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11 views5 pages

Digital Pyq1

Uploaded by

Sid1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q1) Attempt any five:

a) What is Sampling?
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by
taking periodic measurements of the amplitude.

b) Define Data Rate.


Data rate is the amount of data transmitted per second in a communication system, usually
measured in bits per second (bps).

c) State any two digital modulation techniques.

1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)


2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

d) Define Backoff Time in Pure ALOHA.


Backoff time is the random time a station waits before retransmitting a packet after a collision in
the network.

e) What is the Working Principle of WDM?


Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) combines multiple optical signals at different
wavelengths into a single optical fiber for simultaneous transmission.

f) What is the Function of a Repeater?


A repeater amplifies or regenerates the signal in a communication system to extend the
transmission distance.

g) Define Network Topology.


Network topology refers to the arrangement of various elements (nodes, links, devices) in a
computer network.

Q2) Answer the following:

a) Explain with Block Diagram Electronic Communication System.


The basic block diagram includes:

 Transmitter: Converts information into signals for transmission.


 Channel: The medium through which the signal travels (e.g., optical
fiber, air).
 Receiver: Converts the received signals back into understandable
information.
b) State any Five Features of CDMA.

1. Multiple users share the same frequency band using unique codes.
2. High spectral efficiency.
3. Resistance to interference and jamming.
4. Allows multiple simultaneous conversations.
5. Provides high security and data integrity.

Q3) Answer the following:

a) Explain Simplex and Full Duplex Modes of Communication.

 Simplex Mode: Communication is unidirectional (e.g., keyboard to


computer).
 Full Duplex Mode: Communication occurs in both directions
simultaneously (e.g., telephone conversation).

b) Explain with Block Diagram QPSK Modulator.


Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulates the phase of a carrier signal in four discrete
steps.
Block Diagram Components:

 Input Data: Divided into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components.
 Modulator: Multiplies I and Q components with respective carriers.
 Combiner: Combines modulated signals for transmission.

Q4) Answer the following:

a) Explain FDM Technique Used in Communication System.


Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) divides the total bandwidth of a communication
channel into non-overlapping frequency bands, where each band carries a separate signal. It is
used in radio and television broadcasting.

b) Compare OSI and TCP/IP Models.

Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Layers 7 Layers 4 Layers

Protocol Protocol-
Protocol-dependent
Dependency independent
Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Practical implementation in
Usage Theoretical model
networks

Examples FTP, SMTP, HTTP HTTP, UDP, TCP

Question 5: Write a short note on any four of the following:


(a) Signal and Channel Bandwidth

 Signal Bandwidth:
o Refers to the range of frequencies that a signal occupies.
o It determines the data-carrying capacity of a signal.
o Measured in Hertz (Hz), e.g., an audio signal may have a
bandwidth of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

 Channel Bandwidth:
o Refers to the frequency range allocated for transmitting signals
in a communication channel.
o Larger bandwidth allows higher data transmission rates.
o Examples include radio frequency bands for Wi-Fi (e.g., 2.4 GHz,
5 GHz).

(b) Need of Modulation

 Definition: Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal's


properties (amplitude, frequency, or phase) in accordance with the
information signal.
 Reasons for Modulation:
1. Increased Transmission Distance: Low-frequency signals
(baseband signals) cannot travel far; modulation shifts them to
higher frequencies.
2. Efficient Use of Bandwidth: Allows multiple signals to share
the same channel (e.g., Frequency Division Multiplexing).
3. Minimizing Noise and Interference: High-frequency signals
are less prone to noise.
4. Compatibility with Transmission Medium: Modulation adapts
signals to different mediums like coaxial cables or optical fibers.

(c) FSK Transmitter

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):


o A digital modulation technique where the frequency of the carrier
signal is varied based on the input binary data.
o A '1' (logic high) is represented by one frequency, and a '0' (logic
low) is represented by another.

 FSK Transmitter Components:

1. Input Signal: The binary data to be transmitted.


2. Oscillators: Generate two distinct frequencies for binary '1' and
'0'.
3. Multiplexer: Switches between the two frequencies based on
the input signal.

 Applications: Wireless communication, Bluetooth, RFID.

(d) Token Passing Protocol

 Definition:
o A network access method where a token (a special data packet)
is passed around nodes in a network.
o Only the node holding the token is allowed to transmit data,
ensuring no collision.

 Features:

1. Collision-Free: Eliminates chances of data collision.


2. Fairness: Ensures all nodes get equal opportunities to transmit.

 Applications: Used in ring topology networks, such as Token Ring and FDDI (Fiber
Distributed Data Interface).

(e) TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

 Definition:
o A technique where multiple signals are transmitted over the
same communication channel by dividing time into separate time
slots for each signal.

 Types of TDM:

1. Synchronous TDM: Fixed time slots are pre-allocated, even if


not used.
2. Asynchronous TDM (Statistical TDM): Time slots are
dynamically allocated based on demand.

 Applications: Used in digital telephony, GSM systems, and satellite communications.


(f) Star Topology

 In a star topology, all devices (nodes) in the network are connected to a central device,
such as a hub, switch, or router. The central device acts as a mediator to transfer data
between nodes.

Features:

1. Centralized Control: The hub or switch manages all data traffic.


2. Independent Connections: Each device has its own direct
connection to the central hub.

Advantages:

1. Easy to Install and Manage: Adding or removing devices does not


affect the entire network.
2. Fault Isolation: If one device fails, it does not affect the rest of the
network.
3. Efficient Troubleshooting: The central hub simplifies fault detection.

Disadvantages:

1. Single Point of Failure: If the central hub fails, the entire network
becomes inoperable.
2. Costly: Requires more cables and a hub, increasing setup costs.

Applications:

1. Home and small office networks.


2. Local Area Networks (LANs) in businesses.

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