© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.

com
© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com
 Turbo Pyro
10 Fireworks You Can Make
This Weekend

by Ned Gorski

Skylighter, Inc.
PO Box 480
Round Hill, VA 20142-0480 USA

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com

Turbo Pyro

By Ned Gorski

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009 All Rights Reserved

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published by:

Skylighter, Inc.
PO Box 480
Round Hill, VA 20142-0480
Email: [email protected]

Visit Skylighter’s web site at: http://www.skylighter.com

Second Edition
September 15, 2009

CAUTION

The experimentation with, and the use of pyrotechnic materials can be dangerous. It is important for
the reader to be duly cautioned. Making fireworks is inherently dangerous. Serious injury or even
death can result from any number of causes, sometimes beyond the user’s control. Before
proceeding with these projects, be sure that you are willing to undertake these risks.
 Dedication

This book is dedicated to the members,

past, present, and future of

The Pyrotechnics Guild International

who have contributed so much, for so little,

to the art, craft, and science
of fireworks making.

and to

Big Nancy

for making it all possible.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com

Preface
There has been a need for some time for people who are just beginning their
pursuit of fireworks-making, to have a simple, logical, and practical starting point,
one which enables them to quickly succeed and be encouraged by their pursuits,
without overly endangering themselves or those around them.

This book is designed as an introductory text to enable the reader to accomplish

just that. It serves as a practical workbook to be used in making the different
types of fireworks described herein. The publisher owes a debt of gratitude to all
who have come before in writing about fireworks. They are too numerous to list
here. Suffice it to say this book stands on the shoulders of all who have written,
taught, demonstrated, or simply shared their knowledge of pyrotechnics and
fireworks making. Without them, this book would never have been written.

Everything in this book has been tested. All of the formulas, procedures,
techniques, tools, chemicals, and so on have all been used in the projects
described herein. They all work if you use the materials and methods prescribed.
Yet, these projects are basic and simple enough, that although the reader may
inadvertently stray from the instructions given here, it is still entirely possible to
end up with a successful firework.

That being said, we don’t advise it. You will be best served, both from a safety
and personal satisfaction standpoint, if you will stick to the instructions. Doing so
not only maximizes your chances of success, of having your fireworks turn out
right, but will also enhance your knowledge.

The thing to remember is that this book is a teacher. It has been designed to
teach you to make fireworks. If you have never made fireworks before, and if you
successfully complete all the fireworks projects in this book, you will be well on
your way to learning the art, science, and craft of fireworks making.

But this book can never convey everything necessary for you to become a
master of the elusive craft of pyrotechnics. That might take a lifetime of study and
practice, mostly the latter.

What Turbo Pyro can do is get you started on a solid footing, using tried and
tested methods, with relatively safe projects. If you learn these projects, you will
have a good foundation in fireworks making.

It is my hope that you truly enjoy these projects, that you make and use them
safely and legally, and that you want to continue forward with this incredibly
satisfying and creative pursuit.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com

Turbo Pyro: 10 Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

We welcome your suggestions and critiques of this book. If you find any typos or
errors, please let us know.

Harry Gilliam, Publisher

Skylighter, Inc.
PO Box 480
Round Hill, VA 20142-0480 USA
540-338-3877
[email protected]
http://www.skylighter.com

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com

Contents

Contents .................................................................................... i
Chapter 1: Using Turbo Pyro.................................................. 1
How to Use Turbo Pyro........................................................................... 1
What Is Turbo Pyro? ............................................................................... 1
Ten Types of Fireworks Devices You’ll be Making.................................. 2
Where Do You Begin? ............................................................................ 6

Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies You’ll Need for the

Turbo Pyro Projects ................................................................ 9
Pyro Tools & Supplies Needed for Turbo Pyro Projects.......................... 9

Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies You’ll Need for Turbo

Pyro......................................................................................... 19
Goin’ Shopping..................................................................................... 19
Kitchenware.......................................................................................... 20
Office/Shipping Supplies ...................................................................... 24
Craft Supplies....................................................................................... 25
Sporting Goods .................................................................................... 26
Safety Gear .......................................................................................... 27
Tools .................................................................................................... 27
Miscellaneous Household Supplies...................................................... 30
Health and Beauty Supplies ................................................................. 31
Miscellaneous Supplies ........................................................................ 32

Chapter 4: How to Make A Fireworks-Wheel Frame.......... 33

What Is a Wheel Frame?...................................................................... 33
Optional: Longer Lasting Wheel Frames............................................... 35

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Chapter 5: How To Make Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines ............. 37

What Is a Fish-Fuse Mine? ................................................................... 37
Instructions for Making Flying-Fish Mines ............................................. 37
What Is a Flying-Fish Fuse Mine Barrage? .......................................... 44
Making the Mine Barrage ...................................................................... 46

Chapter 6: How to Make Pumped Stars and a Star Mine .. 51

Instructions for Making Pumped Stars and Using Them in Mines ......... 51
Different Ways to Make Fireworks Stars ............................................... 52
Which Type of Stars Should You Make?............................................... 53
Making a Mine with Pumped Stars........................................................ 60

Chapter 7: How To Make Black-Powder Base Mix............. 63

What Is “Black Powder Base Mix?” ....................................................... 63

Chapter 8: How to Make Tube Sparklers ............................ 69

Instructions for Making Tube Sparklers................................................. 69
What Is a Tube Sparkler? ..................................................................... 69

Chapter 9: How to Make Fountains..................................... 77

Two Kinds of Fountains in This Project ................................................. 77
Instructions for Making Fountains ......................................................... 77
How to Make a Fountain Fan Display ................................................... 85

Chapter 10: How to Make a Fireworks Wheel .................... 87

Frame for Fireworks Wheel ................................................................... 87
Making Fireworks Drivers for a Wheel.................................................. 88

Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets .................................. 99

Instructions for Making a Magnum Bottle Rocket .................................. 99
The Finished Product .......................................................................... 107

Chapter 12: How to Make Fireworks Helicopters ............ 109

Making a Fireworks Helicopter ............................................................ 109
Before You Begin ................................................................................ 109
© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page ii
 Contents

Chapter 13: Making Stinger Missiles ................................ 125

Making a Stinger Missile ..................................................................... 125
Mixing the Stinger Missile Fuel........................................................... 126
Launching a Stinger Missile ................................................................ 139

Chapter 14: Making Hummers and Whirlwinds ............... 141

Making Hummers ................................................................................ 144
Making Whirlwinds .............................................................................. 148
Launching Individual Hummers and Whirlwinds.................................. 151

Chapter 15: Making Festival-Ball Aerial Shells................ 153

Making a Festival-Ball Fireworks Shell................................................ 154

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page iii

Chapter 1: Using Turbo Pyro
How to Use Turbo Pyro
Turbo Pyro is a unique book. It is designed to be used in two ways:

 Printed

 On your computer.

Here’s how it works. First print the whole book out and either put it into a binder
or have it ring or spiral bound. This will become the workbook that you will use in
your manufacturing area.

Keep the downloaded PDF file on your computer. You will need to use that
document to view the many video segments of contained in this book. (It’s also
your backup in case you need to print the book again.)

To view the videos, you will need two things:

Adobe Flash Player: You will need to download and install Adobe Flash Player,
version 9.1 or later on your computer. You can get it here free from Adobe:
http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer/.

An Internet Connection: When you play the videos, they actually “live” on a
fileserver somewhere else. They are not on your computer, nor in the Turbo Pyro
document. Therefore, you’ll need to have your computer connected to the
Internet when you click on a video to play it.

What Is Turbo Pyro?

Turbo Pyro is an accelerated program designed to have you learning a broad
range of fireworking skills, and making the associated devices in no time at all.

Ten unique and varied types of fireworks will be focused on in a comprehensive

and detailed manner in one chapter each.

Right below the name of each chapter and project, you’ll see how many devices
you can make in that project, like this:

Chapter 5 How to Make Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines (Make 10 Flying Fish Mines)

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Enough supplies have been provided in the Turbo Pyro Kit for you to be able to
make exactly that number of finished fireworks.

You’ll notice that each how-to chapter begins with an overview of a particular
device or component, and a “Quick Start” section, which outlines the steps
involved in making that device.

Then, “Detailed Instructions” will take you through the individual steps involved in
making that device. Some varieties of the device will occasionally be discussed,
and at the end of the chapters, more advanced projects will be described.

These are small projects. In fact, they are about as small as you can get in
homegrown fireworks making. They are roughly the size and scale of consumer
fireworks. The individual projects you will be working on are designed to be
small, backyard scale fireworks, suitable for displaying anywhere it would be safe
and appropriate to fire consumer fireworks.

The small, simple fireworks projects can lead to larger and more complex
projects, though, once you’ve mastered the basic skills taught in Turbo Pyro.

Turbo Pyro is designed to not only enable you to make many devices, and a wide
variety of them, but to learn many basic fireworking skills which will serve you for
a lifetime in the hobby and art that is Fireworks.

Ten Types of Fireworks Devices You’ll be Making

Turbo Pyro is going to take you, one step at a time, through the process of
making the following ten basic types of fireworks:

3/8-Inch Pumped Stars and Star-Mines

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 Using Turbo Pyro

Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines

Silver-Spark Tube-Sparklers

Orange-Spark and Silver Fountains

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Color-Changing Wheels

Magnum Bottle-Rockets

Helicopters

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 4

 Using Turbo Pyro

Stinger Missiles

Hummers and Whirlwinds

Festival-Ball Aerial Fireworks Shells

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 5

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Where Do You Begin?

We’ll show you exactly that, step-by-step.

In Chapter 3 you’ll be directed to collect some everyday tools, supplies, and

safety gear. You’ll already have some of these items on hand, and the rest are
readily available from local stores such as Wal-Mart.

You’ll need these supplies to successfully and safely accomplish the tasks that
you are about to embark on.

We’ll also take a look at what is necessary to create the spaces necessary to
work safely on these projects, to dry the compositions and devices, and to store
them safely and securely once they are done.

Note: Safety information is the easiest type to simply gloss over and ignore. And
it is the information, which can keep you from serious accident, injury, property
damage, legal problems, and death. Take the safety sections seriously. You can
only have fun in this art if you practice it safely, and you don’t want to learn the
safety lessons the hard way.

We, who are offering this information, feel a responsibility to you, who are going
to use it. If you do not take certain safety precautions seriously, this work in
pyrotechnics can:

 Cause great physical harm if it is not done safely

 Harm you and yours physically

 Damage your home

 Ruin your marriage and family

Here are links to the safety stories from two PGI Grand Masters with years of
experience under their belts.

One story deals with a fireworker who burned himself alive and begged to be
allowed to die. The other tells of one of the Grand Masters almost doing that to
himself, and what he does now to prevent it.

http://www.skylighter.com/fireworks/safety-articles.asp.

In addition, you can download an excellent article, Fireworking Safety, the Law,
and You, which contains an excellent project on making an indoor magazine.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 6

 Using Turbo Pyro

Chapter 2 will describe the various specific pyrotechnic supplies, chemicals and
tools that will be needed for these Turbo Pyro projects. You will be told the
quantities of each supply that you will need to make the numbers of devices,
which are specified in each project.

And, once you have ordered your pyrotechnic specialty supplies and you are
waiting for your order to arrive on your doorstep, we’ll give you a little project to
be working on:

The Wheel Project requires that you prepare and assemble a simple frame on
which your pyrotechnic components will be assembled. You can be working on
this wheel frame once you’ve set up shop and while you are waiting for the
pyrotechnic supplies to arrive.

And, then, in Chapters 5 through 15 we’ll actually get to work on the specific
fireworks projects and devices.

You will find that you get your best results if you follow these projects in the order
they are presented. That’s because the projects build on each other. What you
learn and make in the early projects will often be used in the later ones. For
instance Fountains are also used later as drivers in the Wheel project.

But, Chapter 7 describes a basic black-powder base mix, which will be used in
many of the projects. And, the first part of Chapter 6 teaches you how to make
3/8-inch pumped stars.

These two components have to dry for a day or so before they can be used in the
projects, so it’s a good idea to begin by tackling those two components and
getting them in a safe area to dry completely.

While they are drying, the projects in Chapters 5 and 8, “Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines”
and “Tube Sparklers” do not need to use base-mix or stars to be completed.

So, after making the base-mix and the stars, you can get right to work on those
two projects while your components for later projects are drying.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 7

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 8

Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies You’ll Need for
the Turbo Pyro Projects
Now that you’ve decided to tackle Turbo Pyro, here is a list of the special
pyrotechnic supplies you’ll need to make these projects. You can’t find these
supplies at Wal-Mart. And most of them are not available locally at all.

So, you will almost certainly have to order them from a reputable pyrotechnic
supply company. You will probably find the most economic approach will be a
complete kit containing all the supplies listed below from www.Skylighter.com.

But wherever you get your supplies, make it your first order of business to order
them right away. They can take one or two weeks to arrive, so you might want to
order right now.

You’ll also need some fairly common household supplies and tools. There’s a
complete list of those items in the next chapter.

The list below contains all the pyrotechnic chemicals, tools, and supplies used in
the various projects in this book.

The total quantity you’ll need of each item is shown. And there is a link to that
product if you want to buy it from Skylighter.

Keep in mind that if you need all of the items below, it’s more economical to buy
them all together in the kit, than to purchase each one individually.

The price of the Turbo Pyro Kit is a fraction of what the individual items would
cost if you bought them separately from anywhere.

Pyro Tools & Supplies Needed for Turbo Pyro Projects

The following list of tools and supplies are provided in the Turbo Pyro Kit that you
can buy from Skylighter. This is all of the special pyro supplies, tools, chemicals,
fuse, tubes, etc. in the exact sizes shown in the project instructions that are
needed to make all of the projects in this book.

Digital Scale
The scale weighs up to 333 grams (about 8 ounces, 1/2 lb.), has 1/10 gram
accuracy is Backlit LCD Display, and weighs in grams (g), ounces (oz), or penny
weight (dwt). It also has a tare function. This scale comes with batteries already
installed 3-1/2" x 2-38" x 5/8" thick. Skylighter # TL5021. Quantity needed—1

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 9

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

It is a good idea to keep a known weight in your shop to check the accuracy of
your scale each time you use it. The batteries can get low, or the scale can start
to fail, and the result will be inaccurate weighing. Five US quarters typically weigh
1.00 ounce (28.4 grams), and nickels weigh 5 grams each typically.

Keep a few quarters or nickels, of known weight, in a plastic baggie so they stay
clean. Check the accuracy of your scale each time you use it. That simple
precaution can prevent a lot of weighing mistakes.

Checking Scale Accuracy

When you are weighing chemicals, place the mixing tub, into which you’ll be
putting your weighed chemicals, next to your scale.

Place an empty paper cup on your scale. Push the scale’s “tare” button to set the
scale to zero with the weighing cup on it.

Put the desired amount of an individual chemical in the cup on the scale, and
then dump that chemical into your mixing tub.

Repeat that with each individual chemical, until all the individual chemicals have
been weighed and are in your tub.

Now put another container, large enough to hold the weighed mixture, on your
scale and “tare” the scale to zero again.

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 Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies

Pour your chemical mixture into the empty container on the scale and verify that
the mixture weighs what your total batch was supposed to weigh.

That verifies that you have not forgotten a chemical, and you have weighed each
individual component accurately.

You are now ready to proceed with the other steps in mixing your composition.

Note: A digital scale may continue to “tare” after the button has been pushed,
and while small quantities of chemical are added to the cup. You can add a gram
or two of chemical to the cup and the scale is still displaying 0.00. It is best when
weighing very small quantities of chemicals, to tare the scale to zero with the cup
on it, remove the cup and add a bit of the chemical to the cup while it is removed
from the scale. Then put the cup holding the bit of chemical back on the scale
and adjust the amount of chemical as necessary.

Fuses
Chinese Visco ignition fuse, 3/32-inch diameter. Green fuse, burns at about 1.7
seconds per inch. Skylighter #GN1005. Quantity needed—50 feet

Thin Chinese Visco ignition fuse, 1mm (3/64-inch) diameter. Green fuse, burns at
about 5 seconds per inch. Skylighter #GN1010. Quantity needed—3 feet

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 11

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

FAST BURNING Chinese Visco ignition fuse, yellow, 3/32-inch diameter. Burns
at about ¼ second per inch (4 inches per second). Colored yellow so you do not
use it in place of other, slower burning fuses. Skylighter #GN1100. Quantity
needed—25 feet

Super-Fast Paper Fuse. Three thin strands of blackmatch, wrapped in tissue

paper, 1/8-inch diameter paper fuse (1/16-inch diameter blackmatch strands).
Paper-wrapped fuse burns at about 1 second per foot. Skylighter #GN1205.
Quantity needed—10 feet of paper-wrapped fuse (yields 30 feet of thin
blackmatch)

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 12

 Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies

Flying Fish Fuse—Various Colors and Effects with varying diameters and burns
at about 1.75-2.0 seconds per inch. Skylighter #’s GN1020 – GN1047. Quantity
needed is 16 feet.

Chemicals
 Potassium Nitrate (saltpeter), white crystals. Skylighter #CH5302. Quantity
needed—2 pounds

 Charcoal, airfloat. Extremely fine, grayish-black powder. Skylighter #CH8068.

Quantity needed—8 ounces

 Charcoal, 80 mesh. Skylighter #CH8066. Quantity needed—4 ounces

 Sulfur, yellow powder. Skylighter #CH8315. Quantity needed—6 ounces

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 13

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

 Dextrin, light yellow powder. Skylighter #CH8107. Quantity needed—2

ounces

 Clay, bentonite, very fine tan powder. Skylighter #CH8078. Quantity

needed—1 pound

 FerroTitanium, 40-325 mesh. 60:40 iron to titanium ratio. Gray metal alloy
powder. Skylighter #CH8112. Quantity needed—6 ounces

Mortars
 Festival-Ball-Shell Mortar, 1 ¾ - 1 7/8-inch ID, fiberglass or HDPE plastic with
plug. Various Skylighter product numbers. Quantity needed—1

 3/4-Inch ID Mortars. A cardboard tube and a plastic base. Skylighter

#TU2053 (tube) #PL3001 (base). Quantity needed—10 sets

Aerial Shell Casings

Plastic Shell Casing, 1 5/8-Inch OD, #5 Shell. Spherical, two halves, one with
fuse hole for Visco fuse. Skylighter #PL2030. Quantity needed—5 sets

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 14

 Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies

Paper Tubes
Paper tubes, 3/8-Inch ID, 3.5-Inch Long. 1/8-inch wall thickness, parallel wound
tubes. Skylighter #TU1008. Quantity needed—85

Paper tubes, 5/16-Inch ID, 4-Inch Long. 1/64-inch wall thickness, spiral wound
lance tubes. Skylighter # TU2020. Quantity needed—15

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Tools
Combo-Tool set for 3/8-Inch Devices. Includes star pump sleeve, ramming base,
3 spindles, hollow ramming drift, solid drift, ram-through funnel, drill-guide, and
drill bit. Skylighter #TL1402. Quantity needed—1 set

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 16

 Chapter 2: Pyrotechnic Supplies

You can order everything in the list above from Skylighter.com.

Order the Turbo Supplies Kit containing everything.

Go here to check out the Turbo Supplies Kit. The cost is 20-25% of what the
items above would cost if you purchased them all individually.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 17

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 18

Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies You’ll Need for
Turbo Pyro
Goin’ Shopping
One of the very real changes you will experience when you take up the art of
fireworking is the new outlook you’ll have when you go out shopping.

Walk into a grocery store, a department store like Wal-Mart, or a hardware store,
and suddenly you’ll see things with new eyes. “Hey, I could use that colander for
screening chemicals,” you’ll think to yourself. Or those paper plates will have a
new appeal.

You’ll be looking at the world around you with new eyes, pondering creative ways
to use products on the shelves, or trash in a dumpster.

The following is a list of the miscellaneous household items, which will be used in
the Turbo Pyro projects.

You will already have many of these items in your home or out in your workshop.
You’ll come up with creative substitutes for some of these supplies, or alternative
products, which will work just as well.

But, if you have something like each of these items on hand before you embark
on the projects, you’ll be prepared to get to work and stay creatively working
without having to run out to the store to get something else.

These supplies are broken down into categories:

 Kitchenware

 Office/Shipping supplies

 Craft supplies

 Sporting Goods products

 Safety Gear

 Tools

 Hardware

 Miscellaneous household supplies

 Health and beauty supplies

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

 Miscellaneous supplies

Knowing which category a particular item is found in will help you identify which
department of a store such as Wal-Mart in which to shop for the item.

The particular use of each item will be pointed out in each project in which it is
used.

Kitchenware
20-Mesh and 40-Mesh Colander Screens

These are colander kitchen strainers. On the left is a 40-mesh one, and the one
on the right is 20-mesh. You’ll need one of each mesh size.

How can you tell what mesh they are?

Hold a tape measure against the wire screen. The distance between wires in a
20-mesh screen is just a little smaller than one of the 1/16-inch marks. There are
20 wires per inch, so the distance between wires is 1/20th of an inch, which is a
bit smaller than 1/16-inch.

With the 40-mesh colander, the distance between wires is 1/40th of an inch since
there are 40 wires per inch. That distance of 1/40th of an inch is just a bit smaller
than one of the 1/32-inch marks on the tape measure. Buy one colander of each
mesh size.

When you are purchasing your colanders, make sure to get relatively good
quality ones. Make sure the screen does not push easily out of the framed rim
because you will be pushing chemicals and mixtures through the screen.

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

Blade-Type Coffee Mill

Cookie Sheets

You’ll need at least two cookie sheets, either permanent or disposable ones.
Permanent ones are a good pyro investment since they get used in a lot of
projects.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

A Set of Funnels

These flexible silicone funnels are ideal.

Plastic Mixing/Storage Containers and Lids

It’s a good idea to have at least 6 of these.

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

A Set of Measuring Spoons

A Bag of 12-Inch Bamboo Skewers

1/8th-inch diameter, or slightly larger, are ideal.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Large Tri-Fold Display Board

Or some other source for pieces of corrugated cardboard at least 18-inches

square.

Office/Shipping Supplies
 Hot-glue gun and hot-glue

 2-inch wide strapping tape “for heavy jobs”

 1-inch wide masking tape (with optional dispenser)

 Elmer’s glue

 2 tubes of super-glue

 Rubber bands

 Thin cotton string

 Thumbtack

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

 One package of thin tissue paper

 One roll of brown kraft paper

 A pencil

 A black Sharpie marker

 Optional Silver sharpie marker

Craft Supplies
 Craft sticks (like Popsicle sticks)

 Assorted Wood Dowels (3/16-inch, 1/4-inch, 5/16-inch, 3/8-inch)

 Cloth sewing tape measure (optional, but pretty handy)

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Sporting Goods
 Goex FFg sporting-grade black powder (Graff and Sons online,
www.grafs.com; or some BassPro shops)

 Hodgdon 777 black-powder substitute (optional)

Only the Goex real black powder will work in both the Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines,
and in the Festival-Ball Aerial Shells. The 777 black-powder substitute can be
used in the Mines project, but not in the aerial shells.

777 powder can be found in Wal-Mart gun departments and gun stores. Goex
black powder is still available in some gun stores and sporting goods stores like
Bass Pro Shops. It can also be ordered online, and it will be shipped HazMat and
have to be signed for by an adult.

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

Safety Gear
 Bucket of water

 Safety glasses (or face shield)

 Rubber gloves

 Dust masks (or higher quality respirator)

Tools
 Hand-saw and miter-box

 Cordless drill and drill bits (1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 3/16-inch)

 Mallet (non-metal/non-marring head, rawhide mallet or plastic dead blow

mallet are best, rubber mallet is OK for these small projects but not very
functional for larger devices)

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

 Pump spray bottle

 Propane torch (optional, but handy for lighting fireworks)

 Tape measure

 Flashlight

 Razor-anvil cutter (Sears Handi-Cut or similar; often found in garden centers)

 1-inch wide paint brush

 Sharp awl

 Single-edge razor blades

 Scissors

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

Hardware
 Black spray paint (optional but nice)

 Duct tape

 PVC plumbing pipe cement

 8-inch, thin, cable ties (2 packages of 20)

 1- inch, 1.25-inch, or 1.5-inch drywall screws (10-20)

 #10 flat washers (2)

 3/8-inch X 1.5-inch fender washers (2)

 3-inch drywall screws (2)

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Miscellaneous Household Supplies

 1 gallon of distilled water

 Paper towels

 Thin plastic sandwich baggies

 7 to 8 ounce sized paper cups

 Round toothpicks

 Heavy, absorbent paper plates

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 Chapter 3: Everyday Supplies

Health and Beauty Supplies

 Coarse-toothed comb

 Q-tips

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Miscellaneous Supplies
 Two 2-foot stakes, or one 2-foot stake and a fence post

 8-foot piece of lumber to support wheel

 6X6-inch X 30-inches ramming post (some folks cut a section of tree-log)

 Two, 5-6-inch bottom diameter, flat-bottom tubs

 Piece of scrap plywood, approximately 2X2-foot

 Two pieces of scrap 2X4 or 1X4 lumber

There you have it, your detailed shopping list. You can get creative and find
some substitutions for these items. But never forget that there’s nothing like
having the right tool or material at the right time to make your projects go more
smoothly.

Now, get shoppin’. You’re gonna need all of this stuff for the following projects.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 32

Chapter 4: How to Make A Fireworks-Wheel
Frame (Make 2 Wheel Frames)
What Is a Wheel Frame?
To make a fireworks wheel, some sort of a frame, which rotates on a central axis,
must be made. The pyrotechnic “drivers” which spin the wheel round-and-round,
as well as any additional effects, are attached to the frame.

There are many ways to make frames for fireworks wheels. Corrugated
cardboard frames are easy to make and widely available to anyone. But, even
though they’re quick, easy, and cheap to make, they won’t last long, perhaps
only for one use. (With a little more time and effort you can make wheel frames
that will last a very long time. A couple of examples follow the cardboard frame.)

These discs can be cut out of pizza boxes (option: scrape the extra cheese off of
them!) or any large, perfectly flat piece of corrugated box or other corrugated
material. I made this one from a large school-project display board from Wal-Mart
(about $4).

Large Corrugated Tri-Fold Display Board from Wal-Mart

Corrugated cardboard is better than non-corrugated. The reinforcing ribs inside

the cardboard sandwich make it good and stiff. I cut two 18-inch diameter circles
from the center section of my display board. You should glue yours together with
the corrugated ribs in each circle running at right angles to each other. This will
make a good, strong cardboard disc, about ¼-inch thick.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Weighted down overnight, your double-layer cardboard disc will be ready

tomorrow for use as a wheel frame.

Marking, Cutting, Gluing, and Drying Cardboard Discs

(click image to play video )

Once it’s dry, attach the cardboard wheel frame to a wooden support. You’ll need
a piece of any lumber at least 8-feet long, a 3-inch drywall screw, two #10
washers, two 3/8 x 1.5-inch fender washers, and a 1.75-inch long spacer tube
(half of one of the 3/8-inch ID x 3.75-inch long paper tubes we’ll be using in a
later project). You can get all of the metal hardware at Wal-Mart or hardware
stores.

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 Chapter 4: Wheel Frame

Installing Cardboard Wheel Frame on a Wood Support

(click image to play video )

Any light colored parts will detract from the fireworks effects. So, spray-paint the
cardboard and the wooden support black to keep them from being seen when the
wheel display is running at night.

Note: It’s easier to attach the fireworks drivers and auxiliary effects when the
wheel is removed from the support. Then re-attach the wheel to the support
before the wheel is to be displayed, after you erect the support or drive it into the
ground.

Optional: Longer Lasting Wheel Frames

Another traditional wheel frame is simply a piece of wood with a central hub
installed. A bolt is inserted through the hub to attach the frame to a support. The
hub is made from commonly available lamp parts from a hardware store.

Obviously, just because you are making a fireworks wheel doesn’t mean the
frame has to be round. This stick-frame disproves that idea. Nice frames can be
made with more than one stick, using the same hub, crossed and attached to
each other to create a frame.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Wheel Frame Made from Wood Stick and Lamp Parts

(click image to play video )

Another frame can be made using an old bicycle wheel. Local bike shops are
always throwing out slightly bent ones.

Keep the original wheel bearings. Replace the axle with a threaded rod from the
hardware store, just small enough to pass through the bearing hubs. Tighten the
doubled sets of nuts and washers until they are just snug on the wheel bearings
and the wheel can still turn freely.

Make sure the new axle is long enough to be installed through a wood support
and held in place with more nuts and washers. If you want to get fancy and
create a “counter-rotating” fireworks wheel display, make the axle long enough
that another wheel can be installed on the other side of the support.

Drivers can be attached to the wheel by drilling some holes in it and using string,
wire, or zip-ties to hold the drivers in place.

Using an Old Bicycle Wheel As a Fireworks-Wheel Frame

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 36

Chapter 5: How To Make Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines
(Make 10 Mines)

Crackling-Silver, and Yellow Fish-Fuse Mines

(click image to play video )

What Is a Fish-Fuse Mine?

That’s really two questions: What is a mine, and what is flying fish fuse?

A mine is a fireworks device, which fires a visual and/or audible effect that burns
from the ground up. This is unlike an aerial shell, which is fired high into the air,
and does its thing way up high.

Flying fish fuse is a type of fuse, which, when cut in short lengths, appears to
“swim” around in the air after it is ignited.

Mines can be large or small. The mines you make in this project are small, quiet,
and suitable for use almost anywhere.

Instructions for Making Flying-Fish Mines

The Structure of a Mine

Here’s a cross-section of one of the mines you are about to make.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Flying-Fish Mine Cross Section

Assembling the Mortar Tubes and Bases

Spread glue into the tube-recess hole in a plastic base. Push a paper tube all the
way into the recess. The tube should stand up nice and straight when the base is
flat on your workbench. Two of the little tubes of super glue are enough to glue
all 10 mortars together. Super-Glue dries very quickly while the next assembly
steps are being accomplished. If you use Elmer’s glue, allow the assembled
mortar to dry 4 hours or more before use.

Gluing Mortar Tubes into Plastic Bases

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 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

Cutting the Visco Ignition Fuse into 3-Inch Lengths

It easiest if you make all 10 mines at one time. Cut off ten 3-inch pieces of green
Visco ignition fuse (the 3/32-inch diameter stuff). Make a mark 3 inches in from
the end of your “cutting board.” Then, use a single-edge razor blade to cut the
fuse into the ten 3-inch pieces.

Cutting Visco Fuse into 3-Inch Lengths

It’s easier to use scissors, right? Do not use scissors to cut the fuse. It is much
safer to use a razor blade or anvil cutters. Scissors have been known to
accidentally ignite fuse.

Also, remove any black powder or fish fuse from your workbench while cutting
the Visco fuse.

A good question to always have in the front of your mind is, “If what I’m working
on catches fire, is there anything else the fire can spread to?”

If there is any flammable material around, seal it tightly in a container, such as a

cooler, to prevent any accidental ignition. Assume that you WILL have an
unpredictable, accidental ignition, and always operate that way. In fireworks
making, forming this habit can be the difference between life and death.

Cutting the Flying-Fish Fuse into 4-inch Lengths

The flying-fish fuse is packaged either as 39-inch (one meter) lengths, or rolls of
100 feet. You will need to cut these into little, ½-inch long pieces to use in the
mines.

Working with pieces of fuse that small can be a pain. Here’s the easy way to do
it.

First, mark the cutting board every 4 inches with your Sharpie. Then, use your
razor blade or anvil cutters to cut enough 4-inch lengths of the fuse to snugly fill

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

one of the paper mortar tubes. This bunch of fuse can be all one color, or any
combination of colors.

Cutting Fish Fuse into 4-Inch Lengths, Bundling the Pieces in a Mortar

Use string or rubber bands to tie the bundles of fuse every ¾-inch. With the
bundle all the way in the mortar, put a tie around the bundle right above the top
of the mortar.

Bundling and Marking Bunches of Flying Fish Fuse

Then pull the bundle out about ¾-inch, and put on another tie. Repeat this two
more times. Then remove the bundle from the mortar tube.

On the cutting board, divide the space between two of the 4-inch marks into ½-
inch spaces using your Sharpie. Then line each bundle of fuse up on this section.
Use your Sharpie to make ½-inch marks on the bundles. This is where they’ll
eventually be cut into individual “loads” for the mines.

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 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

Cutting 2-Inch Diameter Tissue-Paper Disks

One final preparatory step is necessary before a mine is actually loaded for firing.
Cut some 2-inch diameter tissue-paper disks.

2-Inch Tissue Paper Disk

Assembling a Flying-Fish-Fuse Mine

Now all the materials have been prepared, and the tools are ready. It takes about
a minute-and-a-half to actually load a single mine.

Ready to Load Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines

Use a pick or an awl to make a Visco fuse hole in the paper mortar tube right at
the top of the plastic base. Insert one of the 3-inch pieces of Visco fuse into this
hole. It should be small enough to hold the fuse securely in place.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Piercing Hole in Paper Mortar Tube, Inserting Visco Fuse

Now load the black powder lift charge. The lift charge will propel the pieces of
fish fuse into the air once the Visco fuse burns in to the point where the powder is
ignited.

Use three level ¼-teaspoons (3.5 grams) of Hodgdon 777 black-powder

substitute. Or use a level ¼-teaspoon (1.5 grams) of Goex FFg black powder.

Warning: The black powder used in this step is the most powerful
component of this device. When you finish loading a mine, put the excess
powder back in its original container, and put that container in a day box or
other safe, sealed storage. Keep the work area clear of all flammables that
are not actually being used. Minimizing exposure to unused explosive
materials is absolutely the best way to reduce the risk and consequences
of a serious accident.

Loading Black Powder Lift Charge in a Mine

To load the flying fish fuse into the mortar, wrap one end of a fuse bundle with
the disk of tissue paper. Then carefully insert that end of the bundle into the
mortar up to the first Sharpie mark on the bundle.

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 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

Using the anvil cutter carefully cut the bundle at that point.

Then push the tissue-wrapped fuse bundle all the way to the bottom of the
mortar. A magic-marker or a 5/8-inch wooden dowel both work well.

To load another mortar tube using this same long bundle of fuse, simply remove
one of the rubber-band ties, and repeat the process.

Inserting Tissue-Wrapped Bundle of Fuse into Mortar, Cutting ½-Inch

Length of Fuse Off, and Pushing Fuse-Bundle to Bottom of Mortar

To finish the mine, one of the little1.5-inch-square pieces of paper is placed over
the end of the paper tube and pushed evenly down to the top of the fish-fuse
bundle to secure it in place. The paper will keep the fuse from falling out of your
mine, and protect it from stray sparks from other fireworks.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Pushing 1.5-Inch Paper Square Down on Top of Fish Fuse, Marking Mines
for Future Identification

Mark the mine with the effect it contains so you can identify it in the future.

And that’s it: flying-fish-fuse mines. Light carefully and retire. Store all finished
devices and pyrotechnic materials in a safe location.

How to Make a 10 Shot Flying-Fish Mine Barrage

What Is a Flying-Fish Fuse Mine Barrage?

10 Shot Flying-Fish-Fuse Mine Barrage

Traditional fireworks mines propel burning stars from the ground up into the air,
and look something like this:

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 44

 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

A Barrage of Mines Made from Colored Stars

With this project, you can make your own version of the same thing, using flying
fish fuse. Not only will the pieces of fuse be propelled skyward, producing their
unique effects, but they will also zip around like swarming bees.

The whole project should take you no more than an hour to assemble. It makes a
beautiful fireworks display.

And after you tackle barrages made with flying fish mines, you can reuse the
same mortars and reload them with different flying fish fuse or small stars.

Flying fish fuse is available in a wide variety of colors and effects. So when
you’ve used up the kind you originally got, you can order more and experiment
with the different types.

All of these materials will be assembled into a bank of mines.

If you are working with “young assistants,” you may want to let them decorate the
paper mortar tubes before they are glued into the bases, and before any
flammable materials are present. Kids’ washable markers can be used to create
cool designs, or a 3.25-inch by 3.25-inch piece of gift-wrapping paper can be
glued on the tube to decorate it.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Decorating Paper Mortar Tubes

You’ll notice that the 3.25-inch-wide decorative-paper wrapping leaves ¼-inch of

the tube exposed. This end will be glued securely into a plastic base.

Making the Mine Barrage

You know how it is: if one mine is good, 10 have got to be so much better.

So, here’s what to do. Join a line of mines on a board, all linked together with one
fuse, so that they fire one after another right down the line, sort of like a multi-
tube repeating firework device.

First, drill a hole in one corner of each plastic mortar base, and screw the mortars
to a scrap piece of 2x4 board. Pierce the bottom of each paper tube, and insert a
piece of Visco fuse into each mortar.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 46

 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

Attaching Mortars to 2x4 Board

Next, slice each piece of Visco fuse with a razor blade. Make sure each fuse is
the same length, and cut the end on an angle to expose as much fuse powder as
possible for good ignition.

Cutting Visco Fuses on Angle to Same Length

Use masking tape to tie the angled-cut end of each Visco fuse to a length of the
flying-fish fuse, or yellow fast Visco fuse, being used as a “barrage chain fuse.”

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 47

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Tape End of Visco So It Touches Barrage Chain Fuse

Masking Taped & Fused Flying Fish Mortars

Load each mortar with the black powder lift charge, ½-inch fish fuse bundles, and
paper plug as you did with the single mines. Try alternating the different
colored/effects fish fuse loads.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 48

 Chapter 5: Flying Fish Mines

10-Shot Fish Fuse Mine Cake, Loaded and Ready to Light

10-Shot Flying Fish Fuse Mine Barrage

(Click Image to Play Video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 49

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 50

Chapter 6: How to Make Pumped Stars and a Star
Mine (Make 10 Pumped Star Mines)

Charcoal Streamer Star Mine

(click image to play video )

Instructions for Making Pumped Stars and Using Them in Mines

Chapter 5 shows you how to make mines using flying-fish-fuse.

This project shows how to make a different sort of mine using 3/8-inch pumped
stars instead. And the same batch of stars you use for the mines are used in
other projects in this book such as rocket headings and aerial shells.

The construction in this project is the same as fish-fuse mines, except the
mortars will be loaded with homemade stars instead of fuse.

Both types of mines look great in any backyard fireworks display, because the
effects are quite different from each other. The fish-fuse pieces go up and then
they start darting around like bees or fish. The star-mines shoot straight skyward
and leave a vertical spark trail behind each star.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Different Ways to Make Fireworks Stars

Fireworks stars can be made various ways. Even though each method has
advantages and disadvantages, there really is no “one best way” to advise you to
make stars. Each has its place in fireworks making, and over time, if you use
stars in your fireworks, you will probably find each method useful, depending on
what you are want to accomplish.

There is the “cut star” method, sort of like slicing and dicing dough. Lots of stars
can be made very quickly and cheaply this way, but they will limited be one color
or effect.

There are stars that are made by pressing or molding composition into small
tubes: box stars and go-getters, for instance.

Other stars are made into round balls, starting with a core and rolling layers of
star composition on it, enabling you to have a star that can change color several
times. Round stars can be made quickly, in virtually any size, and with unlimited
color/effect changes. But to make any quantity at all, you need a star-rolling
machine, something that can be expensive or hard to find, unless you can make
it yourself.

Pumped stars are made with a piston and cylinder to turn out individual stars, or
with star-plates. A star plate is basically a gang-pump, which pumps numerous
stars at once.

3/8-Inch Brass Star Pump and Star Plate

There are several other types of stars as well. But in this project you’ll learn to
make pumped stars. You will use a star pump to quickly turn a small batch of star
composition into about 160 individual, uniform, cylindrical stars.

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 Chapter 6: Pumped Stars & Mines

This method comes in handy for making quick stars for testing, or for small
projects. Pumped stars are usually made in a single color or effect (although it is
possible to “sandwich” two effects).

You make these stars by dampening a star composition, compacting the comp in
a metal sleeve, and then “pumping” out small cylindrically shaped stars.

One great thing about pumping stars is that you use relatively dry composition.
The stars can be pumped and primed one day, dried overnight, and used in
devices the next day. This is a huge advantage because it really speeds up your
fireworks projects.

Which Type of Stars Should You Make?

For mines, you can use almost any kind of star color or effect. It really all
depends on your personal preferences. But for this project a tried-and-true, fast-
burning, charcoal star formula will be used.

The batch below is enough to make about 160 stars. You’ll need 40 stars for this
project (10 mines), and you’ll still have enough stars left over for the rockets and
aerial shells in the other Turbo Pyro projects. And remember you always need a
few extra for star testing, breakage, etc.

Charcoal-Star Formula (makes about 160 3/8x3/8-inch stars)

Shimizu’s Chrysanthemum 8 Charcoal Star

Chemical Percentage 4 Ounces 115 Grams

Potassium nitrate 0.49 1.96 ounces 56 grams
Charcoal, airfloat 0.40 1.6 ounces 46 grams
Sulfur 0.06 0.24 ounce 7 grams
Dextrin 0.05 0.2 ounce 6 grams
Total 1 4 ounces 115 grams

Dampen the composition with +10% distilled water. That’s 0.4 ounce of water by
weight or 11.5 grams.

Note: If you have all the Turbo Pyro Supplies listed in Chapter 2, then you have
enough materials to make two batches of stars and prime.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Grinding Chemicals
First, verify the potassium nitrate and sulfur are fine enough to easily pass
through a 40-mesh screen. If either of them won’t, pulverize each individual
chemical in a blade-type coffee mill until it will easily go through the 40-mesh
screen. If you need to grind chemicals, do not mix them when milling or grinding.

Pulverizing Chemical in a Blade-Type Coffee Mill

(click image to play video )

Weighing and Mixing the Chemicals

Weigh each chemical individually into its own paper cup. Then combine all
chemicals into one cup. Tare the cup and weigh it. Make sure the total weight is
the same as what is shown in the formula. This verifies no mistakes were made
during the weighing.

After confirming the weight, pour the chemical mixture into a mixing tub. Snap the
lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight, shake the tub to mix. In
fireworks making this mixture is now called a chemical “composition” or “comp.”

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 54

 Chapter 6: Pumped Stars & Mines

Weighing a Chemical for a Batch of Stars

(click image to play video )

Screening the Mixed Composition

Next pour the comp out of the mixing tub, and screen it twice. Do this outdoors
using a 20-mesh screen to break up any clumps, and to more thoroughly mix it.

Screening the Chemical Composition

(click image to play video )

Dampening the Composition—Pay Close Attention

Dampen the composition by spraying water into the mixing tub as you knead the
mixture with gloved hands. Dampen until it just stops being free-flowing.

Put the tub and composition on your scale and tare it. Spray water into the tub
until you have added the 0.4 ounce/11.5 grams of water. The amount is critical.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

But be careful.

Too much water and your stars may never dry. Too little and they will not hold
together. Getting the water just right cannot be overemphasized. Over-watering
is the single problem you are most likely to have in making these stars.

Too much water and the composition gets sticky and hard to work. The stars take
longer to dry, and may never dry completely in their centers.

What happens is the damp composition in the middle of the stars gets completely
surrounded by an impermeable, hard, dry shell, and the water cannot evaporate
out. That’s called “driven-in” moisture. You will have to throw that batch away.
Wasted time, wasted money.

All right, then. So how much is too much? How do you know when you have just
the right amount of water?

Well, the short answer is: “experience.” But we can make it a little easier for you
to tell. Here are some other ways to gauge comp wetness.

First, stick to the formula given above. Use the exact ingredients specified and
follow the weighing and measuring instructions precisely. If you change the
ingredients or the proportions, all bets are off.

WEIGH the water, just like the instructions say. Remember, we have done this
before and this is a tried and tested formula and process. If you stick to the water
weight given in the formula, you should be fine.

If your hands/gloves are really dirty after mixing, the comp is probably too wet.
That’s because there’s more water than the comp can hold, which makes your
hands wet, which picks up the charcoal.

Dampening, Screening and Mixing the Composition

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 56

 Chapter 6: Pumped Stars & Mines

Pumping 3/8-Inch Stars

Pumping stars requires the correct tools and skills. You’ll need a mallet, a
ramming post, a solid base on which to pump the stars, and a star pump.

To make the stars you will be “ramming” (hammering to compact) the

composition in the star pump. Hand ramming (vs. the more precise process of
using a hydraulic press) is a skill that takes practice. You’ll get more productive at
it as you do it more.

To pump the stars using your Combo Tool, break a round toothpick in half and
stick it in the hole in the solid rammer. Slide the rammer down into the aluminum
sleeve until the toothpick pin stops at the top of the sleeve. This will leave an
empty space about 7/16-inch deep.

Assemble the Star-Pump

The purpose of the toothpick spacer is to help you make finished stars that are
consistently the same thickness.

Plunge the pump into the damp star composition several times to fill the empty
space. Ram the pump into the composition the same number of times, and try to
use consistent pressure when doing this. This will help make your stars the same
thickness. Place the open end down on a hard ramming block (your Combo
Tool’s aluminum plate is great for this).

Remove the toothpick pin. Then ram the star with 3 or 4 blows of the mallet.
Again, try and use a consistent number of blows and pressure.

If you forget to remove the toothpick pin and ram the star, it will break the
toothpick. But this won’t damage your pump. Simply remove the ram, push the
remains of the toothpick out of the hole, insert a new toothpick half, and press on.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

After ramming you’ll have a star about as long as the ram’s diameter, 3/8-inch in
this case. Simply push the star out of the sleeve with the ram.

Repeat this process to pump each individual star.

Hand Ramming Pumped Stars

(click image to play video )

Priming Stars
To ensure reliable ignition of the stars and that the whole surface of each star
takes fire quickly, prime them with a black-powder prime composition right after
you make them.

Black-Powder Star Prime (enough for one batch of stars

Chemical Percentage 0.7 Ounces 20 Grams

Potassium nitrate 0.75 0.53 ounces 15 grams
Charcoal, airfloat 0.15 0.1 ounce 3 grams
Sulfur 0.1 0.07 ounce 2 grams
Dextrin +.05 0.04 ounce 1 gram
Total 1.05 0.74 ounce 21 grams

Place a batch of damp, pumped stars in a plastic bowl. Spritz the stars with water
lightly. Swirl the stars in the bowl while you dust a teaspoonful of the prime
composition on them. Keep swirling until the stars take up all the prime.

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 Chapter 6: Pumped Stars & Mines

Repeat these steps, without getting the stars too wet, until a 21-gram (0.74
ounce) dose of the prime has been applied to the whole batch of stars.

Spraying Stars with Water, and Dusting with Black Powder Prime
(click image to play video )

Drying Stars

Warning: Always dry your stars away from people and property. Drying
stars have been known to spontaneously combust. Or, if a stray spark were
to ignite them, you could have a fast and massive flash fire. To figure out
the safest place to dry your stars, assume they will catch fire—now where
would you want that fire to happen?

These pumped stars do not have much water in them, so they dry quickly. They
will dry best in a warm, dry, shady location with moving air.

For best results, place the stars on a screen so that moving air can reach all
sides of the stars. But you can leave the stars on a paper plate in a warm,
breezy, shady, safe location, and they will dry quickly there. Do not dry them in
the sun.

How do you know when your stars are completely dry?

Several ways: They don't crumble in your fingers when you squeeze them hard.
Or, put some in a sealed Ziploc baggie in the sun, and there's no condensation in
the baggie after a half hour.

Many folks use a food dehydrator to dry stars. This is fine.

But if you use this method, do it remotely using an extension cord, away from any
people or property you care about. Because this is an electric device, it can
malfunction and cause a fire.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Line the trays of the food dehydrator with fiberglass screen to prevent stars or
flammable powder from falling through and landing on the electrical element.
Your dryer can be modified to reduce the current and heat in the electrical
element. Adding a little computer (or “muffin”) fan to the top of the unit can
increase air circulation and reduce drying time.

Long term, if you get serious about making fireworks stars, a drying chamber is
the best. A drying chamber will dry your stars overnight. There’s a project on the
Skylighter web site for making an excellent drying chamber.

Drying Stars on a Paper Plate, a Screen, or in a Food Dehydrator

(click image to play video )

Making a Mine with Pumped Stars

Small mines are easy to make using these pumped stars, and the same mortar,
Visco fuse, and lift powder you used in the Flying-Fish-Fuse Mines project in
Chapter 5. You can almost repeat that same process.

Once you have loaded the lift powder and fuse in each mortar, push four of the
3/8-inch stars down into a 2-inch diameter piece of tissue paper as they are
inserted into the mortar. Shove them all the way down on top of the lift powder.
Then shove a 1.5-inch square of paper down on top of the stars to seal them.
This last step prevents sparks from other fireworks from prematurely igniting your
mines.

You can create a 3-shot fan of mines by mounting the mortar bases on a 2.25-
inch square piece of ½-inch thick plywood spacer, on a piece of 2x4, as shown
below.

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 Chapter 6: Pumped Stars & Mines

Poke holes in the bottom of the tubes and run Visco fuse or fast, yellow-Visco
fuse all the way through them so they ignite one after another.

Loading and Firing a 3-Shot, Fan-Shaped, Star-Mine Repeater

(click image to play video )

Note: The “titanium-charcoal” stars mentioned in the video were a batch made in
another project. There is not supposed to be any titanium in the formula above.

There they are, homemade pumped stars and star-mines. Light carefully and
retire. Store all finished devices and pyrotechnic materials in a safe location.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 62

Chapter 7: How To Make Black-Powder Base Mix
(Make enough Black Powder for all projects)
What Is “Black Powder Base Mix?”
You’ll notice if you glance through the projects in this book, many of the fireworks
devices use the same black-powder base mix. This mix contains the three
components of traditional black powder: potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.

Sometimes this mix is used as is. Often it is slightly modified by the addition of
other chemicals, serving as the starting point or basis for different formulations—
hence “base mix.”

Your projects will be less complicated, and you’ll really speed up the process if
you make the base mix for all the projects at one time in advance. Again, to
emphasize, if you make up your base mix now, you will be able to complete the
Turbo Pyro projects in a fraction of the time it would normally take.

Warning: You’re about to make one of the most common, yet powerful,
pyrotechnic compositions used in fireworks. Observe all safety steps as
you go along:

 Minimize the exposure of this composition to any possible ignition source

whenever possible

 Store the mixture safely

 Have a healthy respect for it

These will go a long way toward keeping you alive and well.

Warning: Watch what happens when just one teaspoonful of this black-
powder base mix is laid out in a line 8-inches long, and ignited. You can
see that if you are in close proximity to a large quantity of this powder
when it ignites, you will not have time to escape the fireball. Advance
preparation is the only way to avoid serious mishaps when working with
energetic compositions. You will never be able to outrun an accidental
pyrotechnic ignition.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

One Teaspoonful of Black-Powder Base Mix Being Ignited

(click image to play video )

How Much Base Mix to Make?

24 ounces (680 grams) of base mix will be enough to complete each project if
you make the number of devices specified in each project.

So, to make a 24-ounce batch of the black powder base mix, you will need the
following quantity of each chemical:

Chemical Parts Ounces Grams

Potassium nitrate 75 parts 18 ounces 510 grams
Airfloat charcoal 15 parts 3.6 ounces 102 grams
Sulfur 10 parts 2.4 ounces 68 grams

These three components are ground fine and mixed.

Milling the Potassium Nitrate and Sulfur

A simple method for grinding individual chemicals very fine is to use a small
blade-type coffee mill. Never grind mixtures of chemicals in a coffee mill because
they can ignite or explode.

The coffee mill can efficiently grind 3 ounces of the potassium nitrate at a time,
and 1.2 ounces of the sulfur at a time. It only takes 10-20 seconds for each
batch. So, you should mill six 3-ounce batches of the potassium nitrate and two
1.2-ounce batches of sulfur.

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 Chapter 7: Black Powder Mix

Make sure they are fluffy fine. Store these individual milled chemicals in their own
plastic baggies, segregated from the unmilled chemicals.

Blade-Type Coffee Mill Grinding Individual Chemicals

(click image to play video )

Note: Small inexpensive coffee mills like those from Wal-Mart can overheat if you
run them too long. Once they overheat and stop working, they won’t work again.
Mill one or two batches of the chemical at a time. Use short 5-10 second pulses,
and let the mill cool down before milling any more.

Airfloat charcoal is fine enough to be used as is, so you don’t need to grind it in
the coffee mill.

Mixing Black-Powder Base Mix Composition

You should now have a tub of 3.6 ounces of airfloat charcoal, 18 ounces of milled
potassium nitrate, and 2.4 ounces of milled sulfur. You’ll use these three
chemicals to make the 24 ounces of black-powder base mix. But it’s a little
cumbersome working with batches that large. So, first make three 8-ounce
batches.

8-Ounce Batch of Black Powder Base Mix

Chemical Percentage 8 Ounces 227 Grams
Potassium nitrate 0.75 6 ounces 170 grams
Airfloat charcoal 0.15 1.2 ounces 34 grams
Sulfur 0.10 0.8 ounces 23 grams
Total 1.00 8 ounces 227 grams

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Weigh out the individual chemicals for an 8-ounce batch into their own paper
cups. Then dump them into a plastic mixing tub. With the lid on tight, shake the
chemicals to mix them together, holding the lid down while you do.

Then open the tub, and pass the mixture through a 40-mesh kitchen screen or
colander into another tub. Work the composition through the screen with your
gloved hand.

Cap that second tub and shake the contents again. Repeat the shaking and
screening process three times to ensure the chemicals are completely mixed.

Note: Mixing and screening this chemical mixture is a dirty process. It’s best
done outdoors wearing a dust mask. Also, this is now a very flammable,
potentially explosive composition and needs to be treated with respect, keeping it
away from all sources of sparks and flames.

Weighing and Screen-Mixing Chemicals for Base Mix

(click image to play video )

Dampening, Granulating, and Drying Base Mix Composition

Once again, do this outdoors to minimize dust contamination and wear gloves.
Spray water into the base-mix composition, and work the water into the powder
with your hands.

Spray one ounce of water (either a fluid ounce by volume or an ounce by weight-
-they’re both the same) into the 8-ounce batch of powder. Work it in with your
hands. Then press the dampened composition through a 20-mesh screen or
kitchen colander.

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 Chapter 7: Black Powder Mix

Dampening Base Mix with Water, Working It In with a 20-Mesh Screen

Spread the dampened composition out evenly on a kraft-paper lined tray. Place
in a safe, warm place to dry, ideally outdoors. In a warm and lightly breezy
location the mixture will be dry in a few hours. But, if there is too much wind, the
paper and mix will fly off your tray, ruining your hard work.

Drying Base Mix on a Paper-Lined Tray

(click image to play video )

Once it is dry, work the powder through the 20-mesh screen one more time to
break up clumps. Then put it into a sealed plastic container. Store this container
safely away from any source of heat, sparks, or fire.

Your black-powder base mix is now ready to be used in various projects:

fountains, wheels, rockets, and some special effects.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 68

Chapter 8: How to Make Tube Sparklers (Make 15
Sparklers)

Non-Metal Tube Sparkler & Ferro-Titanium Tube Sparkler

(click image to play video )

Instructions for Making Tube Sparklers

What Is a Tube Sparkler?

There are two basic types of sparklers: dipped sparklers and tube sparklers.

Dipped sparklers are made by dunking a wire or wooden stick into a wet
composition once or more times to create a sparkler coating on the handle.

Tube sparklers are made by filling a tube with a dry pyrotechnic composition. The
tube can be attached to a wood handle for easy and safer handling as it burns.
This type of sparkler is much quicker and easier to make than a dipped sparkler
since it requires no drying before lighting it.

Tube sparklers can be made with or without a spark-producing metal in the

composition. If they are made without a metal, they can be used as a hand-held
torch, called a portfire, for lighting fireworks during a display.

They can also be assembled in patterns on a framework to create pictures in fire.

In that application they are called lance, and the picture is called lancework.

Here’s a modified version of a portfire formula from Weingart’s Pyrotechnics.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Portfire Formula
Chemical Percentage 4 Ounces 115 Grams
Potassium nitrate 0.72 2.88 ounces 82.8 grams
Airfloat charcoal 0.02 0.08 ounces 2.3 grams
Sulfur 0.26 1.04 ounces 29.9 grams
Total 1.00 4 ounces 115 grams

Note: All chemicals are fine enough to pass through a 40-mesh screen. If the
chemicals are more finely ground than that, the sparklers will burn faster.

To get sparks, add 20% metal to the above formula. In this project we’ll be using
ferro-titanium.

Sparkler Formula
Chemical Percentage Ounces Grams
Portfire mix 1.00 4 ounces 115 grams
Ferro-titanium +0.20 0.8 ounces 23 grams
Total 1.20 4.8 ounces 138 grams

Note: Steel, titanium, and other metals can be used for different types of sparks.

Screening Chemicals
Screen a little more potassium nitrate than you’ll need (see formula above)
through a 40-mesh screen or kitchen colander. Screen the sulfur into its own
container.

Note: Use a clean cup and bowl for each chemical to prevent cross-
contamination of the chemicals.

The airfloat charcoal and metal do not need to be screened because the charcoal
is already fine enough, and the metal should never be put through a screen.

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 Chapter 8: Tube Sparklers

Screening Potassium Nitrate

(click image to play video )

Weighing Chemicals
First, weigh each individual chemical into its own clean cup.

Note: I have noticed that when my small digital scale is turned on, if a cup is
placed on it and the scale then “tarred” to zero, and if a small amount of chemical
is sprinkled into the cup, that the scale will continue to tare itself to zero
occasionally, and not register the weight of the small amount of chemical. If your
scale has this problem, turn the scale on, put a cup on it, tare it to zero, then
remove the cup, put a small amount of the chemical into the cup, and then put
the cup back on the scale. The scale should then read correctly.

Mixing the Composition

Run the three non-metal chemicals together through the 40-mesh screen into a
plastic mixing tub. Do this 3 times. Cover and shake the tub between screenings.
This thoroughly mixes the chemicals.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Screen-Mixing the Sparkler Composition

(click image to play video )

Note: Never put metals through your screens. First, there is almost never a need
to. Second, they are likely to clog the openings and contaminate screened
chemicals in the future. Instead, after the other chemicals are mixed, put the
metal into the tub, cover it, and shake it to mix the metal into the composition.

Weigh the complete composition to verify it weighs what it is supposed to (see

formula above) and to be sure no mistakes were made during the previous steps.

Loading Sparkler Composition into Paper Tubes

Now it’s time to load the composition into the paper tubes. I use 5/16 ID x 4-inch
long “lance” tubes, which come with one end closed. One 4-ounce batch of
composition will fill 15 lance tubes. The “rod and funnel” method is an easy way
to accomplish this task.

Push one of the 4-inch paper tubes against a tabletop to flatten and close the
end.

Insert the tube into a snugly fitting funnel. Then insert a wood dowel, smaller than
the tube ID by about 1/16-inch, through the funnel and into the tube.

Place a heaping teaspoonful of the sparkler composition in the funnel. Then lift
and drop the dowel in small increments, compacting the composition, until the
tube is full.

Note: While the tube is being filled, be sure you put the lid back on the tub of
composition to limit the amount of exposed flammable powder at any given time.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 72

 Chapter 8: Tube Sparklers

Using Rod and Funnel to Fill Paper Tube with Sparkler Composition
(click image to play video )

One of the 4-inch tubes filled with non-metal portfire composition burns for about
2 minutes. Filled with the metal sparkler composition, it will burn for about 75
seconds.

For a larger, longer burning sparkler, a homemade 3/8-inch ID tube, 11-inches

long is easy to make and fill.

Roll a half-sheet of copier paper on a 3/8-inch wood dowel and glue the edge
down with Elmer’s glue. Remove the tube from the dowel and close one end of
the tube with a piece of masking tape.

Now fill the paper tube with composition using a larger funnel and a 5/16-inch
dowel rod.

Rolling a Long Paper Tube, Filling It with Sparkler Composition

(click image to play video )

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

These 11-inch tubes hold about 29 grams of composition. A non-metal sparkler

made with one of these tubes will burn for about 5 minutes; a sparkler with metal
composition burns for about 3 minutes.

Attaching Fuse and a Handle to the Tube Sparkler

A couple of final steps will have the sparkler ready to take outside and light.

Tube sparklers can be lit directly with a match or propane torch. But, it is safer to
attach a 3-inch piece of Visco ignition fuse to the open tube end with a piece of
masking tape.

For a wooden handle, insert a sharp bamboo skewer into the bottom end of the
sparkler tube.

Note: I never cut fuse with scissors. Scissors create friction when they cut and
can cause an accidental ignition. I always cut my fuse with a sharp razor blade or
a pair of anvil type cutters.

Attaching Fuse and a Handle to the Sparkler

(click image to play video )

Conclusion
These are impressive homemade sparklers that are really fast and simple to
make. Let’s clean the shop and take some out and fire ‘em up.

These sparklers do emit hot metal sparks, and they drop some molten slag as
they burn. Children should use these only with very close adult supervision. Eye

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 Chapter 8: Tube Sparklers

protection is an excellent safety precaution. It is best to not breathe the smoke

from sparklers. So hold them downwind as they burn.

One interesting variation on these tube sparklers is to use some coarse spherical
titanium in them instead of ferro-titanium. The titanium drops fall from the
sparkler for 6-8 feet, and then burst into impressive popping sparks.

You can use sparklers made with spherical titanium to make a fireworks
waterfall. Just install them on a horizontal board erected 8-10 feet high and fuse
them all together. This is what they look like when they are ignited.

A Tube Sparkler Made with Coarse Spherical Titanium Metal

(click image to play video )

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 76

Chapter 9: How to Make Fountains (Make 10
Fountains)
Two Kinds of Fountains in This Project
The projects in this chapter utilize the black-powder base mix you made in the
first project (if you have not made up your base mix yet, go here first). By only
slightly modifying the base mix, with the addition of one or two chemicals, you
can now make two fountains with very different effects: charcoal fountains and
ferro-titanium fountains.

Charcoal and Ferro-Titanium Fountains

(click image to play video )

Fountains, technically known as gerbs (sounds like the first syllable in the word
‘gerbil’), make nice stand-alone effects. They also create a nice display when
used as the “drivers” on fireworks wheels. You can tackle those wheels in the
next project.

Instructions for Making Fountains

Mixing Fountain Fuel

Starting with black-powder base mix, you’ll be adding either 80-mesh charcoal or
60-100-mesh ferro-titanium to make the two types of fountain fuel. The following
formulas and amounts will make enough fuel to construct 5 charcoal fountains
and 5 ferro-titanium fountains, using 3/8-inch ID x 3.5-inch long paper tubes.

If you wish to make 10 of one type, though, and none of the other, simply make
twice the amount of the fuel for the type you want to make.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Charcoal Fountain Formula (enough for 5 fountains)

Chemical Percentage 1.3 ounces 37 grams
Black powder base mix 0.85 1.1 ounces 31.5 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.15 0.2 ounces 5.5 grams
Total 1.00 1.3 ounces 37 grams

Ferro-Titanium Fountain Formula (enough for 5 fountains)

Chemical Percentage 2 ounces 57 grams
Black powder base mix 0.70 1.4 ounces 39.9 grams
Ferro-Titanium, 60-100 0.30 0.6 ounces 17.1 grams
mesh
Total 1.00 2 ounces 57 grams

For a batch of one of the fuels, weigh each chemical into its own paper cup. Then
combine them into one cup and reweigh it to make sure the total weight is what it
is shown above. This verifies no mistakes were made during the weighing.

After you have confirmed the correct weight, pour the chemical mixture from the
cup into a mixing tub. Install the lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight,
shake the tub to thoroughly mix the fuel.

Using a Sharpie marker, label the fuel in that tub and keep the fuel in the tub
during fountain construction, opening it only to remove each necessary increment
of fuel.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 78

 Chapter 9: Fountains

Weighing and Mixing Fountain Fuel

(click image to play video )

Ramming a Clay Nozzle in a Paper Tube

Now that the fuel is mixed, it’s time to start constructing a fountain. The first step
in this process is ramming a clay nozzle. For this, you’ll need to assemble your
materials: clay, fountain tooling, mallet, ramming post, ¼-teaspoon measuring
spoon, paper tube, and awl.

Note: Nozzle clay is rammed dry. It will tightly pack into a solid mass during the
next steps. Never dampen this clay.

If you are using the combo-tool, place the tube on the shortest spindle on the
base. Fountain spindles are typically designed to channel the fountain spray
through a nozzle (for greater height), and to be only deep enough to start a
thorough burn of the fuel.

Install the ram-through funnel on the top of the paper tube. Scoop out a slightly
rounded ¼-teaspoonful of the clay, and dump it into the tube through the funnel.

Insert the hollow ram-drift and slide it up and down in the tube a few times to
completely settle the clay to the bottom of the tube. Gently ram (hammer) the
hollow drift 6-8 times with the mallet until the clay nozzle feels completely solid.

If you ram the nozzle too hard, you will split the paper tube. If this happens, throw
that tube away and start over. A good rule of thumb is to ram the nozzle hard
enough to make it very slightly bulge the outside of the tube. You can feel this
with your fingers.

Leave the tube and clay nozzle on the tooling. Do not remove it.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Pull the drift out of the tube. Clean any clay out of the hole in the drift with an awl.

Holding the spindle base and tube in one hand, tip them over and gently tap any
loose clay out of the tube back into the container of clay.

Now you should have a nice, solid nozzle in the tube. If you’d like to inspect the
nozzle and see what it’s like, you can gently twist it off the spindle. It’s not
necessary to remove the tube at this point, though.

Ramming a Clay Nozzle

(click image to play video )

Ramming the Fountain Fuel

If you’ve removed the tube from the spindle to inspect the nozzle, gently twist it
back onto the tooling. You don’t want to break the nozzle. Make sure the tube is
all the way down onto the base and perpendicular.

Before you begin ramming the fuel, you will need to mark your solid rammer. You
have to do this, so you will know when to switch from the hollow ram to the solid
one.

Insert the solid ram-drift all the way into the paper tube until it contacts the
spindle. Put a little pencil mark on the drift right at the top of the paper tube. Then
pull the drift out of the tube and put another pencil mark on the drift about ¼ inch
below the first one. This second mark is the no-pass point beyond which the solid
spindle is never rammed into the tube.

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 Chapter 9: Fountains

Why make the second mark below the first one? Why not just change from
hollow to solid rammer right at the top of the spindle?

The second mark allows you to use the hollow drift to ram fuel to ¼-inch above
the top of the spindle. You do this to avoid “pinching” the fuel directly between
the solid rammer and the top of the spindle. Pinching, the rapid and high
compression of pyrotechnic composition directly between two metal parts, can
cause fuel to accidentally ignite. That extra ¼ inch of fuel creates a safety buffer
to prevent pinching the fuel.

Remove the drift from the tube. Wrap a piece of masking tape around the drift
with the bottom edge of the tape where you made your second/bottom pencil
mark.

The bottom edge of the tape is the “no-pass” line on the solid drift. Never ram
your drift further into the tube than the edge of that tape. This will prevent the drift
from ever contacting the spindle.

Marking a No-Pass Line on the Solid Drift

(click image to play video )

Now, start with your hollow drift.

Using the hollow drift, ram a ¼-teaspoonful increment of the fountain fuel in the
tube in the same way you rammed the nozzle clay.

Switch to the solid drift. Ram the remaining fuel increments, one at a time with
the solid drift, making sure that the drift never goes into the tube deeper than the
no-pass line. This is very important.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

When you ram the first increment of fuel using the solid drift, the loose fuel
should hold the drift up above the no-pass line about ¼ to 3/8-inch. As you ram
that fuel, you will be moving the no-pass tape line move down toward the top of
the tube; but the tape should never go into the top of the tube. If the tape starts to
get close to the top of the paper tube, remove the drift and add more fuel into the
tube before you do any further ramming.

Ram more ¼-teaspoon fuel increments until there is only a 3/8-inch empty space
remaining in the top end of the paper tube.

Place the excess fuel back into the plastic container and cap it tightly. Remember
to always minimize the amount of exposed fuel.

Ramming Fuel in a Fountain

(click image to play video )

Ramming a Clay Bulkhead

When making a fountain, your last ramming step is the clay bulkhead on top.

Remove the ram-through funnel, and empty out any loose fuel in the space at the
top of the tube.

Plunge the top of the tube into the loose, dry clay several times to tightly pack it
full of the clay.

Then use the solid drift and your mallet to ram the clay into a solid bulkhead.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 82

 Chapter 9: Fountains

Ramming a Clay Bulkhead

(click image to play video )

Installing a Fuse and a Stick on a Fountain

Cut a 3-inch piece of Visco ignition fuse.

Wrap a 4-inch long piece of 1-inch wide masking tape around the nozzle end of
the fountain. Allow ¾-inch of tape to overhang the end of the paper tube.

Insert the Visco fuse all the way into the nozzle hole until the end of the fuse is
pressed against the exposed fountain fuel.

Then tightly close the masking-tape “nosing” around the fuse to hold it in place.

Here’s a tip to make your fountain fast, easy and safe to set up when you’re
ready to use it: tape one half of a bamboo skewer onto the side of the fountain
with two bands of masking tape, with the fuse up, as shown below.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Installing Visco Fuse and Stick on a Fountain

(click image to play video )

The fountain can now either be stuck in the ground, or in a hole drilled in a block
of wood if it is to be fired on a concrete surface. To fire the fountain without a
stick taped to it, you could hot-glue it to a base made from a block of wood.

And now, it’s ready for show time. Light the fuse and retire to a safe distance.
(Fountains can explode for various reasons. So until you know you have yours
dialed in, it’s best to stay back.)

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 Chapter 9: Fountains

How to Make a Fountain Fan Display

You can make a “fan” of three fountains by installing longer, 4-inch pieces of
Visco fuse in each fountain, and then connecting the three fuses to one ignition
fuse with masking tape.

It is important that you cut all three fuses exactly the same length to ensure their
simultaneous ignition. Use masking tape to connect the tops of all three fuses as
shown below—be sure the fuses are all taped side by side, touching each other
(do not try to connect them so they are intersecting--many won’t light this way).
Be sure and add the piece of ignition fuse as shown.

Three Fountains Connected with Visco Fuse

Now take the three fountains and set them up in the ground in a fan-shape.

Three- Fountain “Fan” Display

When the single Visco ignition fuse burns down to the point where all the fuses
are joined by the masking tape, the three individual fountain fuses will all light at

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

the same time. Since they are the same length, the three fountains should start
at the same time, too. And this is what you should see:

Fan of Three Ferro-Titanium Fountains

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 86

Chapter 10: How to Make a Fireworks Wheel
(Make 2 Wheels)
The Goal
In this project you’ll make a wheel, which performs like this.

Fireworks Wheel with Charcoal & Ferro-Titanium Drivers

(click image to play video )

The pyrotechnic devices, which spin the wheel around, are called “drivers.” They
are mounted onto the frame and fused together to complete the wheel assembly.
Wheels can be as small and simple as the one shown below. Or they can be
many feet in diameter and vastly more complex, limited only by the laws of
physics and your imagination.

This chapter describes how to actually assemble the pyrotechnic drivers onto a
wheel frame, and fuse them together for the display.

Frame for Fireworks Wheel

Chapter 2 of Turbo Pyro shows how to make a simple, cardboard fireworks-
wheel frame. Two advanced wheel frame options were also described.

If you have not made at least one of those wheel frames yet, do so now. It does
not matter which type, but the cardboard circle frame is used in this chapter for
illustration. It is best to stick to the wheel frame sizes shown. Their size is
matched to the power of the drivers you will be making in this project.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Cardboard Wheel Frame Mounted on Wood Support

Making Fireworks Drivers for a Wheel

The same kind of fountains you made in Chapter 9 will be used as the drivers on
this wheel. Learning the Chapter 9 construction technique is a prerequisite for
tackling this wheel project. Use the instructions there to see exactly how to make
each driver.

This project also utilizes the black-powder base mix you made in Chapter 7. If
you have not made up your base mix yet, do so now before proceeding in this
project.

Mix the following two batches of fountain/driver fuel:

Charcoal Formula (enough for 6 drivers)

Chemical Percentage 1.6 ounces 45 grams
Black powder base mix 0.85 1.35 ounces 38.3 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.15 0.25 ounces 6.7 grams
Total 1.00 1.6 ounces 45 grams

Ferro-Titanium Formula (enough for 6 drivers)

Chemical Percentage 2.4 ounces 68 grams
Black powder base mix 0.70 1.7 ounces 47.5 grams
Ferro-Titanium 60-100 0.30 0.7 ounces 20.5 grams
mesh
Total 1.00 2.4 ounces 68 grams

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 Chapter 10: Wheels

Make 4 of the charcoal drivers and mark each of them “C.”

Make 4 of the ferro-titanium drivers and mark them “FT.”

Mix the remaining amounts of the two fuels together. Using this combined fuel,
make 4 of the 50/50 drivers and mark them “50/50.”

Two of each kind of the drivers will be used on a wheel, so you should now have
enough drivers for two wheels.

Each Fireworks Wheel Uses Three Pairs of Drivers

After you’ve burned one wheel, you can reload the frame and have a second
one. Or you can make two frames and have two wheels display simultaneously.

If you plan to make and display two wheels at the same time, it looks really great
to have one rotating clockwise, and one counterclockwise. To achieve this, the
drivers are mounted on the second wheel in precisely the reverse direction and
order of the one, which is about to be described.

These wheels are designed so that each wheel will start with two of the charcoal
drivers burning and creating a soft charcoal effect. Then the two 50/50 drivers will
ignite and a medium-brightness spark effect will be created. Finally the last two
drivers will ignite with an even more brilliant ferro-titanium effect.

Drill Bulkhead Passfire Holes

The charcoal drivers will burn first. When they have spent all their fuel they will
pass fire through their bulkheads to ignite fuses, which will burn and ignite the
50/50 drivers.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Then, the 50/50 drivers will burn and pass fire through their bulkheads to the
ferro-titanium drivers.

In order to accomplish the passing of fire through the bulkheads, holes must be
hand-twist drilled in them.

Using a 1/8-inch drill bit, center the bit in the face of the clay bulkhead. Gently
twist the bit by hand, drilling into the clay and keeping the bit perpendicular to the
bulkhead face.

Keep drilling until the bit just penetrates the fuel grain by about 1/16-inch.

Be sure to dump the loose clay out of the hole so it doesn’t obstruct the fuel
when the fuses are installed.

Make passfire holes for the two charcoal drivers and the two 50/50 drivers.

Note: Once you get through the bulkhead clay, you are drilling into a pyrotechnic
composition. This must be done slowly with a drill bit twisted by hand. Do not use
a power drill to drill passfire holes.

There are bits of ferro-titanium in the 50/50 fuel. So with this fuel especially, if the
drilling is done fast there is the chance of sparking and ignition. Make sure no
open batches of fuel are in the vicinity when you start drilling. It is safest to do
this drilling outdoors.

Hand Twist-Drilling 1/8-Inch Bulkhead Passfire Hole

(click image to play video )

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 Chapter 10: Wheels

Enlarging Nozzle Holes

The nozzles of all six of the wheel drivers will have yellow fast-Visco fuse
inserted into them. That fuse is 1/8-inch in diameter.

To ensure that the fuse will fit into the nozzles, check to see if you need to open
up the existing nozzle holes a little. Hand twist-drill the driver nozzle holes with a
1/8-inch drill bit until the bit just hits the fuel grain. Do this gently, the same way
the bulkhead holes were drilled.

Installing Masking-Tape “Nosings” on Drivers

Nosings need to be installed on the nozzle ends of all drivers and on the ends of
any drivers with bulkheads that have been drilled. These tape nosings will hold
the fuses in place in the nozzle and bulkhead holes.

With your fingers, clean all clay dust off the outside and ends of all the tubes.

Tear off a 4.5-inch long piece of one-inch wide masking tape, and install the tape
on the driver end. Apply about ¼-inch of the tape onto the outside of the tube
itself and leave ¾-inch to hang over the end of the tube. The tape should be long
enough to make two turns around the tube.

Then put another band of tape around the tube, overlapping the ¼-inch of tape
on the tube, to really secure the nosing in place. The fuse and nosings have to
withstand strong centrifugal force when the wheel is spinning. If the connections
come loose, your wheel will come apart, stop, or not perform correctly.

Put these tape nosings on all the driver tube ends except the undrilled bulkhead
ends on the ferro-titanium drivers. They are the last ones to burn and will not be
passing fire to anything else on the wheel.

When all the tape nosings are in place, you can tell the nozzle ends of the drivers
from the passfire ends by simply looking through the nosings at the ends. The
nozzle ends look quite different than the bulkhead ends.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Installing Masking-Tape Nosings on Wheel Drivers

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 92

 Chapter 10: Wheels

Mark Driver Locations on Wheel Frame

There will be six drivers around the perimeter of the wheel frame. So the outside
of the frame needs to be marked with those six driver locations.

Measure the circumference of the wheel frame with a cloth-sewing tape

measure.

Divide that circumference length by 6 to determine where each of the 6 drivers

will be placed.

Put a “starter” mark on the edge of the wheel frame. Silver Sharpie markers work
well to mark black surfaces.

Measure around the edge of the frame by 1/6 of the circumference, and make
another mark.

Repeat this until you are back where you started. You now have 6 marks, which
should all be equidistant from each other, around the edge of the frame.

Measuring and Marking Frame for Driver Locations

(click image to play video )

Marking Driver Attachment Points

Mounting the drivers on a slight angle to the edge of the frame will ensure they
don’t burn the frame as they spew forth their magical sparks. The correct angle
points the driver directly at the next driver location mark to the right.

Mark the driver location and attachment points at each of the 6 driver locations
on the frame as shown below. The “dots” are where you will be punching holes
through the frame.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Marking Driver Attachment Points on Wheel Frame

(click image to play video )

Attaching the Drivers to the Wheel Frame

This wheel will rotate counter-clockwise, so the drivers are attached with the
nozzle end to the left (outside the wheel). They will then turn the wheel in the
desired direction.

Pierce each attachment point with an awl.

Make sure you attach each driver tightly, with the nozzle end pointing left
(outside the wheel), with two 8-inch cable ties. Clip off the excess tie plastic end.

First, attach a charcoal driver, then a 50/50 one at the next attachment point to
the right of the first one, and then a ferro-titanium driver to the right of that one.
Repeat that process with the next three attachment points. So, your 6 drivers
should end up attached in this sequence, going counterclockwise.

 Driver 1: Charcoal

 Driver 2: 50/50

 Driver 3: Ferro-titanium

 Driver 4: Charcoal

 Driver 5: 50/50

 Driver 6: Ferro-titanium

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 94

 Chapter 10: Wheels

Attaching Drivers to Wheel Frame

(click image to play video )

Fusing the Wheel

Yellow fast-Visco fuse is used to attach the drivers to each other so they ignite in
sequence.

Using a razor blade or razor-anvil cutters put a nice fresh cut on one end of a
length of the fast-Visco fuse. Insert that end all the way into the nozzle end of
one of the ferro-titanium drivers.

Crimp the driver’s nosing around the fuse, and tie the nosing tape securely
around the fuse with a piece of string.

Now pay careful attention to the next instructions.

Fusing will be done to your left.

From your first fused driver, stretch the fuse over to the passfire end of the next
(50/50) driver to the left. Then cut the fuse so that it will be long enough to
penetrate all the way to the bottom of the bulkhead passfire hole in the 50/50
driver. Insert the end of the fuse into the bulkhead hole and make sure it bottoms
out against the fuel. Then crimp and tie the nosing around the fuse.

Make sure your fuses are long enough to do the job, but no longer than
necessary.

Repeat this fusing process between the nozzle end of the 50/50 driver and the
passfire end of the charcoal driver to its left. Do not put a fuse into the nozzle end
of the 3rd (charcoal) driver yet. Leave it empty for now.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Using two more pieces of fast yellow Visco, connect the other 3 drivers on the
opposite side of the wheel in the same way, starting with the other ferro-titanium
driver.

Now, connect the nozzle ends of the two charcoal drivers with a longer piece of
the fast-Visco fuse. See the photo on the right below.

Tape a piece of green Visco ignition fuse right in the middle of that long piece of
fast-yellow Visco, which connects the charcoal drivers.

Connecting the Wheel Drivers with Fuse

(click image to play video )

Attaching Wheel Frame to Wood Support

Any 8-foot long piece of lumber will work as a support for this wheel.

As described in Chapter x on making the wheel frame, re-attach the wheel to the
wood support.

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 Chapter 10: Wheels

Attaching Wheel to Wood Support

(click image to play video )

Drive a fence post or other stake into the ground, and use tape to securely attach
the wheel support to the stake.

Bend the green ignition-Visco fuse downward for easy lighting when it comes
time to fire your wheel.

After the display, remove the wheel frame and store it in a dry location for re-use
in the future. Dew or rain will damage the cardboard frame if you leave it sitting
out.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 97

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 98

Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets (Make 10
Rockets)
In this project you’ll make magnum bottle rockets, which are “big brothers” of the
ones you can buy at the corner fireworks store.

Charcoal-Tailed Magnum Bottle Rockets in Action

(click image to play video )

Instructions for Making a Magnum Bottle Rocket

Before you begin:

This project utilizes the black-powder base mix described in Chapter 7 (if you
have not made up your base mix yet, go here first).

You will also be using 3/8” pumped stars described in Chapter 6. If you have not
made those yet, go here and do so now.

These rockets will be made using 3/8-inch ID, 3.5-inch-long paper tubes, with 12-
inch-long bamboo skewers for their sticks.

So, while they are similar in scale to a consumer fireworks bottle rocket, the
motor is larger, and the display more impressive.

But, they are still small and quiet enough to be launched anywhere a standard
bottle rocket would be safe to fly. You will be making a nice, backyard-scale
rocket in this project.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Mixing the Rocket Fuel

The these rockets is made by adding some 80-mesh charcoal to the dried black-
powder base mix fuel for

Rocket Fuel Formula (enough for 10 rockets)

Chemical Percentage 2 ounces 57 grams
Black-powder base mix 0.80 1.6 ounces 45.6 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.20 0.4 ounce 11.4 grams
Total 1.00 2 ounces 57 grams

To make a batch of rocket fuel, weigh each component into its own paper cup.
Then combine both components into one cup and reweigh it to make sure the
total weight is what it is shown above. This verifies no mistakes were made
during the weighing.

After you have confirmed the correct weight, pour the chemical mixture from the
cup into a mixing tub. Install the lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight,
shake the tub to thoroughly mix the fuel.

Using a Sharpie marker, label the fuel in that tub and keep the fuel in the tub
during rocket construction and open it only to remove each necessary increment
of fuel.

Ramming a Clay Nozzle in a Paper Tube

The first step in actual rocket construction is ramming a clay nozzle in the motor
tube. Assemble your materials: clay, rocket tooling, mallet, ramming post, ¼-
teaspoon measuring spoon, paper tube, and an awl.

Note: Clay is rammed dry. It will tightly pack into a solid mass during the
ramming. Never dampen this clay.

If you are using the combo-tool, place the tube on the longest spindle on the
tooling base. The long spindle will create a hole through the clay rocket nozzle,
and a core up into the rocket fuel grain. The large fuel surface area created in
this core will ignite instantaneously and produce large amounts of gas quickly,
which will propel the rocket into the air.

Install the ram-through funnel on the top of the paper tube. Scoop out a slightly
rounded ¼-teaspoonful of the clay and dump it into the tube through the funnel.

Insert the hollow ram-drift, and slide it up and down in the tube a few times to
completely settle the clay to the bottom of the tube. With the spindle base on the

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 Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets

ramming post, gently ram (hammer) the hollow drift 6-8 times with the mallet until
the clay nozzle feels completely solid.

Remove the drift from the tube and clean any clay out of the hole in the drift with
an awl.

Holding the spindle base and tube in one hand, tip them over and gently tap any
loose clay out of the tube back into the container of clay.

There is now a nice, solid nozzle formed in the rocket tube.

Ramming the Rocket Fuel

Before you begin ramming any fuel, you will need to mark your hollow and solid
rammers. You have to do this, so you will know when to switch from the hollow
ram to the solid one. It prevents you from ever hitting the spindle with your solid
drift when you are ramming fuel.

Remove any masking tape that may have been left on the solid drift from
previous projects.

Insert the solid ramming drift all the way into the paper tube until it contacts the
tip of the spindle. Put a little pencil mark on the drift right at the top of the paper
tube. Then pull the drift out of the tube and put another pencil mark on the drift
about ¼-inch below the first one. This second mark is the “no-pass” point beyond
which the solid spindle is never rammed into the tube.

Why make the second mark below the first one? Why not just change from
hollow to solid rammer right at the top of the spindle?

The second mark allows you to use the hollow drift to ram fuel to a point ¼-inch
above the top of the spindle. You do this to avoid “pinching” the fuel directly
between the solid rammer and the top of the spindle.

Pinching, the rapid and high compression of pyrotechnic composition directly

between two metal parts, can cause fuel to accidentally ignite. That extra ¼ inch
of fuel creates a safety buffer to prevent pinching the fuel.

Remove the drift from the tube. Wrap a piece of masking tape around the drift
with the bottom edge of the tape where you made the second/bottom pencil
mark.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Marking No-Pass Line on Solid Drift with Masking Tape

(click image to play video )

Now put a mark ¼-inch up on the solid drift’s no-pass masking tape. This is
where the top of the tube would be if the drift was inserted all the way until it hit
the spindle.

Warning: Never ram your drift further into the tube than the “no-pass” edge
of the tape. This will prevent the drift from ever contacting the spindle and
prevent accidental ignition of the rocket.

Align the bottoms of the solid and hollow drifts and put a mark on the hollow drift
alongside the mark you just made on the solid drift’s tape. Wrap a single layer of
tape around the hollow drift with the bottom of the tape aligned with the mark on
it.

The bottom of the tape on the hollow drift marks how far that drift is inserted into
the tube when the end of the drift is even with the top of the spindle.

When fuel is being rammed in the tube, the hollow drift must be used until that
edge of the tape is at or above the top of the tube. That indicates that fuel has
been rammed to, or slightly above, the top of the spindle. Then you can switch to
the solid drift to ram the remaining fuel and the clay bulkhead.

Note: If your hollow drift will not slide into the paper tube with this piece of tape
on it, use the black Sharpie marker to make a mark where the bottom of the tape
is and remove the tape. Keep an eye on the Sharpie mark as you are using the
hollow drift, and refresh the mark as it gets worn off.

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 Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets

Marking Hollow Drift with Masking Tape

Load ¼-teaspoonful of the fuel into the paper tube through the ram-through
funnel. Using the hollow rammer, consolidate the fuel with 6-8 whacks with the
mallet.

Repeat this with increments of the fuel until the mark on the hollow drift is even
with, or slightly above, the top of the tube after an increment is rammed.

Switch to the solid rammer and ram two increments of fuel, making sure the no-
pass line never goes into the paper tube. This should bring the no-pass line to
about ¼ inch above the edge of the tube after the final fuel increment.

Since the no-pass line would be in the tube ¼ inch if the solid drift was in contact
with the tip of the spindle, when that line is ¼ inch above the tube’s edge after
ramming a fuel increment, there should be ½ inch of fuel rammed above the
spindle.

That amount of fuel above the spindle will create a “delay” time as the rocket flies
upward before the “heading” is ignited.

The fuel above the spindle burns more slowly than the fuel below it did, and
creates a coasting, “delay” portion of the flight.

Once that delay fuel has burned, the “heading” is ignited. The heading, if you
have installed one, is the effect attached to the top of the rocket motor, designed
to create a visual and/or audible fireworks effect at the end of the rocket’s flight.

Place the excess fuel back into the plastic container and cap it tightly. Remember
to always minimize the amount of exposed fuel.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Ramming a Clay Bulkhead

After the fuel has been rammed to ½-inch above the tip of the spindle, as
described above, ram a ¼-teaspoon increment of clay to form a bulkhead in the
top of the rocket motor.

Drill a Passfire Hole through the Bulkhead

After the delay fuel has burned up, in order for the rocket motor to pass fire to the
heading, a hole must be drilled through the clay bulkhead.

Using a 1/8-inch drill bit, center the bit in the face of the clay bulkhead and gently
twist the bit by hand, drilling into the clay and keeping the bit perpendicular to the
bulkhead face.

Drill all the way through the clay bulkhead and just penetrate the fuel grain about
1/16-inch.

Dump all the loose clay out of the passfire hole so it doesn’t obstruct the fuel.

Warning: You are drilling directly into a pyrotechnic composition once you
get through the bulkhead clay. You must do this slowly with a drill bit
twisted by hand. Do not use a power drill to do this. Make sure no open
batches of fuel are in the vicinity when this operation is undertaken. It is
best to do this drilling outdoors.

Ramming Fuel in a Magnum Bottle Rocket Motor

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 104

 Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets

Adding a Heading to the Rocket Motor

Various types of headings can be added to one of these rocket motors to create
some fireworks effect at the top of its flight.

Of course, you may want to omit the heading completely for your first test flights.
In that case do not drill the bulkhead passfire hole.

If you do want to add a heading to your rocket, you could use some 3/4-inch
pieces of flying-fish-fuse. Or you could use some loose powder, such as the
same black-powder rocket fuel you used to make the motor. A pinch of ferro-
titanium in that loose rocket fuel would produce a spray of sparks to accompany
the heading’s “pop” at the end of its upward flight.

But this project will show you how to use 3/8-inch pumped stars in the heading.

The first step in adding a heading to the rocket motor is to cut a ½-inch piece of
yellow, fast Visco fuse and insert it all the way into the bulkhead hole until the
fuse bottoms out against the fuel.

Then install the ram-through funnel and fill the void in the end of the motor tube,
around the fast Visco fuse, all the way to the top with loose rocket fuel as shown
in the photo sequence below. Remove the funnel.

Then, balance one, three, or more stars on the end of the tube, and wrap the
stars with two turns of masking tape.

Seal the masking tape against the motor tube tightly. Then put two more tight
turns of tape around the tape on the motor tube to firmly attach the wrap to the
tube.

Loosely fold the masking-tape wrap over the top of the stars. Put one small piece
of tape over that end to hold the stars in place.

The idea is to have the stars ejected out of the end of the heading tape enclosure
after they are ignited by the burning, loose rocket fuel.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Installing a Rocket Heading of 3/8-Inch Pumped Stars

(click image to play video )

Finishing the Rocket

To finish the rocket, use two 5-inch long bands of masking tape to attach a 12-
inch bamboo skewer to the side of the motor. Lap the stick up onto the side of
the motor about 2.5-inches. Keep the stick straight in alignment with the motor as
you attach it.

Insert a 4-inch long piece of Visco ignition fuse into the hollow core of the motor,
pushing the fuse in as far as it will go.

If you wish to, a 3-inch by 5-inch piece of colored tissue or gift-wrapping paper
can be glued around the motor to give it a finished look.

Finishing a Rocket with a Stick, Fuse, and Decorative Wrapping

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 106

 Chapter 11: Magnum Bottle Rockets

The Finished Product

It’s hard to find tall, glass pop-bottles anymore, which were ideal for launching
bottle rockets. But, any piece of pipe, a foot or two long, will serve as a launching
tube for these magnum bottle rockets.

Anchor the tube solidly into the ground or into a hole drilled into a block of wood
to serve as a base.

Insert the bottle rocket with the Visco fuse hanging outside the top of the tube,
light the fuse and retire to a safe distance to enjoy the rocket’s flight.

Magnum Bottle Rocket Launching from a PVC Pipe

(click image to play video )

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 107

Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 108

Chapter 12: How to Make Fireworks Helicopters
(Make 10 Helicopters)
Technically known as “tourbillions,” these whirling helicopters are fun little
devices. They start their flight by spinning around on a flat launching platform on
the ground. Then as they continue to spin, they lift skyward, creating a whirlwind
of charcoal sparks. They finish by spitting out bursts of charcoal sparks in
opposite directions.

Fireworks Helicopter with Launch

(click image to play video )

Making a Fireworks Helicopter

Before You Begin

This project utilizes the black-powder base mix described in Chapter 7. If you
have not made up your base mix yet, you will need to go here first.

You will also need 10 of the 3/8” ID by 3.5” long tubes.

Mixing the Helicopter Fuel

The fuel for these helicopters is made by adding some 80-mesh charcoal to dry
black-powder base mix.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Helicopter Fuel Formula (enough for 10 helicopters)

Chemical Percentage 3 ounces 85 grams
Black-powder base mix 0.95 2.85 ounces 80.8 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.05 0.15 ounces 4.2 grams
Total 1.00 3 ounces 85 grams

For a batch of helicopter fuel, weigh each component into its own paper cup.
Then combine them into one cup and reweigh it to make sure the total weight
equals what it is shown above. This verifies no mistakes were made during the
weighing.

After you have confirmed the correct weight, pour the chemical mixture from the
cup into a mixing tub. Install the lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight,
shake the tub to thoroughly mix the fuel.

Using a Sharpie marker, label the fuel in that tub. Keep the fuel in the tub during
helicopter construction, opening it only to remove each necessary increment of
fuel.

Note: Now is a good time to plug your hot-glue gun in and get it heated up and
ready to go when you need it.

Warning: Hot-glue guns, especially cheap ones, have been known to

malfunction and spit sparks out of their sides. It is therefore an excellent
idea to plug the gun in at a location that is away from the area where you
are working with pyrotechnic materials. And, just before you use the gun
on a fireworks device, unplug it and use it while it is still hot but has no
electricity flowing through it. Never have a plugged-in hot-glue gun sitting
on a workbench near flammable materials.

Ramming a Clay Plug in a Paper Tube

The main body for one of these helicopters is a 3/8-inch ID, 3.5-inch long paper
tube.

The first step in the actual helicopter construction is ramming a clay plug in one
end of the tube. Assemble your materials: clay, tooling, mallet, ramming post, ¼-
teaspoon measuring spoon, masking tape, and a paper tube.

Note: Clay is rammed dry. It will pack tightly into a solid mass during the
ramming. Never dampen the clay.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

If you are using the Combo Tool, insert the paper tube into the white plastic drill
guide until the end of the tube is flush with the far side of the guide. The guide
serves as a nice tube support during the ramming operations.

Place a piece of masking tape over the end of the tube and the guide to seal off
that end of the tube.

Place the tube and guide on the aluminum ramming base. Install the ram-through
funnel on the top of the tube.

Drop a slightly rounded ¼-teaspoonful of the powdered clay through the funnel
and into the tube.

Insert the solid rammer. Push it in and out of the tube several times to pack the
clay at the bottom of the tube. Tap the rammer 8 times with the mallet until the
clay plug feels solid and compacted.

Remove the rammer and funnel and dump any loose clay out of the tube back
into the tub of clay. Insert the rammer back into the tube and mark where the top
end of the tube is on the rammer. Remove the rammer and hold it alongside the
tube to verify that a ¼-inch long clay plug was created in this process. Adjust
your clay increment accordingly in the future.

Ramming a Clay Plug in Helicopter Tube

(click image to play video )

Ramming the Helicopter Fuel

Measure two tablespoons of fuel into a paper cup. Put the lid back on the tub
tightly to minimize exposure of the fuel during construction.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Put the ram-through funnel on the paper tube, and ram ¼-teaspoon increments
of the fuel into the tube the same way you rammed the clay plug.

Preparing to Ram Increments of Fuel into Helicopter Tube

(click image to play video )

Keep ramming one increment at a time until there is only ¼-inch of the tube
empty at the top.

Remove the funnel and dump any loose fuel out of the tube back into the paper
cup. Put the excess fuel in the cup back into the tub of fuel and close it tightly.

Ramming the Second Clay Plug

With the funnel removed from the paper tube, plunge the open end of the tube
into the tub of powdered clay until the end of the tube is completely filled with a
bulging increment of clay.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Ramming the Final Clay Plug

(click image to play video )

Ram this clay increment. Refill the void with clay as necessary and ram the clay
again to make the clay plug almost flush with the end of the paper tube.

Remove the tube from the plastic drill guide and remove the tape from the bottom
of the tube or guide.

Drilling Spin Holes in Helicopter Tube

To make the helicopter start spinning on its launch platform, there will need to be
two holes drilled in its sides.

Two additional holes in the helicopter’s bottom will then be drilled to lift the
helicopter into the air.

The locations of these holes must now be marked on the paper tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Locations of 1/8-Inch Holes in Helicopter Tube

Find the edge of the wrapped paper which makes up the tube. This edge runs
lengthwise down the tube, and will serve as a good straight starting line for
marking the hole locations. Run a pencil or Sharpie marker down this paper edge
to create a line running the length of the tube. This line will be on the bottom of
the helicopter.

Marking Bottom Line on Helicopter Tube

Now put a mark on the tube’s end that aligns with the bottom line.

Put a mark directly opposite of the first mark on that same end. Connect those
two marks on the end with a little line as shown below.

Put two marks half way between each of those two marks.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Marking an X on the Helicopter Tube’s End

These last two marks show where lines on the sides of the tube, up 90 degrees
from the bottom mark on each side of the tube, will line up.

In the same way you marked the bottom line, put marks on the sides of the tube,
which line up with these sideline marks.

Marking Side Lines on Helicopter Tube

(click image to play video )

Now make the marks for the locations of the four 1/8-inch holes, which need to
be drilled in the helicopter tube.

On one of the side lines, put a mark measured in 5/8-inch from one end.

On the other side line, put a mark measured in 5/8-inch from the other end.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

These marks you just made are where the holes will be located that spin the
helicopter.

On the bottom line, put marks measured in 1 3/8-inch from each end. The marks
on the bottom are where the holes will be located that lift the helicopter.

Measuring and Marking Hole Locations on Helicopter Tube

(click image to play video )

Warning: Perform the following operation:

Wearing eye protection and cotton clothing.

Outdoors.

Away from any exposed pyrotechnic compositions.

Slowly.

Carefully.

With a very sharp 1/8-inch drill bit.

Using a sharp 1/8-inch drill bit, and holding the drill perpendicular to the tube’s
side, drill holes slowly just through the paper tube wall and just into the helicopter
fuel–not all the way through it. Drill at all four hole locations, which you marked
on the tube.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Drilling Four 1/8-Inch Holes at Marked Locations on Helicopter Tube

(click image to play video )

Installing Helicopter Stick

The stick on the helicopter will look like a “wing” or “propeller,” but its only
function is to keep the helicopter tube-body positioned with the bottom holes
pointing down during spinup on the launching platform and during its flight.

The stick is a standard Popsicle stick, or craft stick, 4.5-inches long and about
3/8-inch wide.

Unplug your hot-glue gun, which is now hot, and put a dab of glue on the bottom
of the helicopter tube right in the middle of the tube between the two bottom
holes. Press the stick onto the glue with the middle of the stick crossing the
middle of the tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Put another dot of glue on the outside of the stick right at its middle point. This
dot will serve as the pivot point where the helicopter can spin prior to rising
skyward.

Hot-Gluing Stick on Helicopter and Pivot Dot on Stick

(click image to play video )

Fusing the Helicopter

The holes in the helicopter tube now get joined together in a particular order with
thin blackmatch.

There are three strands of this thin blackmatch fuse in paper-wrapped fast-fuse.

If you are using paper-wrapped fast-fuse, cut a 3.5-inch long piece of it with a
razor-blade cutter.

Remove the paper wrapping from the length of fuse to reveal three thin strands
of blackmatch.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Harvesting Blackmatch

Now clean out the holes in the helicopter tube with an awl. Remove any paper
“fuzz” obstructing the holes.

Cleaning out Helicopter Holes with an Awl

Stick the end of a piece of the blackmatch into one of the bottom holes. Wrap the
match up and over to the side hole in the tube, nearest to that bottom hole, on
that same side of the stick. Cut the match ¼-inch longer than the side hole with a
razor blade, and stick that end of the fuse into the side hole. This connects the
bottom hole to the side hole on that half of the tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Connecting Bottom Hole and Side Hole with Blackmatch

Cover the fuse with a 1-inch by 1 inch piece of masking tape, only sticking the
tape securely around the fuse as it goes into the bottom hole, as shown in the
photo below. Leave the side hole open.

Putting Masking Tape over Piece of Blackmatch

(click image to play video )

Repeat this step on the other side of the tube. Connect the other bottom hole to
the other side hole with fuse. Then, apply a piece of tape to cover the fuse; press
it tightly over the bottom hole, leaving the side hole open.

Insert one end of another 3.5-inch piece of blackmatch into one of the side holes,
alongside the first piece of match already in that hole. If you need to, use the awl
to widen the open area in that hole so you can get the match in there.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Bend the fuse over the top of the tube toward the other side hole. Use the loose
corner of the masking tape that is already there to tape the fuse where it enters
the first side hole.

Trim the match ¼-inch past the other side hole using your razor blade. Bend the
match and insert it into the side hole alongside the piece of match already there.
Use the awl to open the hole up if necessary.

Connecting Side Holes with Blackmatch over the Top of the Tube

Tear off a 4-inch piece of masking tape and wrap it completely around the tube
on one side of the stick, completely covering the two holes and the fuse on that
end of the tube. Press the tape firmly around the fuse.

Repeat this on the other part of the tube.

Taping the Tube on Both Sides of the Stick

Now tape a 4-inch piece of Visco ignition fuse dead center on the top of the tube
so it contacts the piece of blackmatch there.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Taping Ignition Fuse on Center Top of the Tube

This simple helicopter is now ready to fly. Use a flat, smooth launching platform.
A piece of scrap plywood serves that purpose nicely.

When the Visco ignition fuse burns to the top center of the tube, it passes fire to
the piece of blackmatch connecting the two side holes.

When blackmatch burns in an enclosed space, as it does when it’s covered with
the masking tape, it burns almost instantaneously.

The blackmatch will burn from the top center of the tube in both directions toward
the side holes, and ignite the helicopter fuel inside those holes.

This will start the helicopter spinning and ignite the other two pieces of
blackmatch, which burn quickly down to the bottom holes.

When the fuse ignites the fuel inside the bottom holes, the spinning firework rises
into the air.

Inside the tube, the fuel is burning in both directions from each hole. When the
fuel burns through between the side and bottom holes, and between the bottom
holes, a rapid pressurization occurs inside the tube and an extra-large spray of
sparks erupts from all 4 holes, creating a nice final effect.

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 Chapter 12: Helicopters

Helicopter Launching and Flying Skyward

(click image to play video )

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

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Chapter 13: Making Stinger Missiles (Make 10
Stingers)
Stinger missiles are rockets which do not need a stick or fins for stable flight.
Instead they spin and are stabilized gyroscopically. They fly skyward, leaving a
nice straight tail of charcoal sparks, and also slinging a circle of sparks out
sideways. Very cool looking. Stingers are launched off a simple little launch pin in
a block of wood.

They are fast, easy, and uncomplicated to make. You can make one and fly it in
5 minutes or less—a lot less time than it takes to read how!

Launch of a Fireworks Stinger Missile

(click image to play video )

Making a Stinger Missile

Before you begin:

This project utilizes the black-powder base mix described in Chapter 7. If you
have not made up your base mix yet, go here first and make it.

You will also be using 3/8-inch pumped stars described in Chapter 5. If you have
not made those yet, go to Chapter 5 and do so now.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Mixing the Stinger Missile Fuel

The fuel for these missiles is made by adding some 80-mesh charcoal to black-
powder base mix (Chapter 7).

Stinger Missile Fuel Formula (enough for 10 missiles)

Chemical Percentage 1 ounce 30 grams
Black-powder base mix 0.95 0.95 ounces 28.5 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.05 0.05 ounce 1.5 grams
Total 1.00 1 ounce 30 grams

To make a batch of stinger missile fuel, weigh each component into its own
paper cup. Then combine both components into one cup and reweigh it to make
sure the total weight is what it is shown above. This verifies no mistakes were
made during the weighing.

After you have confirmed the correct weight, pour the chemical mixture from the
cup into a mixing tub. Install the lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight,
shake the tub to thoroughly mix the fuel.

Using a Sharpie marker, label the fuel in that tub and keep the fuel in the tub
during missile construction. Open it only to remove each necessary increment of
fuel.

Cutting Paper Tubes

These stingers use 3/8-inch ID, 1.75-inch-long paper tubes. So, cutting a
standard 3-1/2-inch long rocket tube in half will produce two stinger missile tubes.
Cut 5 tubes in half, which will yield you 10 completed stinger missiles.

Measure 1.75-inches from one end of a 3/8-inch tube, and mark that point on the
tube.

Cut the tube at the mark, using a sharp saw and a miter box to produce nice,
square, clean cuts.

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 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Cutting a Paper Tube with Miter Box and Saw

(click image to play video )

Ramming a Clay Nozzle in a Paper Tube

The first step is to ram a clay nozzle in the stinger missile tube. Assemble your
materials: powdered clay, stinger tooling, mallet, ramming post, ¼-teaspoon
measuring spoon, paper tube, and an awl.

Note: The powdered clay is rammed dry. It will tightly pack into a solid mass
during the ramming. Never dampen this clay.

If you are using the Combo-Tool, place the paper tube on the middle-length
spindle on the tooling base. This spindle will create a hole through the clay
nozzle, and a core up into the stinger’s fuel grain.

Install the ram-through funnel on the top of the paper tube. Scoop out a slightly
rounded ¼-teaspoonful of the clay and dump it into the tube through the funnel.

Place the Combo-Tool base on a solid ramming post (like a 4 x 4 post). Insert the
hollow ram-drift. Slide it up and down in the tube a few times to completely settle
the clay to the bottom of the tube. Gently ram (hammer) the hollow drift 6-8 times
with the mallet until the clay nozzle feels completely solid.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Ramming a Clay Nozzle in a Stinger Missile Tube

(click image to play video )

Remove the drift from the tube and clean any clay out of the hole in the drift with
an awl.

Holding the spindle base and tube in one hand, tip them over and gently tap any
loose clay out of the tube back into the container of clay.

There is now a nice, solid nozzle formed in the rocket tube.

Drilling the Spin Hole in Tube and Installing Fuse

The spin hole has to be drilled tangentially, at the angle shown in the diagram
below. Otherwise, the rocket won’t spin. That hole accommodates a piece of thin-
Visco fuse used for ignition and vents the exit gas, which spins the rocket for
stability.

Note: A tangential line intersects the curve of a circle perpendicular to the radius
of the circle at that point. If that’s Greek to you, check out the diagram below.

Unlike other rockets, a stinger missile is ignited through a hole in the side of the
paper tube just above the nozzle. Looking down into the tube from the top, you
can see that the hole is not drilled straight/perpendicularly into the side of the
tube. If you drill straight in, the tube won’t spin.

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 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Looking Down Stinger Tube at Spin-Hole and Fusing

This side-fusing arrangement ignites the stinger fuel just inside the spin-hole first.
The burning gases spew out of the side hole, spinning the stinger on its
launching post, providing gyroscopic stability to the rocket.

Then the fuel burns through to the main cavity that was formed by the spindle in
the middle of the fuel grain. That area in the middle of the fuel ignites and shoots
the lift gasses from the bottom of the motor while the spin-gases continue to turn
the motor.

The rocket rises into the air, still spinning.

So, how do you get this tangential spin-hole in just the right place and angle?
Here’s how you do it.

Remove the tube from the spindle. Insert the hollow rammer until it bottoms out
on the nozzle. Put a pencil mark on the rammer where the top of the tube is.

Remove the rammer and place it beside the tube, with the mark aligned with the
top of the tube. Put a mark on the side of the tube where the bottom of the
rammer is. That is where the top of the clay nozzle is inside the tube.

Marking the Spin Hole Location

The hole should be drilled just above that mark. Mark exactly where the hole will
be drilled by sticking an awl slightly into the side of the tube to create an
indentation there.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Denting Tube Where Spin Hole Will Be Drilled

Install the white plastic drill guide over the tube. Align the metal guide so it is
pointing right at the dent in the tube.

With one hand, use your fingers to clamp the drill guide tight against the tube.
With your other hand, gently drill a 1/16-inch diameter hole through the tube wall.
Let the drill guide control the angle of your drilling. Drill only deep enough for the
bit to just pierce the inside of the tube wall. Be careful not to drill far enough to
pierce the other side of the tube.

With the drill running, move the bit in and out a couple times to clean out the
hole.

Drilling a 1/16-Inch Spin Hole Using the Drill Guide

(click image to play video )

Insert a 3-inch-long piece of thin-Visco fuse until you can see the fuse inside the
tube, skimming along the tube’s inside wall about 1/8 inch. Bend the fuse over
against the tube’s outside wall and tape it there.

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 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Thin Visco Fuse Installed in Stinger Tube

(click image to play video )

Put a No-Pass Mark on Solid Rammer

Put the stinger tube, with the nozzle rammed in it and fuse installed now, back
onto the correct spindle (if you’re using the Combo Tool, it’s the center one).

Insert the solid rammer all the way into the tube until it contacts the tip of the
spindle.

Put a pencil mark on the rammer where the top of the tube is.

Marking Solid Rammer at Top of Tube

Pull the drift out of the tube and put another pencil mark on the rammer ¼-inch
below the first mark.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Marking the Rammer ¼-Inch Below First Mark

Put a piece of masking tape around the solid drift with the bottom edge of the
tape aligned with this second pencil mark.

This bottom tape-edge is the “no-pass” point beyond which the solid rammer is
never rammed into the tube.

Bottom Edge of Tape Aligned with Second Mark

Put a Top-of-Spindle Mark on Hollow Rammer

Slide the solid rammer, with the no-pass tape on it, all the way into the tube until
it contacts the tip of the spindle.

Make a mark on the tape at the top of the tube.

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 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Putting Mark on Solid Rammer’s No-Pass Tape at Top of Tube with

Rammer in Contact with Spindle

Pull the solid rammer out of the tube and align its bottom end with the end of the
hollow rammer. Put a mark on the hollow rammer in the same place the mark is
on the tape on the solid rammer.

Now, wrap a single layer of tape around the hollow rammer with its bottom edge
aligned with the mark on the rammer.

The lower edge of the tape on the hollow rammer shows how far it would be
down in the tube when its end is even with the tip of the spindle.

Putting a “Top-of-Spindle” Line on Hollow Rammer

Note: If the hollow rammer will not slide into the paper tube once this piece of
tape is on it, use a black Sharpie marker to make a mark where the bottom of the

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

tape is and remove the tape. Keep an eye on the Sharpie mark as you are using
the hollow drift, and refresh the mark as it gets worn off.

Ramming the Stinger Missile Fuel

Make sure the paper tube, with nozzle and fuse installed, is on the correct
spindle. Install the ram-through funnel on the tube.

Load ¼-teaspoonful of stinger missile fuel into the paper tube through the funnel.
Using the hollow rammer, compact the fuel with 6-8 hits with the mallet.

Repeat this with increments of fuel and the hollow rammer until the top-of-spindle
mark on the rammer is even with, or above, the top of the tube after a fuel
increment has been rammed.

Now, switch to the solid rammer. Continue to ram the same ¼-teaspoon
increments of fuel in the tube until there is only ¼-inch of empty space left at the
top. Make sure the no-pass line on the solid rammer never goes past the top of
the tube to ensure that it never gets close to coming in contact with the spindle.

Loading Fuel to be Rammed in Stinger Missile

Ramming a Clay Bulkhead

Put a ¼-teaspoonful of powdered clay into the funnel and tamp the clay down
with the solid rammer, filling the end of the tube as much as possible by hand.

Ram this clay solid with the solid rammer to create a bulkhead in the end of the
tube.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 134

 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Ramming Clay Bulkhead in Stinger

(click image to play video )

Installing a Heading on the Stinger Missile

A heading will ignite at the end of the stinger’s flight, finishing it off with an extra
pyrotechnic effect.

Remove the funnel from the stinger missile, and gently twist the motor to remove
it from the spindle.

For the stinger fuel to ignite the heading, a passfire hole must be drilled through
the clay bulkhead.

Using a 1/8-inch drill bit, center the bit in the face of the clay bulkhead and gently
twist the bit by hand, drilling into the clay and keeping the bit perpendicular to the
bulkhead face. Drill just deep enough to penetrate the rocket fuel. Dump the
loose clay and fuel out of the tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Hand Twist-Drilling 1/8-Inch Passfire Hole in Bulkhead

Wrap a 4.5-inch long piece of 1-inch wide masking tape around the top of the
paper tube, with a 1/4-inch width of the tape stuck to the tube and ¾ inch
hanging over the end.

Wrapping Masking Tape on Top End of Stinger Tube

Drop enough stinger fuel into the end of the masking tape cylinder to fill the
passfire hole plus just a little more fuel. This is about 1/8 teaspoon of fuel, or
even a little less.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 136

 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Putting Loose Stinger Fuel in Top End of Stinger Missile

Drop a single 3/8-inch pumped star in the tape-heading enclosure. Fold the tape
closed over the star, and apply a 1-inch by 1-inch piece of masking tape to seal
the heading end. An alternative to using the star is to simply mix a little ferro-
titanium with the loose fuel inside the heading nosing to add a bright spark effect.

Adding a Star to the Heading; Sealing the Heading with Masking Tape
(click image to play video )

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Making a Launching Platform for Stinger

These little missiles get launched off of a “pin” stuck in a wood base. The launch
pin has the least spin resistance if it’s sharp on the end, and a little smaller in
diameter than the tip of the spindle, which created the core in the stinger motor.

That way the stinger can spin freely once the fuse ignites the fuel inside the spin
hole, and then rise easily off the pin when the fuel inside the core ignites.

A long thin nail, a section of wire coat hanger in a piece of wood can work as a
launching platform. File the tip of the nail smooth to reduce friction and fuel
abrasion.

An ideal launch platform is a block of wood with a round toothpick stuck in a

3/32-inch hole drilled in the block.

The toothpick is easily replaced if it is lost or damaged. And if it falls out of the
block of wood in your backyard, you don’t have to worry about hitting it with your
lawnmower.

Make sure to leave enough of the toothpick sticking out of the wood that the
stinger can sit on it without its bottom hitting the block of wood. If your stinger
was made using the Combo-Tool, a 1.5-inch long launch pin sticking out of the
wood is ideal.

Stinger Launch Pad: a Block of Wood and a Round Toothpick

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 Chapter 13: Stinger Missiles

Launching a Stinger Missile

Set the launching pad up in a safe location. Put the stinger on the launch pin,
ignite fuse, retire and enjoy! Repeat the process until satisfied, if that is possible.

Stinger Missile Launching

(click image to play video )

Caution: Stingers can fly sideways if you load too much weight in the
heading, or make them too long, or launch them in the wind.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 140

Chapter 14: Making Hummers and Whirlwinds
(Make 5 Hummers & 5 Whirlwinds)
Not sure what hummers and whirlwinds are?

They are spinning aerial tube devices, which make sparks and a really
entertaining noise. Some all-time favorite consumer fireworks cakes utilize these
two effects. Texas Cyclone is a classic example of the whirlwind effect; and Wild
Boar/Bear never fails to get the audience laughing with the humming inserts they
fire skyward which then zip across the sky.

Ferro-Titanium Hummer and Whirlwind

(click image to play video )

Hummers and whirlwinds are basically small tubes with composition rammed in
them. Vent holes are drilled in the tubes so that the tubes spin either on the long
axis (hummers) or end-over-end (whirlwinds).

These devices can be shot individually out of small mortars, as seen above, or
multiples of them used in aerial shells.

Their composition can spray either charcoal–or metal sparks such as ferro-
titanium. You can clearly see the two different spark effects in the video above.

Making Hummers and Whirlwinds

Before you begin: This project utilizes the black-powder base mix described in
Chapter 7 (if you have not made up your base mix yet, go here first).

You will also need 5 of the 3/8” ID x 3.5” long tubes.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Mixing the Hummer/Whirlwind Fuel

The fuel for these devices is made by adding some 80-mesh charcoal and some
ferro-titanium, if desired, to the black-powder base mix.

Hummer/Whirlwind Fuel Formula (enough for 10 devices)

Chemical Percentage 1.4 ounces 40 grams
Black-powder base mix 0.86 1.2 ounces 34.4 grams
80-mesh charcoal 0.05 0.07 ounces 2 grams
Ferro-titanium, 60-100 0.09 0.13 ounces 3.6 grams
mesh
Total 1.00 1.4 ounces 40 grams

Note: Ferro-titanium produces silverish sparks. If it is omitted from the formula,

the devices will perform with a soft, orange spark display instead.

To make a batch of the fuel, weigh each component into its own paper cup. Then
combine the ingredients into one cup and reweigh it to make sure the total weight
is what is shown above. This verifies no mistakes were made during the
weighing.

After you have confirmed the correct weight, pour the chemical mixture from the
cup into a mixing tub. Install the lid tightly on the tub, and holding the lid on tight,
shake the tub to thoroughly mix the fuel.

Using a Sharpie marker, label the fuel in that tub and keep the fuel in the closed
tub during device construction, opening it only to remove each necessary
increment of fuel.

Cutting Paper Tubes

These hummers and whirlwinds use 3/8-inch ID x 1.75-inch-long paper tubes. If
you’re starting with a 3.5-inch long tube, it must be cut in half to produce two of
the tubes you’ll need in this project. Cut 5 tubes in half, which will yield 5 finished
hummers and 5 whirlwinds.

Measure 1.75 inches from one end of your tube and mark that point at the tube’s
middle.

Cut the tube in half at the mark, using a sharp saw and a miter box to produce
nice, square, clean cuts.

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 Chapter 14: Hummers & Whirlwinds

Cutting a Paper Tube in Half with Hand Miter Box and Saw
(click image to play video )

Cutting 1-Inch Pieces of Thin Blackmatch

For the ignition fuses in the hummers and whirlwinds, 1-inch-long pieces of thin
black match (1/16-inch diameter or smaller) will be needed.

If you have Chinese quickmatch or Skylighter’s paper-wrapped fast fuse, there

are strands of this thin blackmatch fuse in it.

Cut seven, 1-inch-long pieces of the paper-wrapped fast fuse with a sharp razor
blade or razor-anvil cutter.

Remove the paper wrapping from each length of fuse to harvest 21 pieces of thin
blackmatch.

Harvesting Blackmatch from Paper-Wrapped Fast Fuse

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Constructing Hummers and Whirlwinds

Although these two types of devices both use the same tubes, fuel, fuse, and
basic construction techniques, there are some basic differences between them,
which cause their very different performances.

So, here is how to make each type.

Making Hummers
A hummer has fuel rammed between two clay end plugs in a paper tube.

It has two, tangential spin-holes in the middle, and on opposite sides of the tube.
Fuses are inserted into these holes as the fuel is rammed. This holds the fuses
solidly in place in the fuel grain.

These fuses are ignited as the hummer is launched out of its mortar. The gasses
spewing from the spin holes twirl the hummer rapidly on its main axis, creating a
halo of sparks and a unique whirring sound.

Here’s what a completed hummer looks like.

Hummer Construction
(click image to play video )

Marking Hummer Spin Holes

First, put a line straight down one side of a 1.75-inch-long tube. On one end of
the tube, put a mark where that line is. Put another mark opposite the first one on
the end of the tube. Put a line straight down the other side of the tube lined up
with that second mark. This results in two lines running lengthwise on the tube,
and on opposite sides of it.

Measure half way down each line, and make a mark. These two marks are where
the spin holes will be drilled.

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 Chapter 14: Hummers & Whirlwinds

Marked Hummer Spin-Hole Location (Same Mark on Both Sides of Tube)

Ramming a Clay Plug

Put a 1-inch square piece of masking tape on one end of the paper tube to
temporarily seal it.

Put the ram-through funnel on the open end of the tube.

Load a flat ¼-teaspoonful of powdered clay into the tube through the funnel.

Note: Clay is rammed dry. It will tightly pack into a solid mass during the
ramming. Never dampen this clay.

Stand the tube up on the aluminum ramming base. The base should be sitting on
a solid ramming post. Insert the solid ramming drift. Slide the drift in and out of
the tube several times to compact the clay at the bottom of the tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Tooling Ready to Ram Clay Plug

Ram the clay plug solid with 8 light hits with the mallet.

Remove the drift from the tube, and dump any loose clay back into its container.

This should produce a ¼-inch tall clay plug in the tube. Measure it to see. As you
work on these devices, fine-tune the volume of your increments to achieve this
¼-inch thickness.

Ramming Half of the Fuel in the Paper Tube

Place the tube back on the ramming base, and load a flat ¼-teaspoonful of fuel
into the tube through the funnel.

Ram this increment of fuel solid the same way you did with the clay plug.

Remove the drift, put another increment of fuel into the tube, and ram it solid, too.

This should bring the level of the fuel up to just a little below the halfway point of
the tube. Once again, fine tune and adjust the size of your increments so that you
achieve this level with just two increments of the fuel.

Drill Spin Holes in the Tube

Hummer spin holes must be drilled tangentially--at an angle--for the device to
spin. Your hummer will not work if the holes are drilled perpendicularly into the
tube. Look at the Hummer Cross Section diagram above to be sure you
understand how these holes are drilled.

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 Chapter 14: Hummers & Whirlwinds

Warning: You are about to drill through the paper tube very close to or into
a pyrotechnic composition, which may have metal in it. Perform this
operation:

Wearing eye protection, leather gloves, and cotton clothing

Outdoors

Away from any exposed, loose pyrotechnic compositions

Slowly

Carefully

With a very sharp or new 3/32-inch drill bit

Remove the funnel from the tube. Using a sharp awl, make indentations at the
spin hole locations.

Install the white plastic drill guide on the tube and align it with the metal guide
tube pointing at one of the spin holes.

With one hand, squeeze the drill guide to hold the tube tight. With your other, drill
a tangential spin hole through the tube’s wall until the drill bit just penetrates the
inside of the tube. The drill guide will produce the proper angle for you.

Drilling Hummer Spin Hole with 3/32-Inch Bit and Drill Guide

Remove the drill bit from the tube.

Rotate the drill guide around the tube until the metal guide tube is pointing at the
other spin hole location.

Drill a spin hole at that location, too.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Installing Blackmatch and Ramming the Rest of the Fuel

Insert a 1-inch-long piece of blackmatch into each of the spin holes until they are
in as far as they will easily go.

Put the funnel back on the tube.

Ram increments of the fuel until there is only ¼-inch remaining empty at the top
of the tube.

Dump any loose fuel back into its container, and close it tightly.

Ramming the Top Clay Plug

Remove the funnel, and plunge the open end of the tube several times into the
powdered clay until the end is filled with a bulging increment of the clay.

Ram this final clay plug solid with 8 hits of the mallet.

Remove the temporary masking tape, and the hummer insert is completed.

Completed Hummer

Making Whirlwinds
Whirlwinds are similar to hummers. But the holes are drilled perpendicularly into
the tube, and are located at each end on opposite sides. So, where a hummer
comes out of the mortar spinning on its main axis, whirlwinds fly skyward twirling
end-over-end, creating a cyclonic spray of sparks.

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 Chapter 14: Hummers & Whirlwinds

Blackmatch in Holes of a Whirlwind

(click image to play video )

Marking Whirlwind Holes

Mark lines 180 degrees apart, running lengthwise on the whirlwind tube, just as
you did for a hummer. On one line measure 3/8-inch in from either end of the
tube and put a mark there. Put a mark on the opposite line 3/8-inch in from the
other end.

Marked Whirlwind Hole Location (Mark on Line on Other Side is 3/8-Inch

from Other End)

Ramming a Clay Plug in One End of the Tube

Just as you did with the hummer, ram a clay plug in one end of the whirlwind
tube.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Drilling the Fuse Hole Nearest the Clay Plug, and Inserting Fuse
Drill the fuse hole at the mark nearest the plug you just rammed. Drill the hole
with the 3/32-inch bit, perpendicular to the tube. Do not use the plastic drill guide.
Drill this hole straight through the tube wall.

Insert a piece of the blackmatch into this hole until it hits the other side of the
tube.

Ramming Fuel Increments

Ram ¼-teaspoon increments of the fuel, just like in the hummer, until the fuel
comes up to just a little under the place where the second, top fuse hole is
marked.

Drilling the Second Fuse Hole, and Inserting Fuse

Exercising the same caution as before, drill the second fuse hole. Insert a piece
of the blackmatch in that hole.

Finish Ramming the Fuel

Ram the final fuel until there is only ¼-inch left empty in the tube. Dump any
loose fuel back into the cup; return the unused fuel to its tub and tightly close it.

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 Chapter 14: Hummers & Whirlwinds

Ramming the Final Clay Plug

Ram a clay plug in the top of the tube, as you did when finishing the hummer.

Completed Whirlwind

Launching Individual Hummers and Whirlwinds

Individual hummers or whirlwinds can be loaded into, and launched from ¾-inch
ID mortars. That process is fully described in the “Flying Fish Fuse” project in
Chapter 5.

Simply follow all the steps in the “Assembling a Flying Fish Fuse Mine” section of
that chapter. The only difference is a hummer or whirlwind will be loaded in the
mortar instead of a bundle of flying-fish fuse.

Assemble a ¾-inch ID mortar.

Insert a 3-inch piece of Visco ignition fuse into a hole at the base of the mortar
tube.

Put 1.5 grams of FFg black powder, or 3.5 grams of Hodgdon 777 black powder
substitute into the mortar to serve as the lift charge.

Wrap the bottom end of one of the hummer or whirlwind inserts with a small
piece of tissue paper, keeping both pieces of blackmatch pointing downward.
The tissue will keep the black powder in its position even if the device is tipped
over during transportation. Pointing the fuses downward helps the device take as
much fire as possible when the lift powder ignites.

Put the insert into the mortar, and push it all the way to the bottom so that it is
seated on top of the lift powder.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Insert two 1.5-inch squares of paper on top of the insert inside the mortar. These
pieces of paper protect the contents of the mortar from falling sparks from other
fireworks as they go off, and they also help build up pressure before the contents
are fired into the air.

Mark the mortar with the effect it contains.

Loading Mortar with Lift Powder and Hummer Insert

(click image to play video )

Put mortar on a flat surface in a safe location, light fuse, retire and enjoy!

Note: You can make a fun multi-shot “cake” from hummers and/or whirlwinds in
the same way a cake was made with flying fish mines at the conclusion of that
chapter.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 152

Chapter 15: Making Festival-Ball Aerial Shells
(Make 5 Shells)
Admit it. Don’t we all just wanna be able to make a nice little aerial shell?

Fired alone--one after another or as the heading on a rocket--aerial shells are

what most of us think of when we imagine “fireworks.”

Festival-Ball Shell Lifting Off and Displaying in the Sky

(click image to play video )

First it’s important to understand the distinction between a “shell” and its “mortar:”
An aerial shell, a projectile, is fired out of a mortar, a tube.

A consumer fireworks mortar can be made of paper, fiberglass, or HDPE plastic.

(Never use PVC plumbing plastic pipe—it’s dangerous.)

A typical fireworks shell should have a clearance in the mortar of approximately

5% if its diameter. This is important. If you have too much clearance, your shell
may not be propelled high enough in the sky, and could start fires or injure
someone. Too little clearance, and your shell won’t fall freely to the bottom of the
mortar when you load it. Or too much pressure can be created in the mortar
under the shell when the lift powder is ignited, possibly causing a mortar rupture
and/or a dangerous explosion.

If you have too much clearance you can make up for it with a little more lift
powder or by adding layers of tape to the outside of your shell.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Fiberglass Mortar and Festival-Ball Shell

Making a Festival-Ball Fireworks Shell

Before you begin: This project utilizes the 3/8-inch pumped stars described in
Chapter 5. If you have not made those yet, go here and make them now. If you
have flying-fish fuse left over from the mine project in Chapter 6, it can be used in
these shells instead of stars. Or you can use a combination of stars and fish fuse.

Now is a good time to plug your hot-glue gun in and get it heated up and ready to
go when you need it.

Warning: Hot-glue guns, especially cheap ones, have been known to

malfunction and spit sparks out of their sides. It is safest to plug the gun in
at a remote location isolated from any area where you are working with
pyrotechnic materials. Just before you use the gun on a fireworks device,
unplug it and use it while it is still hot but has no electricity flowing through
it. Never have a plugged-in hot-glue gun sitting on a workbench near
flammable materials.

Preparing the Time Fuse for the Shells

Green Visco ignition fuse will be used as the time fuse in these shells.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 154

 Chapter 15: Festival Balls

Using a razor blade or razor-anvil cutters, cut a 2-inch piece of Visco fuse.

Tightly wrap a 1-inch square piece of masking tape around the middle of the
Visco fuse.

Cutting and Tape-Wrapping Visco Time Fuse

(click image to play video )

Installing Time Fuse in the Shell Casing

Slide the masking-tape-wrapped Visco time fuse in and out of the fuse hole in the
shell half to make sure it fits. The wrapped section of the fuse should slide easily
into the hole, but there should no room for it to wiggle from side to side. Adjust
the masking tape wrap to make the fit just right.

Now, unplug your hot-glue gun.

Run a thick bead of hot-glue around the time fuse right in the middle of the
masking-tape wrap.

While the glue is still hot, from the inside of the casing, insert the time fuse into
the hole in the shell casing until ¼-inch of the masking tape wrap is sticking out
beyond the outside of the shell casing nipple. This seals the fuse on the inside of
the shell.

Hot-Gluing Time Fuse into Shell Casing

Run a bead of hot-glue around the masking-tape-wrapped time fuse right where
it projects from the outside of the shell casing.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

This provides a solid hot-glue seal on the outside of the casing around the time
fuse. The outside seal is necessary to prevent fire from entering the shell when it
is launched, causing it to explode in the mortar.

Hot-Glue Sealing Outside Time Fuse

(click image to play video )

Filling Shell Half with Stars and Break Charge

Place the solid shell casing half on a little stand, such as the drill guide or funnel
from the Combo-Tool kit, and on a paper plate to catch any contents that might
spill.

Line the shell half with a single layer of stars until they just start to project past
the top edge of the casing.

Fill the void in the middle of the layer of stars with Goex FFg sporting grade black
powder until the powder starts to mound up in the middle of the layer of stars.

Add a few more stars on top of the mound of break charge, leaving the top
middle open so the time fuse can be inserted into it.

Filling Shell Half with Stars and Break Charge

(click image to play video )

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 Chapter 15: Festival Balls

Gluing the Halves of the Shell Casing Together

Note: PVC plumbing cement emits toxic fumes as it dries. Do the following
procedure in a well-ventilated area. Do not breathe these fumes for extended
periods. Follow the precautions on the can.

Using a Q-Tip, apply PVC plumbing cement to the recessed joints in the two
halves of the shell casing.

Applying PVC Cement to Shell Casing with Q-Tip

Lower the fuse half of the shell onto the bottom half. Carefully push the end of
the time fuse down into the burst charge, and twist the two halves into each
other.

Closing and Twisting Glued Shell Halves Together

Press the two casing halves together and twist them until they are completely
closed, squeezing melted plastic out of the equatorial joint.

As you hold the two halves tightly together, apply pieces of masking tape over
the glued joint.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Applying Masking Tape over Glued Shell Casing Equator

(click image to play video )

Applying Reinforcing Tape to Shell Casing

The stronger and more tightly joined a shell like this is, the better it will look when
it bursts in the sky. The glued shell casing you have at this point is not yet strong
enough to create a nice shell burst. Reinforcing the casing with some fiberglass
filament strapping tape will greatly improve the shell strength and star burst
radius.

Apply 4 bands of ½-inch wide strapping tape to the shell, evenly spacing the
bands over the surface of the shell casing.

2-inch wide, Scotch Strapping Tape “For Heavy Jobs” is perfect for this job. Split
the end of this tape ½-inch from the edge and it will tear off in a half-inch wide
strip.

Apply one band, two layers thick, around the shell, with the band crossing the
fused end just to one side of the time fuse nipple.

Rotate the shell 120 degrees and repeat this.

Rotate the shell 120 degrees and repeat again.

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 Chapter 15: Festival Balls

First 3 Bands of Strapping Tape on Ball-Shell Casing

Put the final, fourth, band, two layers thick, around the equator.

Finish this tape reinforcement off with a layer of masking tape covering the entire
surface of the shell.

Burnish the tape layers down by rubbing the shell’s surface with a round, smooth
object like a Sharpie marker.

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Strapping Tape Band 4 and Masking Tape Layers

(click image to play video )

Assembling Shell Leader Fuse and Lift Charge Bag

Cut a 15-inch piece of yellow fast-Visco fuse, which will serve as the “leader”
(fuse) for this shell.

Put 3.5 grams of Goex FFg sporting black-powder into the corner of a thin plastic
sandwich baggie. With the baggie bunched around the lift powder, clip that
baggie corner off at a length of 2 inches.

Bend one end of the fast-Visco fuse leader into a hook, and insert that end into
the lift powder in the baggie.

Use masking tape to secure the baggie of lift powder to the shell leader, and to
completely close the baggie around the fuse. The hooked end of the leader must
be in the black powder.

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 Chapter 15: Festival Balls

Assembling Lift Powder Baggie and Shell Fuse Leader

(click image to play video )

Attaching the Fuse Leader and the Lift Charge Baggie to the
Shell
Use a sharp razor blade to cut the green visco time fuse on a sharp angle right
next to where its masking tape wrap begins. Use the Combo-Tool drill guide as a
cutting block beneath the fuse.

Cutting the fuse on an angle exposes as much of the fuse’s inner core of black
powder as possible to enhance its chances of ignition when the shell lifts out of
the mortar.

Cutting Visco Time Fuse at a Sharp Angle

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Turbo Pyro: Ten Fireworks You Can Make This Weekend

Now push the baggie of lift powder right up against the time fuse, and attach it
using a piece of masking tape.

Cover the lift powder baggie with masking tape.

Taping the Leader and Lift Charge to the Bottom of the Shell

Now pull the leader to the top of the shell and tape it to the shell so the leader
comes off the very top of the shell if it is hanging from the leader.

Completed Festival Ball Shell, Leader Taped to Top

(click image to play video )

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 Chapter 15: Festival Balls

Securing the Mortar to Launch the Shell Safely

Your mortar needs to be solidly locked in place before you fire a shell out of it.
Otherwise the launch explosion can easily tip the mortar and fire the shell
someplace you don’t want, such as at YOU!

To safely secure a single mortar tube for shell launching, attach it to a wood or
metal stake that you’ve driven into the ground. If the shells are to be launched
from a driveway use a wood support base, or other assembly, for the mortar.

For multiple mortars, a rack will safely support them.

Safe Setup for Individual and Multiple Mortars

Always remember if you are firing from and reloading a mortar, there can be
burning embers in it from the previous shell. Let the mortar cool down. Clean any
debris out of it with a wooden stick with a nail in it. Debris left in the mortar can
prevent the next shell from going as high as it is supposed to and causing what is
called a “low break.” Low breaks cause injuries, fires, and any remaining
fireworks in the area to be prematurely ignited.

Reload Shells with the Utmost Caution

Never put any body part over a mortar when you are loading and firing a shell
from it. One of these shells could easily kill you if it launches into your head, or it
could remove your hand if it is over the mortar when the shell fires.

© Copyright, Skylighter, Inc. 2009  www.Skylighter.com  Page 163