Unit – 1

Microprocessor
&
Computer Organization
 TOPICS

• What is a Computer?
• Introduction to computer Hardware
• Internal device of CPU
• Motherboard
• Processor
• Memory
• Sound Card, Network Card
• Assembly of computer (Hands On)
 What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that

processes data according to a set of
instructions called a program. It performs
tasks such as calculations, data processing,
and automated reasoning. The main
components of a computer include:
 Introduction to computer Hardware
The Computer has mainly has two major components:
Hardware
Software

Computer Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.
These tangible parts are essential for the computer to function and perform various tasks.

Hardware Component are divided into following categories:

▪ Input Devices
▪ Processing Devices
▪ Output Device
▪ Storage Device
Computer Parts Name
Introduction to computer Hardware
WHAT IS INSIDE THE
CABINET?
 MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is the main circuit board in a

computer.

It acts as the central hub that connects all the

components of the computer, allowing them to
communicate and work together.
 Types of Motherboard

ATX (Advanced Technology EATX (Extended ATX)

Mini ITX Micro ATX
eXtended)
 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

The CPU slot on a motherboard is where the central

processing unit (CPU) is installed.

It's a specialized socket designed to hold the CPU securely in

place and provide the necessary electrical connections for it
to function.

The slot is usually located near the center of the

motherboard, and its design depends on the specific CPU
socket type supported by the motherboard. CPU
SLOT/Socket
 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

A RAM slot on a motherboard is a physical slot where

you can insert a memory module (RAM stick).

It allows the CPU to access data quickly for

processing. Each slot corresponds to a specific type of
RAM, such as DDR4.

The number of slots determines the maximum

amount of RAM your motherboard can support.
Upgrading RAM often involves inserting new modules RAM SLOT
into these slots.
 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS
A PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot on a
motherboard is a hardware interface used to connect
peripheral devices such as graphics cards, network
cards, and sound cards.

It provides a standardized way for these components

to communicate with the CPU and other parts of the
computer. PCI slots come in various sizes and speeds,
with PCI Express (PCIe) being the most common
modern variant, offering faster data transfer rates.
The slot ensures expandable functionality and PCI SLOT
improved performance for the system.
 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a point to point channel

that is used for high-speed video output.

This port is used to connect graphic cards to a computer’s

motherboard. It increases the speed at which machines can
render graphics while using the system’s resources more
efficiently. The primary purpose of an AGP is to convey 3-D
images much more smoothly than is possible on a regular PC. AGP SLOT
 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS
SATA (Serial ATA) is a computer interface standard that allows for
the transfer of data between storage devices, such as hard disk
drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives, and a
computer’s motherboard.

It is the primary interface used for connecting internal storage

devices to modern computers.

SATA replaced the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard, which had
limitations in terms of data transfer speed and cable length.

SATA was developed to provide faster and more efficient data SATA SLOT
transfer, improved signal integrity, and smaller, more manageable
cables.
MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

IDE controller SLOT

 MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

IDE is a widely used interface standard in computing that

allows for the connection and communication between a
computer's motherboard and its storage devices.

It is commonly used for connecting hard disk drives (HDDs)

and optical disc drives (ODDs) to the computer system.

IDE has played a significant role in the evolution of

computer storage, offering a simple and efficient way to
interface with various drives. IDE controller SLOT
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) on a
motherboard refers to a small memory chip that stores BIOS settings.

It keeps information like system time, date, and hardware

configuration.

CMOS is powered by a small battery, so it retains data even when the

computer is off.

It's essential for the computer's startup process.

If the battery dies, you might lose these settings and need to CMOS
reconfigure them.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

The PS/2 port is an older type of connector used for connecting

keyboards and mouse to a computer motherboard.

It was introduced by IBM in 1987 as part of the Personal

System/2 series. The port is round with 6 pins and typically
color-coded: purple for keyboards and green for mouse.
PS2 PORT
While largely replaced by USB ports in modern systems, PS/2
ports can still be found on some motherboards for legacy
support.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

A USB port on a motherboard is a connection interface that

allows peripheral devices to communicate with the computer.

It facilitates data transfer and power supply between the

computer and devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and
storage devices.

The motherboard typically includes several USB ports of

USB PORT
various types (e.g., USB 2.0, USB 3.0) for different speed and
functionality requirements.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

A parallel port is a computer interface that connects devices for

data transfer.

It's commonly found on older computers and is used to connect

peripherals like printers, scanners, and external storage devices.

The port is called parallel because it transfers multiple bits of

data simultaneously through multiple wires that are organized in PARALLEL PORT
parallel, or side by side.

Each wire carries a separate bit of information.

 MOTHERBOARD PORTS
Line-out: Outputs audio from the computer to external
devices like speakers or headphones.

Line-in: Inputs audio from external sources (e.g., CD players,

musical instruments) into the computer.

Mic-in: Specifically designed for connecting microphones to

input voice or sound into the computer. MOTHERBOARD AUDIO PORTS

Line-out: Usually green in color on motherboards.

Line-in: Typically blue in color on motherboards.
Mic-in: Often pink in color on motherboards.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS
A serial port on a motherboard is a communication interface used to
connect peripheral devices, such as modems, mice, and certain
industrial equipment.

It transmits data one bit at a time over a single channel, which can
help reduce the complexity and cost of wiring.

Despite being largely replaced by USB ports in modern computers, SERIAL PORT
serial ports are still used in some specialized applications.

They are identified by a 9-pin (DE-9) or 25-pin (DB-25) connector.

Their simplicity and reliability make them suitable for industrial and
networking tasks.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

A VGA port on a motherboard is an analog interface

used to connect a computer to a monitor.

It transmits video signals, enabling the display of

graphics on the screen.

VGA ports are typically 15-pin connectors and VGA PORT

support resolutions up to 640x480 pixels.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

An HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) port

on a motherboard enables connection to monitors,
TVs, or projectors for high-definition video and audio
output.

It transmits uncompressed digital signals for HDMI PORT

high-quality display and sound.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

The Game Port is a 15-pin D-sub connector on older

motherboards for connecting joysticks and game controllers.

It also supported MIDI devices. Popular in the 1980s-2000s, it

has been replaced by USB technology.
GAME PORT
The Game Port is now obsolete. Modern peripherals use USB or
wireless connections.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

An Ethernet port on a motherboard is a network interface for connecting a

computer to a wired local area network (LAN).

It enables high-speed data transfer and internet access through an Ethernet

cable.

Typically, it supports speeds of 10/100/1000 Mbps (megabits per second).

ETHERNET PORT
The port is often integrated directly into the motherboard and managed by
an onboard network interface controller (NIC).

It provides a stable and reliable network connection.

 MOTHERBOARD PORTS
An RJ45 connector is a small, rectangular plug used to connect
network cables to devices.

It has 8 pins that connect to 8 individual wires inside the network

cable.

Commonly used for Ethernet connections, linking computers to

networks and the internet.

There are two main wiring standards for RJ45 connectors: T568A
and T568B.

Looks like a bigger phone jack and usually has a plastic clip to hold
it securely in place.
 MOTHERBOARD PORTS

A SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port on a motherboard

connects the computer to peripheral devices like hard drives and
scanners.

It supports faster data transfer rates compared to older ports. SCSI

allows multiple devices to be connected in a daisy chain.
SCSI PORT
It is commonly used in high-performance workstations and servers.
Today, SCSI is less common, replaced by SATA and USB interfaces.
MOTHERBOARD – BACK PANEL
Motherboard Chipset

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJn-qPHtfzI
 MICROPROCESSOR

A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that is

typically contained on a single integrated circuit (IC) or
microchip.

It performs the essential tasks of a computer, such as

executing instructions from programs, performing arithmetic
and logical operations, and controlling input/output
operations.

Essentially, the microprocessor is the brain of the computer,

interpreting and executing commands from the computer's
hardware and software.
MICROPROCESSOR
 Types of Processor
1. Single-core CPU(1)
❑ It is the oldest type of CPU which is available and employed in most of the personal and
official computers.
❑ The single-core CPU can execute only one command at a time and its not efficient in
multi-tasking.
❑ It signifies that there is a markable declination in performance if more than a single
application is executed. If one operation is started, the second process should wait until the
first one is finished.
❑ The performance of a single-core CPU is based on its clock speed by measuring its power.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 Types of Processor
2. Dual-core CPU(2)
❑ It is a single CPU that comprises of two strong cores and functions like dual
CPU acting like one.
❑ Unlike the CPU with a single core, the processor must switch back and forth
within a variable array of data streams and if or more thread is executed, the
dual-core CPU manages the multitasking effectively.
❑ To utilize the dual-core CPU effectively, the running programs and operating
system should have a unique code called simultaneous multi-threading
technology embedded in it.
❑ Dual-core CPU is rapid than a single core but it is not robust as quad-core
CPU
9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering
 Types of Processor
3. Quad-core CPU(4)
❑ The quad-core CPU is a refined model of multiple core CPU features and design
with four cores on a single CPU.
❑ Similar to dual-core CPU, that divides the workload in between the cores, and
quad-core enables for effective multitasking.
❑ It doesn’t signify any single operation which is four times faster rapid than
others.
❑ Such types of CPU are used in people who need to execute multiple different
programs at the same time as gamers, series of supreme commander that is
optimized in multiple core CPU.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 Types of Processor
4. Hexa Core processors(6)
❑ It is another multiple core processor which is available with six cores
and can execute the task which works rapidly than the quad-core and
dual-core processors.
❑ For users of the personal computer, the processors of Hexacore is
simple and now the Intel is launched with Inter core i7 in 2010 with
Hexa core processor.
❑ But here the users of smartphones use only quad-core and dual-core
processors.
❑ Nowadays, smartphones are available with Hexacore processors.
9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering
 Types of Processor
5. Octa-core processors (8)
❑ The dual-core is built with two cores, four cores are built-in quad-core, Hexa
comes with six cores where the octa processors are developed with eight
independent cores to execute an effective task that is efficient and even acts
rapidly than quad-core processors.
❑ Trending octa-core processors comprises of a dual set of quad-core processors
that divides different activities between the various types.
❑ Many times, the minimum powered core sets are employed to produce advanced
tasks
❑ In precise, the octa-core is perfectly defined with dual-code core and adjust it
accordingly to give the effective performance.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 Types of Processor
6. Deca-core processor (10)
❑ The processor with double core comprises two cores, 4 cores are available with quad
cores, six cores are available in hexacore processors.
❑ Deca-core is available with ten independent systems that are deployed to execute and
manage the task that is successful than other processors that are developed until now.
❑ Owning a PC, or any device made with a deca-core processor is the best option.
❑ It is faster than other processors and very successful in multi-tasking.
❑ Deca-core processors are trending with its advanced features.
❑ Most of the smartphones are now available with Deca core processors with low-cost and
never become outdated.
❑ Surely, most gadgets in the market are updated with new processors to give more useful
purposes to people.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 Memory
Computer memory is just like the human brain.
It is used to store data/information and instructions. Memory

Primary Secondary Cache

RAM ROM
Hard Disk,
PROM Magnetic Tape,
Static
CD, DVD,
Zip Disk etc
Dynamic EPROM

EEPROM
 RAM

RAM, or random access memory, is a

computer's short-term memory that stores
data that the processor needs to run
applications and open files.

It's a fundamental component of a computer

system, and is included in all computing
devices, including desktop computers, tablets,
smartphones, and IoT devices.
 RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory)
It is a volatile memory. Volatile memory stores information based on the power supply.
RAM is used for booting up or start the computer.
RAM is of two types:
S RAM (Static RAM): It uses transistors and the circuits of this memory are capable of retaining their state as
long as the power is applied. This memory consists of the number of flip flops with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It
has less access time and hence, it is faster.
D RAM (Dynamic RAM): It uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors.
They contain thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on capacitor after a few milliseconds.
This memory is slower than S RAM.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 Types of D - RAM
RAM speed is generally measured in megahertz,
D-RAM Description
usually abbreviated as “Mhz.”
DDR1: 1998 Clock Rates - 100 to 200 MHz This is a measure of the clock speed
(Double Data
Rate) (how many times per second the RAM can
access its memory)
Clock Rates - 100 to 266 MHz
DDR2: 2003 Transfer rate - 400 to 1066 MT/s
Mega-Transfers (MT) per second.
Clock rate - 400 to 1066 MHz Ex. DDR4-2400 means 2400 MT/s
DDR3: 2007 Transfer rate - 800 to 2133 MT/s

Clock rate - 800 to 1600 MHz

DDR4: 2014

Clock rate - 1600 to 3200 MHz

DDR5: 2020

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

 ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from

which we can only read but cannot write on it. This
type of memory is non-volatile.

The information is stored permanently in such

memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such
instructions that are required to start a computer. This
operation is referred to as bootstrap.

ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also
in other electronic items like washing machine and
microwave oven.
 Storage Devices
A hard disk is also known as a hard drive or fixed disk.

It is said to be rigid magnetic disc that stores data.

It is located within a drive unit.

Hard disk is a non-volatile storage device that contains

platters and magnetic disks rotating at high speeds.

Non-volatile means the data retains when the computer

shuts down. Hard
Disk
 Storage Devices

SSD stands for Solid State Drive. It's a type of storage

device used in computers and other devices to store
data.

Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) which use

spinning disks and a mechanical arm to read and
write data, SSDs use flash memory, which makes
them faster and more reliable.
SOLID STATE DRIVE
 Storage Devices

Flash storage devices

• Flash storage devices are solid-state
storage solutions that use flash memory
to store data. Unlike traditional hard
drives, flash storage has no moving parts,
making it faster, more durable, and
energy-efficient.
 Storage Devices
A pen drive, also known as a USB flash drive, thumb drive, or
memory stick, is a small, portable device that plugs into a
computer's USB port to store and transfer data.

Pen drives are rewritable, removable, and usually weigh less

than 30 grams.
A memory card, also known as a flash card, is a portable storage
device that stores and transfers digital data such as photos,
videos, music, and documents.

Memory cards are commonly used in many electronic devices,

including digital cameras, smartphones, tablets, gaming consoles,
drones, and security cameras.
 Storage Devices
CD DVD Blu-ray
Compact Disc Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Blu-ray
Video Disc
Typically holds up to 700 MB of Holds between 4.7 GB Can hold 25 GB (single-layer) to
data. (single-layer) and 8.5 GB 50 GB (dual-layer) or more.
(dual-layer).
Primarily used for audio, not Supports standard definition (SD) Supports high definition (HD) and
designed for video. video. ultra-high definition (UHD) video.

Has a single-layer structure. Can have single or dual layers, Uses a tighter data compression
increasing storage capacity. and can have multiple layers,
offering higher capacity.
Mainly used for audio files, Used for standard definition Used for high-definition movies,
software distribution, and some movies, software, and data large software applications, and
data storage. storage. extensive data storage.
 SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is a type of power

supply commonly used in computers. It converts AC voltage to
DC voltage efficiently, reducing energy waste. SMPS uses
high-frequency switching to regulate output voltage, making
it compact and lightweight. It provides multiple DC output
voltages required by different computer components. SMPS
also includes safety features like overvoltage and overcurrent
protection.
 SOUND CARD
A sound card, also known as an audio card, is a hardware component that enables a computer to produce sound
and process audio signals. Here are Five important points about sound cards:

Audio Output: Sound cards provide audio output capabilities, allowing you to hear sound from your
computer, including music, videos, and system sounds.

Audio Input: They also have audio input ports for connecting microphones and other audio input devices,
enabling you to record audio on your computer.

Sound Quality: Sound cards can improve the sound quality of your computer's audio output, providing
clearer and more immersive audio experiences, especially for gamers and multimedia enthusiasts.

Hardware Acceleration: Some sound cards include hardware acceleration features, offloading audio
processing tasks from the CPU, which can improve overall system performance, particularly in gaming and
multimedia applications.
 SOUND CARD
Connectivity: Sound cards offer various connectivity options, such as analog, digital, and MIDI ports, allowing
you to connect a wide range of audio devices to your computer, including speakers, headphones, and musical
instruments.
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
Network Interface Card (NIC):

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network, enabling
it to communicate with other devices.

Uses of NIC:

Network Connectivity: NICs enable devices to connect to both wired and wireless networks, facilitating
communication and data transfer.

Internet Access: They provide the necessary interface for computers to access the internet through a
network connection.

Data Transmission: NICs handle the sending and receiving of data packets, ensuring efficient
communication within a network.
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
Performance Enhancement: High-quality NICs can improve network performance by reducing latency
and increasing data transfer speeds, beneficial for tasks like gaming and video streaming.
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
Network Interface Cards (NICs) are also known as LAN cards or network cards, and they can be categorized
by how they connect to a network:

Wired
NICs that use input jacks for cables, such as Ethernet NICs, which use copper cables.

Wireless
NICs that use radio waves and an antenna to connect to a network, such as Wi-Fi connections.

USB
NICs that connect to a network through a device plugged into a USB port.

Fiber optics
NICs that use fiber optic cables to support network traffic on server computers. Fiber optic NICs are
often more expensive and complex than other types.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD