INFLUENCE OF FAMILY INCOME TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM STUDENTS

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Senior High School
Mangaldan National High School
Mangaldan, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the
Practical Research 2

BIANAN, Brian V.
CEREZO, Nicksie V.
DE GUZMAN, Cindy R.
FORAYO, Zeo D.
JUNIO, Princess Nicole M.
MALANUM, Nica Mae E.
MARZAN, Hazel Joyce Q.
PEROCHE, Krista Mae M.

Grade 12 – Accountancy, Business and Management

School Year 2024 - 2024
 Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study

Education is a vital foundation for personal and societal development,

equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate complex

social dynamics and contribute positively to community advancement. For students in

secondary school, particularly those in Grade 12, the academic journey can be

challenging due to a rigorous curriculum and increasing expectations. This journey is

particularly pronounced for Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) students, as

their family's financial status significantly impacts their educational experiences and

outcomes.

Family income plays a crucial role in determining the accessibility of essential

educational materials, including textbooks, technology, and tutoring. Families with

higher incomes can afford extracurricular educational activities that enhance a child's

learning experience, providing resources that can lead to improved academic

performance and a deeper comprehension of the material. In contrast, lower-income

students frequently encounter barriers in obtaining these vital resources, resulting in

disparities in their educational opportunities. According to Donald Luke (2020),

financial status encompasses both economic and social dimensions that influence the

educational support families can provide.

The responsibility of meeting students' academic needs lies predominantly

with parents. Financial strain can reduce parents' ability to engage meaningfully in

their children's education, impacting the students’ motivation and overall academic

resilience. Moreover, the pressures of financial instability can lead to increased stress
levels for both parents and children, adversely affecting students’ mental health and

focus.

According to Acbang et al. (2019), students from low-income families often

experience shortages of educational resources, which can negatively affect their

academic performance. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, as

many families faced job losses and reduced working hours due to lockdown. The

American Academy of Pediatrics (2021) reported that a significant number of parents

experienced changes in employment status, further limiting their ability to support

their children's educational needs.

The relationship between family income and academic achievement has

received considerable attention in educational research. Numerous studies indicate

that students from wealthier homes typically outperform their less privileged peers

due to disparities in educational resources, parental involvement, and the overall

stability of the home environment. A notable study by Duncan and Brooks-Gunn

(1997) titled "Income Effects Across the Life Cycle: A Review of Research"

highlights how increased family income provides greater educational opportunities

and resources, positively influencing academic performance. The study found that

children from wealthier families often have access to more engaging educational

experiences and supportive environments, which contribute to their academic success.

The beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) students face

several significant challenges due to family income limitations, which adversely

affect their academic performance:

 1. Limited Access to Educational Resources. Many 4Ps students struggle to

obtain necessary learning materials, such as textbooks, digital devices, and

reliable internet connections, which hinder their ability to keep pace with their

peers.

2. Inability to Participate in Extracurricular Activities. Participation in

extracurricular activities, essential for academic and social development, is often

out of reach for students from low-income families due to associated costs.

3. Reduced Parental Support Due to Financial Pressures. Financial strain can

compel parents to work longer hours or multiple jobs, resulting in less time

available to assist their children with academic responsibilities.

4. Increased Academic Stress Due to Financial Instability. The anxiety associated

with financial insecurity weighs heavily on students, impacting their mental

health and focus, which can distract them from their studies.

5. Higher Dropout Risks. Financial hardship may compel students to consider

leaving school to contribute to their family's income, threatening their long-term

educational and career opportunities.

Understanding these problems is crucial for developing effective interventions

that support the academic success and well-being of 4Ps students. By examining the

influence of family income on the academic performance of Grade 12 4Ps students at

Mangaldan National High School, this study aims to illuminate the educational

challenges these students face and identify potential support mechanisms. Addressing

these challenges is essential for fostering a more equitable educational environment

that promotes personal growth and reduces the risk of students dropping out,

ultimately benefiting both individuals and the broader community.

 Conceptual Framework
The following diagram shows the independent and dependent variables of the

study, which help grasp and understand what the research is about. The conceptual

framework is formulated to explain the relationship between these variables. In this

study, family income is the independent variable, which influences academic

performance, the dependent variable. Additionally, the framework considers

intervening variables that may mediate or moderate this relationship, such as parental

involvement, access to resources, student motivation, and senior high school strand.

ACADEMIC
FAMILY INCOME
PERFORMANCE

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Parental Involvement

Access to Resources

Student Motivation

Senior High Strand

Intervening Variable
Diagram 1.1 Research Paradigm
 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to investigate the influence of family income to the academic

performance among Grade 12 students who are beneficiaries of 4Ps at the Mangaldan

National High School for the year 2024-2025. Specifically, it seeks to answer the

following questions:

1) What is the demographic profile of the respondent?

a) Monthly Family Income

b) Senior High School Strand

c) General Average of 1st Quarter

2) How does the monthly income of parents affect a student’s academic

performance?

3) Does family income level lead to differences in a student's academic

performance?

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between family income and the academic

performance of Grade 12 4Ps students at Mangaldan National High School for the

2024-2025 school year.

 Significance of Study
This study explores the influence of family income to the academic

performance of Grade 12 students at Mangaldan National High School. The findings

are expected to provide valuable insights for various stakeholders:

Students
The findings will help students, especially those who are beneficiaries of

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), understand how their financial situation

may affect their academic performance. This knowledge can empower them to take

advantage of available resources and support and to engage proactively with their

educational opportunities.

Parents and Guardians

Raising awareness about the influence of financial stability on academic

success can encourage better utilization of 4Ps benefits and seeks additional resources

to support their children’s education.

Community
By examining the influence of family income on student’s academic

performance, this study can inform the Department of Social Welfare and

Development, other government agencies, and the community. The findings may help

refine and enhance the 4Ps program, ensuring it better support to students’

educational needs while fostering support for educational initiatives that promote

equity and assist low-income families.

Future Researchers
This study will serve as a reference for further research on socio-economic

factors affecting educational performance, providing a foundation for exploring

additional support mechanism for low-income levels.

 Scope and Delimitation

This study assesses the influence of family income on the academic

performance of Grade 12 students who are beneficiaries of 4Ps at Mangaldan

National High School for the 2024-2025 academic year. It specifically examines the

correlation between family income levels and academic performance, as measured by

grades and overall achievements.

The study is limited to Grade 12 4Ps students at Mangaldan National High

School, excluding students from other grades, non-4Ps students, and those from

different schools or regions. This ensures the findings are specific to this context.

Quantitative data will be collected through survey questionnaire. While the

focus is on the direct relationship between family income and academic performance,

the study will also consider how intervening variables such as parental involvement,

access to resources, student motivation, and senior high school strand might influence

this relationship. However, it will not explore other factors like parental education or

community environment, nor will it address long-term impacts beyond the senior high

school years.

Definition of Terms
4Ps Beneficiaries: Grade 12 students at Mangaldan National High School

whose families receives financial aid from the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

(4Ps).

Academic Performance: Students' educational achievements measured by

grades and school performance.

 Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): The government

agency responsible for administering the 4Ps, which which provides financial

assistance to beneficiary families.

Educational Resources: Learning tools such as textbooks, technology, and

tutoring available to Grade 12 4Ps students.

Family Income: The monthly earnings of Grade 12 4Ps students’ families,

influencing their abilities to support educational needs.

Financial Stability: A family’s capacity to meet basic needs and support their

child’s education.

Household Expenditure: The total amount a family spends on goods and

services, impacting the educational resources available to students.

Learning Environment: The physical and virtual spaces in which Grade 12

4Ps students learn.

Mangaldan National High School (MNHS): A public high school in

Mangaldan, Pangasinan, Philippines. This is the institution where the study is

conducted, focusing on Grade 12 4Ps beneficiaries.

Parental Involvement: The participation of parents in their child’s education,

such as helping with homework.

Senior High School Strand: The academic track chosen by Grade 12, such as

ABM, STEM, HUMSS, GAS, or TVL.

Socio-economic Disparities: Differences in income and resources between

families, affecting academic performance.

 Socio-Economic Status (SES): A family’s economic and social position

based on income, education, and occupation.

Student Motivation: The drive to learn and succeed, potentially influenced by

family income and other factors.

Parents and Guardians: Individuals responsible for Grade 11 4Ps students’

care and education.

 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

This chapter examines the influence of family income on academic

performance, drawing on prior research that underscores the significant role of

socioeconomic factors in educational achievement. Numerous studies highlight how

family income affects students’ access to learning resources, school attendance, and

overall academic engagement.

Foreign Studies

Family Income and Education

Income and Educational Access: Family income significantly influences

students' access to educational resources, consistent school attendance, and the ability

to focus on their studies. Low-income families often encounter barriers such as

limited access to educational materials, inadequate nutrition, and unstable living

conditions, all of which can detrimentally impact academic performance (Smith &

Johnson, 2018). Research indicates that lower-income families face challenges

including reduced access to resources, higher school dropout rates, and poorer

educational outcomes, ultimately influencing academic performance negatively

(Lacour & Tissington, 2011).

Income Inequality and Educational Achievement: Income disparities have

consistently been shown to affect academic performance. Students from higher-

income families tend to achieve better academic outcomes due to superior access to

resources and support systems (Jones, 2019). This foundation is essential for

understanding the academic success of students participating in the 4Ps, who typically

come from lower-income backgrounds. Research indicates that lower family income
correlates with diminished educational outcomes, necessitating an understanding of

income disparities (Dahl & Lochner, 2012; Hill & Jepsen, 2020).

Correlation Between Family Income and Academic Performance

Income-Performance Correlations: Numerous correlational studies have

explored the relationship between family income and academic performance,

generally supporting the notion that higher family income correlates with improved

academic outcomes (Brown, 2020). However, some research presents alternative

findings, suggesting that additional factors may play significant roles (Davis, 2021).

Quantitative studies have revealed both direct and indirect links between family

income and student performance, indicating that higher family income often

corresponds with better academic outcomes, particularly in low-resource settings

(Alviola et al., 2019; Cardoso & Verner, 2020).

Income Level Differences in Academic Performance: Academic outcomes

exhibit significant variation among different income groups. Research indicates that

students from higher-income families consistently outperform their lower-income

counterparts, underscoring the critical role of financial stability in educational success

(Wilson, 2023).

Demographic Factors and Academic Performance

First Quarter General Average as a Measure of Academic Performance:

Academic performance is often assessed using quarterly grades, with the general

average serving as a reliable indicator of overall achievement across subjects

(Martinez, 2019). This consistent measure provides insights into student progress and

achievement, especially in correlational research designs examining factors like

income (Gonzales, 2017; Taylor & MacKenney, 2018).

 Local Studies

Family Income and Education

In the context of the Philippines, the disparities in family income illuminate

the financial limitations many students confront, restricting their access to critical

academic resources necessary for success (Baligad et al., 2019).

Correlation Between Family Income and Academic Performance

In the Philippines, the performance disparities among lower-income students

are notably pronounced compared to their higher-income peers, emphasizing a vital

consideration for studies focused on 4Ps beneficiaries (Santiago, 2018; Jimenez &

Ramon, 2022).

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and Educational Outcomes

Background of 4Ps: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) aims to

alleviate poverty and support education in the Philippines by providing conditional

cash transfers to low-income families. The program's goals encompass enhancing

health, nutrition, and education among the poorest households (Department of Social

Welfare and Development, 2020). As a conditional cash transfer initiative, 4Ps targets

low-income families to reduce poverty, promote educational attendance, and improve

health outcomes. While studies suggest that the program positively influences

educational attendance and health metrics, challenges persist in maintaining improved

academic performance (Department of Social Welfare and Development, 2020).

Impact of 4Ps on Student Performance: Research has demonstrated that 4Ps

has a beneficial impact on educational outcomes. For example, Reyes (2021) found

that beneficiaries of 4Ps exhibited higher school attendance rates and better academic

performance compared to non-beneficiaries. This section underscores the program's

impact, setting the stage for a detailed examination of the role of family income.

While 4Ps support helps students from lower-income families attend school,

persistent financial constraints affect attendance consistency and performance. The

mixed impact of the 4Ps program on academic success is notable, as the funds often

remain insufficient to address comprehensive educational needs (Lozano et al., 2020;

Reyes et al., 2021).

Demographic Factors and Academic Performance

Monthly Family Income: Research indicates a correlation between monthly

family income and student performance, particularly in senior high school contexts.

Studies within the Filipino context reveal that students from low-income families

frequently struggle academically due to financial constraints (Garcia, 2022). Despite

the support provided by 4Ps, financial barriers continue to hinder consistent

attendance and academic performance.

Educational Track and Student Performance: Different academic strands in

senior high school significantly influence student performance. Research suggests that

students in science and technology tracks tend to outperform their peers in other

tracks (Lopez, 2020). This observation provides context for understanding the

diversity among 4Ps students. Literature indicates that the selection of academic

strands in senior high school can impact students’ performance due to variances in

resources, support, and educational focus. Each track presents distinct educational

demands and opportunities, influencing academic outcomes (David et al., 2019).

 Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter presents the comprehensive investigation of how financial income may

influence the academic performance of Grade 12 4Ps students. The Methodology is organized

into the following sections: Research Design, Respondents and Sampling techniques, Sources

of Data, Research Instruments, Research Procedure, and Plan for Data Collection and Data

Analysis Technique, Ethical Considerations, and the Statistical Treatments.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will adopt a quantitative approach, placing particular

emphasis on utilizing a correlational research design. This design is selected to assess the

relationship between family income and the academic performance of Grade 11 Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) students at Mangaldan National High School. The

correlational design is particularly suited for this research, as it facilitates an examination of

whether a statistically significant association exists between family income, the independent

variable, and students' academic performance, the dependent variable, and/or either there is an

intervening variables that might affect there school performance. Importantly, this approach

allows for the observation of natural variations between these variables without any

manipulation, aligning with the study’s objective to understand the socio-economic factors

impacting educational outcomes.

The choice of a correlational research design is an effective choice for this study

where establishing causation is not the primary goal but rather identifying and interpreting

relationships between variables. In this study, the intent is to uncover any potential patterns or

associations between family income levels and academic performance, which could indicate

the broader influence of economic factors on the educational achievements of 4Ps

beneficiaries.
 This approach provides a structured, data-driven analysis that enriches our

comprehension of the study's focus, ultimately contributing to a well-rounded perspective on

socio-economic impacts within the educational sector.

Population and Sampling Technique

After all permissions have been asked and granted, the researchers will proceed to

sampling techniques to determine the number of the respondents. In this study, The

population of interest includes all Grade 11 students at Mangaldan National High School who

are beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). To ensure that the

sample is representative of this population, the researchers will employ two probability

method, specifically, the researchers will use a combination of stratified and simple random

sampling technique. Initially, the researchers will apply stratified sampling to categorize

students by their educational strand (STEM, ABM, HUMSS, and TVL), section, and gender.

Stratified sampling ensures that each subgroup is represented proportionally in the sample,

which is crucial in capturing the diversity of 4Ps students across different strands and

demographic backgrounds.

Once the population is divided into these strata, simple random sampling will be used

within each stratum to select the final participants, giving each 4Ps student an equal chance of

selection. This techniques minimizes sampling bias and increases the generalizability of the

findings. By employing both stratified and simple random sampling, the researchers aim to

capture a balanced and unbiased sample of Grade 11 4Ps students, thereby enhancing the

reliability and accuracy of the study’s insights into the role of family income in academic

performance.
 Sources of Data

The data for this study will be obtained from both primary and secondary sources to

create a comprehensive data-set. Primary data will be collected directly from the respondents

using a structured survey questionnaire that gathers information on demographic

characteristics, family income levels, and academic performance indicators. This primary data

is critical for understanding each respondent's socio-economic status and academic

achievement.

Secondary data will include academic performance records, specifically the general

average of students for the first quarter of the 2024-2025 academic year. This information will

be sourced from school records to ensure accuracy. Additionally, a verified list of Grade 11

4Ps students will be obtained from the school’s Guidance Office to confirm program

beneficiaries and their eligibility for participation in the study. Combining both primary and

secondary data ensures a robust analysis that aligns with the study’s objectives of

investigating the influence of family income to the academic performance among 4Ps

students.

Research Instruments

In this research, the primary instrument for data collection will be a close-ended

survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire is chosen because it provides a structured

method for gathering quantitative data. It allows for the collection of specific information

related to family income, academic performance, and other intervening details that are crucial

for understanding the relationship between these variables. The survey is an effective tool

because it enables the researchers to gather large amounts of data efficiently, ensuring that the

study remains both systematic and objective.

The survey questionnaire will be carefully prepared by the researchers, ensuring that

the questions are clear, concise, and relevant to the study's objectives. The questionnaire will

undergo a pilot testing phase, where a small sample of students will complete the survey to
check for clarity and understanding. Any issues arising from the pilot test will be addressed,

and the questionnaire will be revised accordingly. After the pilot test, the final version of the

questionnaire will be validated by the research adviser. This validation process ensures the

reliability and validity of the instrument. Reliability refers to the consistency of responses,

while validity ensures that the questions accurately measure the intended concepts, such as

family income and the academic performance.

The final copies of the questionnaires will be personally distributed by the researchers

to the selected respondents. The researchers will ensure that the participants fully understand

the purpose of the survey and provide instructions on how to fill out the questionnaire. Grade

11 4Ps students will be informed that their participation is voluntarily, and all responses will

remain confidential. The survey will be distributed during students' free periods to minimize

disruption to their academic activities. Once completed, the researchers will collect the

questionnaires on the same day to ensure a smooth data collection process.

Research Procedure

Once the questionnaires have been validated by the research adviser, the researchers

will ensure that an adequate number of copies are printed to accommodate all the respondents.

This involves multiplying the validated questionnaire to match the total number of Grade 11

students who are beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) at

Mangaldan National High School. To ensure that the study is conducted smoothly and

professionally, the researchers will seek the necessary permissions from several key

stakeholders. First, the researchers will request permission from the teachers whose students

will be participating in the study. They will also request consent from the Grade 11 4Ps

respondents to participate in the survey. Finally, the researchers will seek formal approval

from the school principal, requesting permission to conduct the survey within the school

premises. All permissions will be requested in writing through a formal letter of request,

which will be signed by the research teacher. The letter will explain the purpose of the
research, the role of the participants, and the process for data collection, ensuring

transparency and cooperation from all involved.

Once permission has been granted from all concerned parties, the researchers will

proceed with the distribution of the questionnaires. The letter of request and the copies of the

questionnaire will be personally delivered by the researchers to the school. During this

delivery, the researchers will take the opportunity to explain the purpose of the study and

provide instructions to the respondents on how to properly complete the questionnaires. This

face-to-face interaction ensures that the participants understand the purpose of the survey, the

voluntary nature of their participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. It also allows

the researchers to clarify any doubts the respondents may have, which helps ensure the quality

of the data collected.

The completed questionnaires will be retrieved on the same day they are distributed.

This timely collection allows for minimal disruption to the students' schedules and ensures

that the response rate is maximized. The researchers will make sure that all participants fill

out the questionnaires completely and correctly, checking for any missing or unclear

responses.

After collecting the completed questionnaires, the researchers will tabulate the data.

The responses will be organized systematically to facilitate analysis. Data will be entered into

a database or spreadsheet, allowing for efficient processing and examination. The tabulated

data will then be analyzed using the appropriate statistical procedures, which may include

methods such as the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation to determine the relationship

between family income and academic performance. This statistical technique will help to

quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables, providing

meaningful insights into the research question. The researchers will ensure that all steps in the

data analysis process are carefully conducted to maintain the integrity of the results.
 Plan for Data Collection Technique

The participants in this study will be Grade 11 senior high school students who are

beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) at Mangaldan National High

School. The main objective of the study is to investigate the influence of family income on

the academic performance of these students. In order to achieve this objective, the study will

adopt a quantitative research approach, which is particularly suited for measuring

relationships between variables such as family income and academic performance.

The primary data collection technique for this study will be the use of survey

questionnaires. Surveys are an effective tool for this type of research because they allow the

researchers to gather specific, structured data from a large number of respondents in a short

period of time. The survey questionnaires will include questions related to the demographic

profile of the students (e.g., monthly family income, senior high school strand), as well as

their academic performance, specifically their general average for the 1st quarter of the school

year. This method is particularly useful for ensuring that the data collected is both consistent

and comparable across all respondents.

The researcher will distribute printed questionnaires to the respondents, ensuring that

each participant has enough time to answer the questions thoughtfully and accurately. The

questionnaires will be handed out during the students’ free periods or designated times when

they are available, taking into consideration their class schedules and other academic

commitments. This approach allows for maximum participation without disrupting the

students' regular academic routines. Additionally, the researchers will be present to assist the

students if they encounter any difficulties while completing the survey, ensuring that all

responses are as accurate as possible.

By utilizing this data collection technique, the researchers aim to gather a large set of

data that can be analyzed quantitatively. This approach will provide meaningful insights into

the relationship between family income and academic performance among Grade 11 4Ps
students at Mangaldan National High School, contributing to the understanding of how socio-

economic factors influenced educational outcomes.

Plan for Data Analysis Technique

Accurate and appropriate data analysis procedures are essential for drawing

meaningful conclusions from this study. The data gathered from the survey will be treated

with the utmost confidentiality to ensure the privacy and integrity of each participant's

responses. This careful handling of the data is critical for maintaining ethical standards and

ensuring the reliability of the results.

The gathered data from Grade 11 4Ps students at Mangaldan National High School

will be analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r). This statistical

tool is suitable for measuring the strength and direction of the relationship between two

normally distributed variables. In this study, the two primary variables being examined are

family income and academic performance (as reflected by the students' general average for

the 1st quarter). According to Walk and Rupp (2011), the Pearson correlation coefficient

helps quantify how closely two variables are related, with values ranging from -1 (a perfect

negative correlation) to +1 (a perfect positive correlation), and a value of 0 indicating no

relationship.

To ensure the accuracy and robustness of the analysis, the researchers will also verify

the results by performing a t-test for correlation coefficients. This additional test will assess

the statistical significance of the correlation and determine whether the observed relationship

between family income and academic performance is likely to be genuine or if it occurred by

chance. This double-checking procedure is essential to ensure the reliability and validity of

the findings.

The researchers will begin analyzing the gathered data by first tabulating the

responses to organize the information in a structured and accessible format. This will involve
entering the data into a statistical software program, where the Pearson correlation will be

calculated. The researchers will carefully examine the results and immerse themselves in the

tabulated data to become familiar with its content and patterns. This deep engagement with

the data will help ensure that any nuances or trends are not overlooked and will provide a

comprehensive understanding of how family income holds academic performance.

The use of these statistical techniques will enable a comprehensive and accurate

analysis of the relationship between the two variables. The findings from the Pearson

correlation and the t-test will provide a clear understanding of the influence of family income

on academic performance, allowing the researchers to draw valid conclusions and make

recommendations based on the data.

Ethical Considerations
Ethical principles will form the foundation of this research, shaping every aspect of

the methodology to maintain the utmost standards of integrity and respect. To ensure ethical

conduct, the research team will adhere to the following key practices:

Informed Consent: Prior to commencing any data collection, the researchers will

obtain informed consent from all participants, including school head, teachers, and students.

Comprehensive information about the research's objectives, procedures, potential risks, and

benefits will be provided. The informed consent process will be documented meticulously,

serving as evidence of participants' voluntary engagement.

Privacy and Confidentiality: Participants' privacy and confidentiality will be of

paramount concern. To safeguard their identities and personal information, the research team

will rigorously anonymize or pseudonymized data in all research materials and publications.

This measure will protect participants from potential harm and preserve their privacy rights.

Cultural Sensitivity and Respect: Interactions with the respondents will be

characterized by profound cultural sensitivity and unwavering respect for their ideas and
answers. The research team will approach their engagement with humility, openness, and a

genuine eagerness to learn from the respondents. Any requests or guidance from the

community concerning research conduct will be honored and prioritized.

Feedback and Beneficence: The researchers commit to providing feedback to

participants, sharing research findings and their implications in a clear and accessible manner.

This practice promotes transparency and reciprocity, reflecting the team's dedication to

beneficence, which aims to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm to participants.

Ethical Approval: Ethical approval will be diligently sought from relevant review

boards and institutions. This comprehensive approval process encompasses clearance from

institutional review boards, local authorities, and any necessary ethics committees. It ensures

that the research aligns with established ethical standards and regulations.

Ongoing Ethical Monitoring: The researchers' commitment to ethical considerations

will extend beyond the initial stages of the research. They will continuously monitor and

evaluate the ethical implications of research actions, adapting their approach as needed to

address any unforeseen ethical challenges that may emerge during the research process.

Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: The research team will strive to maximize benefits

to the participants and the community while minimizing potential harm. This includes a

proactive assessment of potential risks and measures to mitigate them.

Data Security and Protection: To ensure the security of participants' data, the

research team will implement stringent data protection measures, including secure storage and

encryption to prevent unauthorized access.

Transparent Reporting: The results and findings of the research will be reported

transparently and accurately, avoiding any manipulation of data or selective reporting that

could compromise the integrity of the research.

 Responsible Dissemination: The research team will be responsible in the

dissemination of findings, ensuring that the results are used for the betterment of the

community and not for any exploitative or harmful purposes.

By steadfastly upholding these ethical principles and practices, the researchers aim to

carry out this research in a way that respects the rights and well-being of all participants while

nurturing a positive and mutually beneficial relationship with the local community. This

ethical foundation will serve as the bedrock for every facet of the research, enhancing its

integrity and societal significance.

Statistical Treatment

The following Statistical procedures will be used to get the sample size and to

interpret the data that will be gathered from the respondents of this study.

1. Simple percentage. The demographic profile variables of the respondents were

analyzed using the simple percentage with the following formula:

Where:

P = Percentage

F = frequency for each category

N = Total number of the respondents

100 = Constant multiplier

 2. Slovin’s Formula. In this study, it is applied to calculate the minimum sample size

needed with the formula given:

Where:

N = population size

n = sample size

e = margin of error

3. Weighted Mean. This statistical tool was used to compute for the weight of the

responses in the questionnaire assigned by the respondents during the actual data gathering

procedure. The formula for the weighted mean is as follows:

Where:

WM = Weighted Mean

Σ = Summation Symbol

F = Frequency for each question

W = Assigned Weight
 N = Total Number of Frequencies

The following are the corresponding verbal interpretations for the weighted mean

Weighted Corresponding Remarks

Means/Equivalent

2.60 - 3.00 Always

2.20 - 2.59 Often

1.80 - 2.19 Sometimes

1.40 - 2.79 Seldom

1.00 - 1.39 Never

4. Likert Scale. The following Likert Scale serves as the guide for interpreting the

data gathered.

Scale Weighted Corresponding Remarks

Means/Equivalent

5 4.20 - 5.00 Always

4 3.40 - 4.19 Often

3 2.69 - 3.39 Sometimes

2 1.80 - 2.59 Seldom

1 1.00 - 1.79 Never

 5. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. This will be used to test the

correlation between the two variables involved.

Where:

N = Number of Data Pairs

ΣX = Sum of First Data Set

ΣY = Sum of Second Data Set

ΣX2 = Sum of Squared X Data

ΣY2 = Sum of Squared Y Data

ΣXY = Sum of the Product of Paired Data

6. t-Test for the correlation coefficient r. this will be utilized to test the null

hypothesis stated in the study using computed value of coefficient r.

Where:

t = Computed T-Score

r = Computed Correlation Coefficient r

p = p-value from the table or critical values

n = Number of Pairs
 df = Degrees of Freedom

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