Lecture One

Internet Fundamentals
The CSC310 Team
Main Text for this Course
Title
Programming The World Wide Web (8TH
Edition)
Author:
Robert W. Sebesta
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 Lecture Outline

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Introduction

In-Class Discussion
Highlight ways in which the Internet has impacted aspects of
human lives

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 The Web and The Internet

In-Class Discussion
Is there a difference between both?

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 The Internet and the Web
▪ The Internet is a collection of computers and other devices
connected by equipment that allows them to communicate
with each other.
▪ The Web is a collection of software and protocols that has
been installed on the computers on the Internet.
▪ The Internet existed before the Web was developed, and it is still
useful without it.
▪ Most users of the Internet now use it through the Web.

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 A Brief Introduction: Internet and WWW
▪ Origins
▪ 1960s: The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) initiated the
development of a new large-scale computer network-ARPAnet
▪ For communications, program sharing, and remote computer access for
researchers working on defense-related contracts
▪ Funded by the DoD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
▪ The first node of this network was established at UCLA in 1969
▪ Later ARPANET was connection of computers at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB,
Univ. of Utah

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 A Brief Introduction: Internet and WWW

▪ 1972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect to remote computer

▪ 1972 – Email introduced
▪ 1977 – University of Wisconsin has first “large” Email system - 100 users
▪ 1973 - ARPANET goes international
▪ 1973 - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established
▪ 1984 - Domain Name Server introduced
▪ allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric
▪ 1986 - NSFNET created
▪ in 1990, becomes backbone of modern Internet when ARPANET is decommissioned
▪ Completely privatized by 1995
▪ 56 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly
 A Brief Introduction: Internet and WWW

▪ These are the two most significant events in the formation

of the WWW
▪ 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web!
▪ 1993 - Mosaic (becomes Netscape) designed by graduate students
at University of Illinois
▪ first point-and-click browser
▪ later developed into Netscape Navigator
 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Web Browsers
▪ Web Browsers are software programs running on client machines that
allow the user to browse the resources available on servers.
▪ When two computers communicate over a network, one acts as a client
and the other as a server.
▪ The client initiates the communication, which is often a request for information
stored on the server, which then sends that information back to the client.
▪ The Web, as well as many other systems, operates in this client-server configuration.
▪ Mosaic, is the first browser with a graphical user interface
▪ Developed Early 1993
▪ HTTP provides a standard form of communication between browsers and
Web servers

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Web Servers
▪ Web Servers are programs that provide documents (resources)
to requesting browsers.
▪ Popular Web Servers include
▪ Apache
▪ Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS)
▪ Which runs under Windows operating systems.
▪ Web servers are usually not involved the display of resources on
Browsers,
▪ They can handle many clients at the same time by receiving URLs
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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Uniform Resource Locators

▪ Uniform (or universal) Resource Locators are used to

identify/locate resources (often documents) on the
Internet.
▪ A URL can specify one of two different things:
▪ The address of a data file stored on the server that is to be sent to
the client, or
▪ A program stored on the server that the client wants executed and
the output of the program returned to the client.
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 Universal Resource Locator

https://www.lmu.edu.ng/admissions.html

https:// Admissions.html
identifies type File Location on Remote Computer
of transfer
www.lmu.edu.ng
Domain Name -
name of remote computer
 Domain Name System

▪ DNS (Domain Name System) is a crucial service that

translates human-readable domain names into IP
addresses
▪ e.g., www.lmu.edu.ng to IP address 126.67.24.13
▪ This allowing browsers to locate web servers

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ A browser needs some way to determine the format of a

document it receives from a Web server.
▪ Without knowing the form of the document, the browser would not
be able to render it
▪ Different document formats require different rendering software.
▪ The forms of these documents are specified with MIMEs

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 MIME Types

▪ The most common MIME types indeed include

▪ Text — includes “plain txt”, “html”, “XML”, “CSS”,
“JavaScript”
▪ Images— Includes “gif“, "jpeg“, "png," "bmp," and "svg"
▪ Video — includes "mpeg" ,"mp4," "avi," and "mkv."

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

▪ This is regarded as the Language of the Web

▪ All Web communications transactions use the same
protocol:
▪ i.e. the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
▪ HTTP consists of two phases:
▪ The Request and the Response

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 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

▪ Each HTTP communication (request or response) between

a browser and a Web server consists of two parts:
▪ A Header
▪ The header contains INFORMATION ABOUT the communication
▪ A Body
▪ The body contains the DATA OF THE COMMUNICATION if there is any

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 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

▪ HTTP is the foundation of web communication, governing

how clients and servers interact.
▪ It includes methods to enabling actions such as fetching web pages
and submitting forms — e.g. GET and POST
▪ The adoption of HTTPS (HTTP Secure) ensures encrypted
and secure data transmission.

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Security
▪ The Internet and the Web are fertile grounds for security
problems.
▪ On the Web Server Side,
▪ A computer through a browser on the internet can request the execution of
software on any server computer.
▪ Database can be accessed
▪ On the Browser End
▪ Any server to which the browser points can download software to be
executed on the browser host machine.
▪ And can access other parts of the host machine e.g. Memory.

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 Security

▪ Ensuring Security on the Web is like allowing any Number of

Total Strangers into your house and trying to prevent them
from
▪ Leaving anything in the house,
▪ Taking anything from the house, or
▪ Altering anything in the house

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 Lecture Outline | Progress

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Building Blocks of Web Pages

▪ HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

▪ Used for structuring web content, defining elements, and creating
hyperlinks.
▪ CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
▪ Controls the visual presentation and layout of web pages,
▪ It enhances the User experience.

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 Building Blocks of Web Pages

▪ JavaScript
▪ A client-side scripting language,
▪ It enables dynamic interactions and functionality.
▪ Server-side languages
▪ E.g. Node.js, PHP, Python, and Ruby
▪ They power web applications
▪ Process data and generating dynamic content on web servers.

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 Lecture Outline | End

▪ A Brief Introduction to Extensions (MIMEs)

▪ The Internet ▪ The Hypertext Transfer
▪ The World Wide Web Protocol
▪ Web Browsers ▪ Security
▪ Web Servers ▪ The Web Programmer’s
▪ Uniform Resource Locators Toolbox
▪ Multipurpose Internet Mail