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12 Python Programming

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12 Python Programming

Uploaded by

Rudraaksh Sethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRINGS

SESSION 12
Strings
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed with quotes(single or
double)
Eg. ‘Welcome to CS GE’

S=’ Hello World’ Here S is a variable holding a string Hello World

Len function is used to find the length of a string


>>>len(S)
>>>11
Individual characters are accessed
using a technique known as Indexing

Non negative Indices

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H E L L O W O R L D
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

>>>S[0]
>>>’H’
Negative Indices
Strings are immutable
Components of a string cannot be altered any attempt to it will lead to
error
Strings can be concatenated using +
operator
>>>’Computer’ +’ Science’
>>>’Computer Science’

>>>’Hi’ +’How’+’are’+’you’
>>>’HiHowareyou’
>>>max(‘AZ’, ‘C’, ‘BD’, ‘BT’)
>>>‘C’

>>>min(‘BD’,’AZ’, ‘C’)
>>>‘AZ’
>>>max(‘hello’,’How’,’Are’,’You’,’sir’)
>>>’sir’
Slicing- retrieving a substring
>>>message =‘HELLP WORLD’

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H E L L O W O R L D
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
>>>message[0: 5]
>>>’HELLO’

>>>S[-10:-5]
>>>’ELLO ‘
Python also allows to extract a subsequence
of the form
start:end:inc
Membership
◦ We can check membership of individual characters using in operator
◦ The expression would yield a True or a False
>>>’H’ in ‘Hello’
>>>True
>>>’H’ in ‘hello’
>>>False
Built in Functions in Strings
◦ count()- to find the number of occurrences of character in the string
>>>'hello how are are you'.count('o’)
>>>3
S='hello how are are you’
S.count(‘o’) will give 3
find()- returns the index of first occurrence of the substring (if found). If not
found, it returns -1.
E.g.
quote = 'Let it be, let it be, let it be’
result = quote.find('let it’)
print(result)
Answer =11 (its small l in let it)
rfind()-returns the highest index (or rightmost index) of the substring (if found). If not
found, it returns -1.
Eg
quote = 'Let it be, let it be, let it be’
result = quote.rfind('let it’)
Answer -22

capitalize()-Converts the first character of the string to upper case


E.g.
txt = "hello, and welcome to my world."
x = txt.capitalize()
x will contain the string - Hello, and welcome to my world.
title()-returns a string with first letter of each word capitalized; a title cased string.
Str=’hello how are you’
Str.title() will return
‘Hello How Are You’
lower()-converts all uppercase characters in a string into lowercase characters and returns it.
Str=’HELLO How ARE you’
Str.lower() will return
’hello how are you’
upper()-converts all lowercase characters in a string into uppercase characters and returns it.
Str=’HELLO how ARE you’
Str.upper() will return
’HELLO HOW ARE YOU’
swapcase()- is used to covert lowercase letters in string to uppercase and vice versa
'Welcome to CS GE Class'.swapcase()
‘wELCOME TO cs ge cLASS’
islower()-returns True if all alphabets in a string are lowercase alphabets. If the string
contains at least one uppercase alphabet, it returns False.
Str= ‘hello How are you’
Str.islower()-
Answer False (as H of how is in uppercase)

isupper()-returns whether or not all characters in a string are uppercased or not.


Str=’ HOW ARE YOU’
Str.isupper() -returns true
‘Hello how’.isupper()- returns false

istitle()-returns True if the string is a titlecased string. If not, it returns False.


That is only 1st character of every word is in capital rest all in lower case(the string should
comprise of atleast one alphabet)
s = 'Python Is Good.'
print(s.istitle())
Answer True
A=‘123’.istitle() –it will return False
‘Book 123’.istitle() – will return True
replace()-returns a copy of the string where all occurrences of a substring is replaced
with another substring.
e.g
str=’Hello how are you. Hello’
str.replace(‘Hello’,’ hola’)
returns
-hola how are you.hola

split()-breaks up a string at the


specified separator and returns a list of
strings.
E.g
text= 'Love thy neighbor'
print(text.split())
output [‘Love’,’thy’,’neighbor’]
Colors=‘red, green, blue,pink’
Colors.split(‘,’)-results in
[‘red’,’ green’,’ blue’,’pink’]

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