Structural Analysis-I

DEGREE OF STATIC AND KINETIEC

INDETERMINANCY
Statically Determinate structure
 The structure for which the reactions at the supports & internal
forces in the members can be found out by the conditions of static
equilibrium, is called a statically determinate structure.

 Example of determinate structures are: simply supported beams, cantilever

beams, single and double overhanging beams, three hinged arches, etc.

 There are three basic conditions of static equilibrium:

ΣH = 0
ΣV = 0
ΣM = 0
Statically indeterminate structure
 The structure for which the reactions at the supports & the internal forces in the
members can not be found out by the conditions of static equilibrium, is called statically
indeterminate structure.

 Examples of indeterminate structures are: fixed beams, continuous beams, fixed arches,
two hinged arches, portals, multistoried frames, etc.

 If equations of static equilibrium are not sufficient to determine all the unknown reactions
(vertical, horizontal & moment reactions) acting on the structure, it is called externally
indeterminate structure or externally redundant structure.

 If equations of static equilibrium are not sufficient to determine all the internal forces and
moments in the member of the structure, even though all the external forces acting on the
structure are known, is called internally indeterminate structure or internally redundant
structure.
 DEGREE OF STATIC INDETERMINCY(DS):
 The degree of static indeterminacy of the structure may be defined as the
number of unknown forces in excess of equations of statics.
It is also known as degree of redundancy.

Therefore,
degree of static indeterminacy
= Total no. of unknown forces – Number of equations of static available

 Redundants may be support reactions or internal forces in the members.

 If redundants are removed from the structure, it becomes determinate.

 Thus, the degree of indetermincy is equal to the number of releases necessary

make the structure determinate.

DS = DSE + DSI
S. No. Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

1 Equilibrium conditions are fully Conditions of equilibrium are

adequate to analyse the structure. not adequate to fully analyze
the structure.
2 Bending moment or shear force at Bending moment or shear force
any section is independent of the at any section depends upon
material property of the structure. the material property.

3 The bending moment or shear The bending moment or shear

force at any section is force at any section depends
independent of the cross-section upon the cross-section or
or moment of inertia. moment of inertia.

4 Temperature variations do not Temperature variations cause

cause stresses. stresses.
5 No stresses are caused due to Stresses are caused due to lack
lack of fit. of fit.
6 Extra conditions like compatibility Extra conditions like
of displacements are not required compatibility of displacements
to analyze the structure. are required to analyze the
structure along with the
equilibrium equations.
External stability:
 The support system shown in fig.
(a) are unstable, because it can
provide only parallel reaction
components. It cannot, therefore,
resist a force perpendicular to the
direction of the reactive forces.

 The support system shown in fig.

(b) are also unstable, because the
reactive forces are concurrent.
Hence, the support system is
incapable of resisting a couple
about the point “o”.
Internal stability:
 A structural system is internally stable if it can preserve its geometry under the action of all
kinds of forces tending to deform it. Significant internal forces are produced in the members of
a structural system as a result of even small changes in geometry.

 On the other hand, the geometry of unstable system, known as MECHANISMS, can change
substantially without generating appreciable internal forces.

 For pin-jointed plane & space structures, if the number of members is less than the minimum
requirement, an unstable system, known as mechanism is obtained.

 If number of members is more than the minimum required, an overstiff statically indeterminate
system is obtained.

 If the number of members is equal to the minimum required, a stable & determinate system is
obtained.

 A rigid-jointed frame is internally stable & statically determinate if it has an open configuration.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF BEAMS:

 In case of continuous beams, the shear & moment at any point in the beam are
readily known once the reaction components are determined. Thus these beams
are statically determinate internally.

 Therefore,
For beams, DSi = 0

The degree of indetermincy of a beam is therefore equal to its external redundancy.

DS = DSe
 As stated earlier,
DS = DSe = R – r
Where, R = total no. of reaction components
r = total no. of condition equations available
Example for beam:
 DS = R – r
Where, R = No. of reaction
components.

r = no. of condition equation

available.

 DS = (3+1+3) – 6
=1
 Therefore, beam is indeterminate to
first degree.

 Internal roller act as a link & provide

two extra conditions.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF PLANE TRUSS:
 A truss or an articulated structure, is composed of links or bars, assumed to be
connected by frictionless pin s at the joints, and arranged so that the area
enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is sub divided by the bars into
geometrical figures which are usually triangles.

 If all the members of a truss lie in one plan , it is called a plane truss.

 If members of a truss lie in three dimensions, it is called a space truss.

 In plane truss or space truss loads are applied at the joints only.

 The member of truss are subjected to only axial forces.

 At each joint of a plane truss, two equilibrium equations are available.

ΣH = 0 & ΣV = 0
Difference between truss & frame:

 Truss  Frame
 A truss is composed of links or  A frame is a structure composed of
straight bars assumed to be links or straight bars connected at
connected by frictionless pins at the their ends by rigid joints.
joints.  Forces may act any where on the
 Forces are applied only at the joints. member.
 Members are subjected to axial  Members are subjected to axial
forces only. forces, shear & moment.
 The members of truss experiences  The members of frame have
deformation in the for of axial significant deformations in the form
compression or tension in nature. of flexural & axial deformations.
 The members sub divide the  The members sub divide the
structure into geometrical figures. structure into geometrical figures.
Which are usually triangles. Which are usually rectangles.
Statically determinate truss:

 A truss in which unknowns can be determined by equilibrium equations

alone, is called statically determinate truss.

 The necessary condition for statically determinate truss is,

m = 2j - r

where, m = no. of members

J = no. of joints
r = no. of condition equations available
Types of trusses:
Types of trusses

Perfect truss Imperfect truss

m = 2j – r m = 2j – r
It is determinate and stable

Deficient truss Redundant truss

m < 2j – r m > 2j - r
The structure is always unstable It is stable & statically
indeterminate
Dsi = (m+r) – 2j
Example of plane trusses(pin jointed):
m = 16 J = 9
R=4 r=3
 Dse = R – r
=4–3
=1
Therefore, stable, indeterminate first
degree.
 Dsi = (m+r) – 2j
= (16+3) – 2(9) = 1
Therefore, indeterminate first degree.
 DS = Dse + Dsi
= 1+1 = 2
Therefore, indeterminate second degree.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF PLANE FRAMES:
 In the case of pin-jointed plane frames or trusses, the members carry only axial
forces & hence two equations are available at each joint.
ΣH = 0 & ΣV = 0

 In rigid jointed plane frame, each member carry three unknown internal forces
(i.e. axial force, shear force & B.M.). Therefore, three equations are available at
each joint.

 Degree of indeterminacy may be calculated by the following equation,

alternatively,

DS = (3m+R) – 3j
where, R = total no. of external reaction components.
 In case of hybrid structures, i.e. rigid jointed plane frame with few
pin joints, the degree of total indeterminacy (DS) may be
calculated by the following equation.

DS = (3m – rr) + R – 3(j + j’)

Where, rr = no. of members connected to pin or hinge

j’ = no. of hinges.
Examples of plane frame(Rigid jointed):

(1) m = 23
j = 16
R=3
r=3
C=8

DS = 3m + R – 3j
= (3 x 23) + 3 – 3 x 16
= 24

Therefore, stable, indeterminate twenty

fourth degree.
Plane frame(Rigid jointed):

(2) m = 10
j=8
j’ = 2
R=9
r=3
C=1

DS = (3m – rr) + R – 3(j + j’)

= (3 x 10 – 2) + 9 – 3(8 + 2)
= 28 + 9 – 30
=7
Therefore, stable indeterminate seventh
degree.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF GRIDS:
 A grid is a plane structure composed of continuous members that either intersect
or cross each other.

 All members of a grid, generally lie in one plan.

 The members of grid are subjected to vertical shear force, bending moment &
twisting moment at any cross section.

 Degree of static indeterminacy for grid is given by,

DS = 3m + R – 3j
Example for grids:

m=7
J=8
R = 14

Therefore.

DS = 3m + R – 3j
= (3 x 7) + 14 – 3 x 8
= 11
Stable, indeterminate eleventh degree.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF SPACE TRUSS:
 In the case of space truss, all the members of the truss do not lie in one plan.
Very often , space truss is formed by combining a series of plane trusses.

 The members of a space truss are subjected to axial forces only.

 The equilibrium of an entire space truss or sections of a space truss is described

by the six scalar equations given below.

ΣFX = 0, ΣFY = 0, ΣFZ = 0

ΣMX = 0, ΣMY = 0, ΣMZ = 0

 Degree of static indeterminacy for space truss is given by,

DS = m + R – 3j
Example of space truss:

m = 12
J=6
R=3x3=9
r=6

DS = m + R – 3j
= 12 + 9 – 3 x 6
=3

Therefore, stable, indeterminate third

degree.
DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY OF SPACE FRAMES : (RIGID- JOINTED)

 All the members in space frame do not lie in one plane.

 In the case of a rigid – jointed space frame, every member carries six
unknown internal forces, three forces & three moments. Therefore, six
equations are available at each joint.

 Degree of static indeterminacy for space frames is given by,

DS = 6m + R – 6j
Example of space frame(Rigid jointed):

m = 39
J = 24
R = 6 x 6 = 36
r=6
C = 16

Dse = 6m + R – 6j
= (6 x 39) + 36 – 6 x 24
= 126
DEGREE OF KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY OR DEGREE OF FREEDOM:

 If the displacement components of the

joints of a structure cannot be determined
by compatibility equations alone, the
structure is said to be kinematically
indeterminate structure.

 The no. of additional equations

necessary for the determination of all the
independent displacement components is
known as the degree of kinematic
indeterminacy or the degree of freedom
of the structure.

 Thus degree of kinematic indeterminacy

is equal to the total no. of possible
displacements in a structure.
Kinematic Indeterminacy for diff. trusses & frames:

 For pin-jointed plane truss:

Dk = 2j – r

 For Pin-jointed space truss:

Dk = 3j – r
At each joint three displacements are possible.

 For Rigid-jointed plane frame:

Dk = 3j – r
At each joint three displacements are possible.

 For Rigid-jointed space frame:

Dk = 6j - r
 If inextensibility of members is considered i.e. axial deformation of
members is neglected, the no. of constraints or the no. of compatibility
equations due to inextensibility of the members is equal to the no. of
members.

Dkand = Degree of kinematic indeterminacy neglecting axial deformations.

Dkand = 2j – (R + m) … for plane truss
Dkand = 3j – (R + m) … for space truss
Dkand = 3j – (R + m) … for plane frame
Dkand = 6j – (R + m) … for space frame

 In case of beams & plane frame with internal hinge or link:

Dk = 3(j + j’) – R + rr
Example:
R=3+1+2=6
m = 10
J=9

Dkand = 3j – (R + m)
= 3 x 9 – (6 + 10)
= 11
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION:

 Super position allows us to

separate the loads in any
desired way, analyse the
structure for a separate set
of loads & find the result for
the sum of loads by adding
individual load effects.
 Superposition applies
equally to forces , stresses,
strains & displacements.