digital pyq2

Q1: Attempt any five
(Each question carries 1 mark)
a) What is meant by Noise Figure?

Noise figure (NF) measures the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a signal passes
through a system or device.
 It is defined as the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR.

 Lower noise figures indicate better performance.
b) What is quantization error in PCM?

Quantization error refers to the difference between the actual analog signal and its quantized
digital representation in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
 It arises during the rounding or truncating of values in the analog-to-

digital conversion process.
 Reducing the quantization step size minimizes this error.
c) Define multiplexing technique.

Multiplexing is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel.
 It optimizes the use of bandwidth.

 Common types: Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM), and Code Division Multiplexing (CDM).
d) What is meant by CSMA/CD?

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol for
managing data collisions in shared communication channels like Ethernet.
 Devices sense the carrier before transmitting.

 If a collision occurs, they stop and retransmit after a random delay.
e) List any two types of Ethernet.
1. Fast Ethernet: Operates at 100 Mbps.

2. Gigabit Ethernet: Operates at 1 Gbps and is widely used in modern
networks.
f) Comment: "Star topology is widely used in LAN."

Star topology is popular in Local Area Networks (LANs) because:
 It ensures fault isolation: failure of one node doesn’t affect others.

 Centralized control makes it easy to manage and troubleshoot.
Q2: Answer the following
(Each question carries 5 marks)
a) Explain simplex and half-duplex transmission modes.
 Simplex:
o Data flows in only one direction.
o Example: Television broadcasting.
 Half-duplex:
o Data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time.
o Example: Walkie-talkies.
b) Explain the concept of TDM.
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

o A technique where multiple signals share a single channel by
allocating unique time slots to each signal.
o Types:
1. Synchronous TDM: Fixed time slots.
2. Asynchronous TDM: Time slots allocated dynamically
based on demand.
o Applications: Digital telephony, GSM systems.
a) Differentiate between asynchronous and synchronous communication.
Asynchronous
Feature Synchronous Communication
Communication
No clock synchronization is Requires synchronized clocks

Timing
required. between devices.
Data Sent in small packets with

Continuous stream of data.
Transmission start/stop bits.
Efficiency Less efficient due to More efficient for large data

Asynchronous
Feature Synchronous Communication
Communication
overhead bits. transfers.
Serial communication (e.g.,

Example Ethernet, SPI, I2C.
RS-232).
b) Explain OSI model in brief.
 OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection):

o A 7-layer framework for standardizing communication between
systems.
2. Physical Layer: Handles transmission of raw bits.

3. Data Link Layer: Ensures error-free data transfer.
4. Network Layer: Manages data routing and addressing.
5. Transport Layer: Provides reliable data delivery.
6. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates
connections.
7. Presentation Layer: Translates data formats.
8. Application Layer: Interfaces directly with end-user
applications.
a) List any five features of FDMA.
1. Each user is allocated a unique frequency band.

2. Simultaneous transmission for multiple users.
3. Low latency as channels are always available.
4. Less complex compared to other multiplexing techniques.
5. Requires guard bands to avoid interference.
b) Describe in brief LAN and WAN.
 LAN (Local Area Network):

o Covers a small geographical area like an office.
o High speed (e.g., Ethernet).
o Example: Home network.
 WAN (Wide Area Network):
o Covers large geographical areas.
o Lower speed compared to LAN.
o Example: The internet.
Q5: Write a short note on any four of the following
(Each answer carries 2.5 marks)
a) Any two internal noise
1. Thermal Noise:
o Also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise, it is caused by the random
movement of electrons in a conductor due to thermal agitation.
o It occurs in all electronic components and is proportional to
temperature.
o Power of thermal noise can be calculated using:
P=kTBP = kTB,
where kk = Boltzmann's constant, TT = temperature in Kelvin,
and BB = bandwidth.
2. Shot Noise:
o Arises due to the discrete nature of charge carriers
(electrons/holes) in semiconductors.
o It occurs in diodes, transistors, and other electronic components.
o Shot noise increases with the flow of current and depends on the
charge qq and current II:
Noise Power=2qIΔf\text{Noise Power} = 2qI \Delta f,
where Δf\Delta f is bandwidth.
b) Channel Capacity and Data Rate
 Channel Capacity:
o Refers to the maximum theoretical data rate that a
communication channel can support without errors.
o It is governed by Shannon's Capacity Formula: C=Blog⁡2(1+S/N)C
= B \log_2(1 + S/N) where CC = channel capacity (bits per
second), BB = bandwidth, S/NS/N = signal-to-noise ratio.
 Data Rate:
o Refers to the actual rate of data transfer over a channel.
o It is influenced by the bandwidth, noise level, and modulation
technique.
o Higher data rates are achieved by increasing the bandwidth or
improving the signal-to-noise ratio.
c) Token Passing Protocol
 A network protocol used to avoid collisions in a shared communication

medium.
 In this protocol, a token (a small data packet) circulates in the
network.
 A device must wait for the token before it can transmit data. Once it
has the token, the device can send data, and then the token is passed
to the next device.
 Advantages:
o Ensures organized communication without collisions.
o Fairly distributes the chance to transmit data.
 Applications: Used in ring topology and LANs like Token Ring and
FDDI networks.
d) Reservation Protocol
 A protocol in which resources (e.g., bandwidth or time slots) are

reserved before data transmission begins.
 It ensures smooth communication and avoids congestion.
 Working:
o A node sends a reservation request to the network.
o Once resources are allocated, data transmission starts.
 Advantages:
o Reduces collision and delays.
o Provides guaranteed bandwidth for real-time applications.
 Example: Polling systems in wireless networks.
e) Bus Topology
 A network topology where all devices are connected to a single communication line,
known as the bus.
 Characteristics:
o Data travels along the bus, and all devices share this common
pathway.
o Terminators are used at both ends of the bus to prevent signal
reflection.
 Advantages:
1. Simple to set up and cost-effective.

2. Requires less cable compared to star topology.
 Disadvantages:
1. If the bus fails, the entire network goes down.

2. Performance decreases with an increase in the number of
devices.
f) Switch Networking Device
 A switch is a device used in computer networks to connect multiple

devices and enable communication between them.
 Operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) or sometimes at the
Network Layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.
 Functions:
o Uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination
device.
o Maintains a MAC address table to learn the physical addresses of
devices.
 Advantages:
1. Reduces network congestion by sending data only to the

intended recipient.
2. Supports full-duplex communication, improving performance.

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Q1: Attempt any five

(Each question carries 1 mark)

a) What is meant by Noise Figure?

 It is defined as the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR.

b) What is quantization error in PCM?

 It arises during the rounding or truncating of values in the analog-to-

c) Define multiplexing technique.

 It optimizes the use of bandwidth.

d) What is meant by CSMA/CD?

 Devices sense the carrier before transmitting.

e) List any two types of Ethernet.

1. Fast Ethernet: Operates at 100 Mbps.

f) Comment: "Star topology is widely used in LAN."

 It ensures fault isolation: failure of one node doesn’t affect others.

(Each question carries 5 marks)

a) Explain simplex and half-duplex transmission modes.

b) Explain the concept of TDM.

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):

Q3: Answer the following

(Each question carries 5 marks)

a) Differentiate between asynchronous and synchronous communication.

No clock synchronization is Requires synchronized clocks

Data Sent in small packets with

Efficiency Less efficient due to More efficient for large data

overhead bits. transfers.

Serial communication (e.g.,

b) Explain OSI model in brief.

 OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection):

2. Physical Layer: Handles transmission of raw bits.

Q4: Answer the following

(Each question carries 5 marks)

a) List any five features of FDMA.

1. Each user is allocated a unique frequency band.

b) Describe in brief LAN and WAN.

 LAN (Local Area Network):

Q5: Write a short note on any four of the following

(Each answer carries 2.5 marks)

a) Any two internal noise

b) Channel Capacity and Data Rate

c) Token Passing Protocol

 A network protocol used to avoid collisions in a shared communication

 A protocol in which resources (e.g., bandwidth or time slots) are

1. Simple to set up and cost-effective.

1. If the bus fails, the entire network goes down.

f) Switch Networking Device

 A switch is a device used in computer networks to connect multiple

1. Reduces network congestion by sending data only to the

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