on the
right-hand side.
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

(Reactant) (Product)

Balanced chemical equation

→ The chemical equation that shows the chemical


reaction needs to be balanced. A balanced chemical
equation occurs when the number of the atoms
involved in the reactants side is equal to the number
of atoms in the products side.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

Types of chemical reaction

→ Combination reaction: Such a reaction in which a


single product is formed from two or more reactants is
known as a combination reaction.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a large
amount of heat.
A solution of slaked lime produced by the reaction is
used for white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide
reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air to form a
thin layer of calcium carbonate on the walls. Calcium
carbonate is formed after two to three days of white
washing and gives a shiny finish to the walls. It is
interesting to note that the chemical formula for
marble is also CaCO3.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
(slaked lime) (calcium carbonate)
Burning of coal: C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (aq)
Formation of water: H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (aq)
Burning of natural gas (Methane): CH4 (g) + O2 (g) →
CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

→ Exothermic reaction: An exothermic process


releases heat, and causes the temperature of the
immediate surroundings to rise The rice, potatoes and
bread we eat contain carbohydrates. These
carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. This
glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body
and provides energy. The special name of this
reaction is respiration is an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6CO2 + 6H2O (l) + energy
(glucose)

→ Endothermic reaction: An endothermic process


absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.
The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost
is also an example of an endothermic reaction.

→ Decomposition reaction: When single reactant


breaks down to give simpler products. This is a
decomposition reaction.
White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This is due
to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and
chlorine by light.

The above reactions are used in black and white


photography.

→ Displacement reaction: Displacement reaction is


a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its compound.
Both metals and non-metals take part in displacement
reactions. Reaction of iron nails with copper sulphate
solution.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (g) + Cu (s)
Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq) → PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

→ Double Displacement reaction: A double


displacement reaction, also known as a double
replacement reaction or metathesis, is a type of
chemical reaction where two compounds react, and
the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion)
of the two reactants switch places, forming two new
compounds or products.
Na
2(SO)4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + NaCl (aq)

→ Redox reaction: An oxidation-reduction (Redox)


reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons between two species. An
oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction
in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or
ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.

Oxidation: This process involves gain of oxygen or loss


of hydrogen.

Reduction: This process involves gain of hydrogen or


loss of oxygen.

→ Oxidizing Agent
It is the substance which gives oxygen or gains
hydrogen.
Or it the substance which is reduced itself and
oxidizes other.

→ Reducing Agent
It is the substance which gives hydrogen or gains
oxygen.
Or it the substance which is oxidized itself and
reduces other.

Oxidation is the process which involves loss of


electrons but reduction is the process which involves
gain of electrons.

Corrosion

The process of slow conversion of metals into their


undesirable compounds due to their reaction with
oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the
atmosphere is called corrosion.
Rusting – Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture
forms red substance called rust.

Rancidity

→ The taste and odour of food materials containing fat


and oil changes when they are left exposed to air for
long time. This is called rancidity. It is caused due to
oxidation of fat and oil present in food material.

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