Background

 The teeth are accessory digestive organs.

Dental Products  People use their teeth to bite and chew food,the first step in the
digestion of food.

 A number of inorganic compounds are used in maintaining the oral and

dental hygiene.

 Most of them are over the counter (OTC) products.

 Dental products include:

AD
◦ Anticaries agents (dentifrices and fluoride salts)

◦ Polishing agents.

◦ Desensitizing agents.

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ToothAnatomy 7.AlveolarBone(jawbone):The part of the jaw that surround the
1.Enamel:Hard calcified (consists primarily of calcium roots of the teeth.
phosphate and calcium carbonate) tissue covering dentin of the 8.RootCanal:The portion of the pulp cavity inside the root of a
crown of tooth.
2.Crown:The crown is the visible portion of tooth above the tooth;the chamber within the root of the tooth that contains
level of the gums. the pulp.

9.Root:Embedded in the socket are one to three roots.

3.Gingiva(gums):Soft tissues overlying the crowns of
unerupted teeth and encircling the necks of those that have 10.Cementum:Hard connective tissue covering the tooth
erupted.
root, giving attachment to the periodontal ligament.

4.Pulp Chamber:The space occupied by the pulp. 11.Periodontal Ligament:A system of collagenous connective
tissue fibers that connect the root of a tooth to its alveolus.
5.Neck:The area where the crown joins the root.

6.Dentin:That part of the tooth that is beneath the enamel

and cementum.
Anticaries agents (dentifrices and fluoride salts) Dentifrices
 Dentifrice is a material which is used for cleaning of teeth and adjacent gums.
 Dental caries,or tooth decay,involves a gradual demineralization (softening) of
One can apply it with finger or preferably with a tooth brush.
the enamel and dentin.
 The main drawback is that it will not be able to clean surfaces inside cavities
 Caused by acids produced by the action of microorganisms on carbohydrates. and crevices between teeth, even if the material reaches them during
Characterized by decalcification of tooth accompanied by foul mouth odour. application.an apply it with finger or preferably with a tooth brush.

 If it is not treated then microorganisms may invade the pulp,causing  The cleaning action is dependent upon abrasive property and the rubbing
inflammation and infection. force used.

 Dental caries can be prevented and oral and dental hygiene can be maintained  Dentifrices are applied as powders or pastes.
with the help of dentifrices.  Some useful substances may be included in dentifrices for providing better
oral hygiene and supply of trace materials (e.g. fluoride, antiseptics,
 Dentifrices are the products that enhance the removal of stain and dental
deodorants etc.):termed as medicated dentifrices.
plaque by the toothbrush.
 A good cleaning agent must remove stains from teeth and to achieve this suitable
 The most accepted approach to prevent caries includes flossing and brushing
abrasiveness is essential. Ex: Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phospate,
accompanied by administration of fluoride either internally or topically to the
Sodium metaphosphate.
teeth.

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Anticaries agents (dentifrices and fluoride salts) Fluorapatite Formation

 Fluoride is anticariogenic as it replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite
with the fluoride ion to form fluorapatite in the outer surface of the
enamel.

 Hydroxyapatite:A major component and an essential ingredient of normal

bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite makes up bone mineral and the matrix of
teeth.It is hydroxyapatite that gives bones and teeth their rigidity.

 Fluorapatite hardens the enamel and makes it more acid resistant.

 Fluorapatite has also shown antibacterial activity.

 Fluoride is most beneficial up to an age of 12 or 13 because unerupted
permanent teeth are mineralizing during that time.
Fluoride ions (F–) replace hydroxyl groups (OH–) in hydroxyapatite to form
fluorapatite in the tooth enamel
A portion of the apatite crystal lattice is depicted showing the replacement of
hydroxide for fluoride
 Fluoride Reactivity  Fluoride can be administered by two routes,orally and topically.
 Fluoride can be administered orally as sodium fluoride tablets or drops
added in water or fruit juice.

 Fluoride when administered internally is readily absorbed from the

gastrointestinal tract, partially deposited in the bone or developing teeth
and the remainder gets excreted by the kidneys.

 It is not always feasible to administer fluoride internally and in post-

adolescent individuals,it is not beneficial.
 Inorganic phosphate salts can also be useful in the prevention of dental
Under cariogenic conditions,carbohydrates are converted to acids by caries (e.g.calcium sucrose phosphate,NaH2PO4,Na2HPO4 etc.)
bacteria in the plaque biofilm.When the pH drops below 5.5,the biofilm
fluid becomes undersaturated with phosphate ion and enamel dissolves
to restore balance.When fluoride (F–) is present,fluorapatite is
incorporated into demineralized enamel and subsequent
demineralization is inhibited.

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Polishing Agents Desensitizing Agents
 Dentifrices contain agents for cleaning tooth surfaces and providing  Desensitizing agents reduce the pain in sensitive teeth caused by cold,
polishing effect on the cleaned teeth. heat or touch.

 These agents are abrasive in nature.  They probably act as local anaesthetic.

 They are responsible for physically removing plaque and debris.  These products should be non-abrasive and should not be used on a

 Examples include dicalcium phosphate,sodium metaphosphate,calcium regular basis unless directed by a dentist.

pyrophosphate,calcium carbonate and calcium monohydrogen  Examples include strontium chloride (Sensodyne), formalin
phosphate. (Thermodent) and zinc chloride (Listerine), Ammoniacal silver nitrate
solution mixed with a reducing agent like 10% formaldehyde
 Pumice (complex of silicates of aluminium, potassium and sodium) is too
abrasive for daily use in a dentifrice.
 Sodium Fluoride….
Dental Products:
 It is having not less than 98.0 per cent of NaF,calculated with reference to the dried
 Sodium Fluoride:NaF Mol.Wt.41.99 substance.
 Uses:It is used as preventive for dental caries because of its fluoride ion
 Preparation:It may be prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid with sodium
content.
carbonate.
 Usual dose:2.2 mg (equivalent to 1 mg of fluoride ion)
 Another method involves the double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium
 Application: 1.5-3.0 ppm (equivalent to 0.7-1.3 ppm of fluoride ion) in
carbonate wherein insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
drinking water;topically,as 2% solution for the teeth.
 Sodium fluoride and other soluble fluorides are readily absorbed from
 Properties:It forms colorless,odorless crystals or as white powder.It is soluble in
GIT. Fluoride also gets absorbed slowly from gums when applied as paste
water but is insoluble in alcohol.Its aqueous solutions corrode ordinary glass bottles
and incorporated into the teeth. Fluoridised teeth have been resistant to
and hence the solution should be prepared in distilled water and stored in dark,pyrex
microorganisms causing dental caries. It also decreases microbial acid
bottles.
production.
 On acidification of salt solution,hydrofluoric acid is produced.This is weak acid and is
 Formulations: Sodium fluoride is administrated as solution, tablet, oral
poisonous.
gel for systemic use or as mouth wash for local use.

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 Zinc chloride:ZnCl2 Mol.Wt.136.29 Zinc Eugenol cement

 Zinc oxide-eugenol cement (IRM) is a low-strength base used as a
 Uses: It is used as desensitizing agent, antiseptic, and astringent to the
temporary cement filling in the event that the patient will return at a
skin and mucous membrane as a 0.5– 2.0% solution. It ranks very low
later date for a semi-permanent restoration. The powder is mainly zinc
among disinfectants.
oxide and the liquid is eugenol with cotton seed oil.
 It is used as an active ingredient to prepare magnesia cements for dental
 Used as cavity liners and temporary fillings.
fillings and certain mouthwashes.
 they alleviate pain and are bacteriostatic and antiseptic, they are well
 It is also used as dentin desensitizer,topically as a 10% solution to the
tolerated by patients.
teeth.
 Because of their poor mechanic properties, the conventional zinc oxide-
 Formulation:It is for topical use only and is administered as solution eugenol cements are mainly used as temporary fixing contents and filling
and mouthwash. materials, for gingival dressings and together with filling materials as
impression materials.
 Sedative effect on pulpal pain when restoring teeth with deep carious
lesions.
 According to N.F.the two parts of Zinc-Eugenol cement contain:
Calcium carbonate
 M.wt.100.09,white microcrystalline powder.
 Powder:
 Precipitated chalk,which is having a fine powdery texture,is used in
◦ Zinc acetate: 0.5g
dentifrices,both powders and pastes.It forms a common ingredient of
◦ Zinc stearate:1g
tooth powder and toothpaste.
◦ Zinc oxide:70g
 Calcium carbonate neutralises acids with effervescence.
◦ Rosin:28.5g

 Liquid:  Prepared by mixing boiling solution of CaCl2 and Na2CO3

◦ Eugenol:85 mL Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl

◦ Cottonseed oil: 15 mL  It furnishes both abrasive and antacid effect in the mouth.
 The cement mixture sets into a hardened mass consisting of zinc oxide  If forms a common ingredients of tooth powder and toothpaste.
embedded in a matrix of long sheath like crystals of zinc eugenolate
([C10H11O2]2Zn). Zinc acetate accelerates the setting time.

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FYI… Active principles in toothpastes
Agent Dose Comments
(dentifrices)
A cationic chlorinated bisbiguanide with
0.12–0.2% aqueous significant antiplaque and antifungal
Chlorhexidine mouthwash, rinse for 1 min activity and oral retention; traces can still
gluconate twice daily. Also 0.5–1.0% gel be found in saliva after 24 h
or spray May stain teeth or tissues if patient drinks
tea, coffee or red wine

A non‐ionic chlorinated bisphenolic

antiseptic with moderate antiplaque and
0.03% mouthwash, rinse for antifungal activity, but less retention in
Triclosan
1 min twice daily mouth than chlorhexidine
More effective against plaque when with
copolymer or zinc citrate