CH 1_metal

CHAPTER 1
METALLIC MATERIALS
PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 1

1. GENERAL OF ALLOYS
1.1. Pure Metals?
Metals that are not mixed with any other
materials are known as pure metals. Metals
listed in the Periodic Table are pure metals
- Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) …
Pure metals are rarely used in engineering

1.2. Alloys (Hợp kim)?
Alloys are mixtures of one (or more metals)
with other elements/materials to create new
metals with improved mechanical properties
and other properties of the base metal
- Brass (Copper and Zinc)
- Stainless steel (steel and chromium, …)
Alloy = metal A + (metal B) + … + other elements

1.3. Ferrous Metals &
Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous Metals (Hợp kim đen) = alloy metals
that contain iron ( Primary base metal is iron)
Non-ferrous Metals (Hợp kim màu) = alloy

metals that do not contain iron (Primary base
metal does not contain iron)

1.4. Common Alloys
The ferrous alloys:
- Steels
- Cast irons (Gang đúc)
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys

2. IRON-CARBON ALLOYS
2.1.The Iron-carbon Constitutional Diagram
2.1.1. Benefits of Diagram
Research the properties of cast iron and steel
Research the heat treatment (Nhiệt luyện) of

steel and iron

2.1.2. Iron
Mechanical Properties:
- b = 250 Mpa ; 0.2 = 120 Mpa; HB= 80
- = 50% ; = 85%
 Strength of iron is higher than strength of

copper, aluminum but still does not meet the
requirement of the technical material  only
iron-based alloys (cast irons and steels)
2.1.2. Iron (Sắt)
Allotropic forms of iron:
- T < 9110C: B.c.c Fe
- 911 < T < 13920C: F.c.c Fe
- 1392 < T < 15390C: B.c.c Fe

2.1.3. Carbon
 Allotropic forms: graphite, diamond
 Amorphous: coal, charcoal

2.1.4. Interaction Between Iron With Carbon
In two ways:
- Carbon dissolved in the iron to form solid solutions
- Carbon combines with iron to form chemical

compounds

a. Solid Solution Due To Dissolved Carbon
In The Iron
 dC =1,54 A <<dFe  C dissolved in iron lattice in the
form of interstitial solid solution (DDR xen kẽ)
For Fe:
- Diameter of biggest void: 0,221dFe =0,62–0,74A (dC)
 The solubility of C in Fe is negligible: max 0,02%
(7270C) & 0,006% (at Troom)
For Fe:
- Diameter of biggest void : 0,41dFe=1,02A
- The max solubility of C in Fe: 2,14% at 11470C

b. Chemical Compounds Of Fe And C
Fe and C constitute three chemical compounds:
Fe3C (6,67%C), Fe2C (9,67%C), FeC (17,67%C)
In iron-carbon alloys (max 5%C): only Fe3C

(cementite)
Cementite:
- Interstitial phase (Pha trung gian)
- Very hard and brittle
2.1.5. The Constitutional Diagram

2.1.6. Phases and Mixtuxes
a. Phases
Liquid: exists above the liquidus line, is designated L
Ferrite:
- Can only slightly dissolve carbon, is designated as F, α
- Region of F is located to the left of line GPQ
- Type of lattice: B.C.C
- Is the softest structure that appears on the diagram

a. Phases
Austenite:
- A solid solution of carbon in -iron
- Its region in diagram is limited by line NJESG
- Is designated as A, . Type of lattice: F.C.C.
- Solubility of carbon: 2,14% (E, 11470C); 0,8% (S, 7270C)
- High ductility
Cementite: Fe3C, is designated as Cem, Ce

b. Mixtures
Pearlite:
- At 727oC (line PSK), a eutectoid (cùng tích) reaction
takes place:
As → Fp + Cem
It forms a eutectoid mixture of ferrite and cementite
called pearlite (P)
- 88% F + 12% Cem
- Pearlite transformation can takes place in all alloy
containing more than 0.02%C

b. Mixtures
 Ledeburite:
- At 1147oC (line ECF), a eutectic (cùng tinh) reaction takes
place:
LC → AE + Cem
resulting in the formation of the eutectic mixture of
austenite and cementite which is called Ledeburite (Le)
- This reaction can occur in all alloys which contain
>2.14%C
- When cooling down 7270C:   P, Le: (P+Xe)
- Very high hardness and brittleness
2.2. Steels
2.2.1. Overview
 Steel is the main product of ferrous metallurgy
 Products:
- Rolled steels: (bar, sheet, strip, pipe, I, U, V …)
- Cast steels
 Chemical composition:
- Carbon steels
- Alloy steels
2.2.2. Carbon Steels
a. Chemical Composition
C:  2,14%
Mn, Si:
- Are added to any grade of steel for deoxidation (khử
oxy)
- Mn  0,8%; Si  0,50%

a. Chemical composition
P, S:
- Iron ores, fuel, fluxes, furnace gases contain some
phosphorus, sulfur, which remain in manufactured cast
iron and then pass into steel
- Phosphorus causes cold brittleness (Dòn nguội) of steel;
sulfur – hot brittleness of steel
- P< 0.05%; S< 0.05%
Raw materials for metallurgy: a significant
amount of steel scrap → a number of elements
comes into steel:
Cr, Ni, Cu  0,2%; Mo, W, Ti  0,1%
b. Effect Of Elements On Structure And
Properties Of Steels
Carbon
 Is the most important
element, a strong influence
on structure and
mechanical properties of
steel
 When increasing carbon
content:
- Strength, hardness increase
- Ductility decreases PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 22
Manganese
Is added to any grade of steel for:
- Deoxidation by reaction: Mn + FeO  Fe + MnO
- Harm reduction of sulfur: FeS  MnS
- Increasing the strength of steel

Silicon
Is added to any grade of steel for:

- Deoxidation by reaction:
2FeO + Si  Fe + SiO2
- Increasing the strength of steel

Gases in Steel: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
 These gases are present in steels in small quantities,
depending on the method of steelmaking
 Decrease mechanical properties of steel
 If not thorough degasing when smelting: porosity in

ingots, castings
c. Classification of Carbon Steels
By quality
1. Normal quality: <0,06%S; <0,07%P
2. Good quality: <0,04%S;<0,035%P
3. High quality: <0,025%S; <0,025%P
4. Very high quality: <0,015%S; <0,025%P
 The quality of steels is determined by metallurgical
method
 Carbon steels: the first three categories
 Alloy steels: the last three categories

By uses
1. Contruction steels (Thép xây dựng): mainly for
making building structures (houses, bridges …)
2. Structural steels (Thép kết cấu): mainly for
making machine parts (Chi tiết máy)
3. Tool steels (Thép dụng cụ): mainly for tools
(cutting, forging …) (Cắt gọt, rèn dập)
4. Steels and alloys with special properties
 Carbon steels: the first three categories 27
d. Carbon Steel Grade
d1. Normal Quality Carbon Steels
(Hot-rolled steels)
 Are provided in the form of hot-
rolled, normalized (Thường
hóa), non-heat treated (Không
nhiệt luyện)
 Shapes, plates, sheets, rods,

tubes …

Group A
Is to be used for making products without hot
working (Gia công nóng)
Warranted mechanical properties/Chemical
composition is not guaranteed
Designation: CT and next number is minimum
tensile strength (kG/mm2) (Giới hạn bền)
Grades: CT31, CT33, CT34,
CT38, CT42, CT51, CT61

Group B
 Is to be subjected to hot working (forging (Rèn),
stamping (Dập)…)
 Warranted Chemical composition/mechanical
properties is not guaranteed
 Designation: the same symbol of group A but add B
to ahead
 Grades: BCT31, BCT33, BCT34, BCT38, BCT42, BCT51,
BCT61
Group C
For welded (Hàn) steel structures
Is delivered with warranted
composition and mechanical
properties
Designation: the same symbol of
group A but add C to ahead
Grades: CCT31, CCT33, CCT34,
CCT38, CCT42, CCT51, CCT61
Mechanical properties  Group A
Chemical composition  Group B
d2. (Good Quality) Carbon Structural Steels
S< 0,04%; P< 0,035%
Is delivered with warranted chemical
composition and mechanical properties
Mainly for making machine parts
Viet Nam Standard (TCVN): The first letter C,
the next digit indicates the average content of
carbon in hunredths of a percent
C8, C10, C15, C20, …, C75, C80,
C85

d3. Carbon Tool Steel
 Belongs to groups of good  Grades: CD70, CD80,
…, CD120, CD130,
quality steels and high quality CD70A …
steels
 TCVN: The first letters CD, the
next digit indicates the
average content of carbon in
hunredths of a per cent; if
there is a letter A at the end:
high quality steels
2.2.3. Alloy Steels
Besides Fe, C, impurities (P, S, gases), alloy
elements are intentionally added into steels
with a certain amount to change
microstructure and properties of steels
Common alloy elements: Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, Mo, Ti,

W, V, Cu, B …

Content limits to distinguish between
impurities and alloy elements:
Mn: 0,8-1,0%; Si: 0,5-0,8%
Cr: 0,2-0,8 %; Ni: 0,2-0,6%
Mo: 0,05-0,20%;
W: 0,1-0,5%;
Ti ≥ 0,1%; Cu ≥ 0,1%
B ≥ 0,002%

b. Properties of Alloy Steels
Mechanical Properties:
- Alloy steel strength is usually higher than carbon steel

strength, especially after quenching (Tôi) + tempering
(Ram)
- With increasing strength, ductility decreases

b. Properties of Alloy Steels
Special physical and chemical properties:
- Heat resistance
- Corrosion resistance
- Wear resistance
- Electric and magnetic properties

c. Classification of Alloy Steels
By Composition
Depending on their composition, alloy steels
are classed into:
- Chromium steels, manganese steels …
- Chrome-nickel, chrome-nickel-molipdenium …
Are classified by the presence of various

elements in them

By Application
Structural steels:
- Are used to make machine parts
- Low and medium carbon content, low-alloy steels
Tool steels:
- Are used to make various cutting and measuring
instruments, forging and stamping dies …
- High hardness, high wear resistance
- Medium and high carbon content; low, medium and
high-alloy steels
Steels and alloys with special properties: high-
alloy steels
d. Grading of Alloy Steels By TCVN
Includes a few letters and numbers:

- Alloying elements are designated by their chemical
symbol
- The first digit indicates the average content of carbon in

hunredths of a percent
- The digit following a letter indicates the approximate

content of a particular alloying element

d. Grading Of Alloy Steels By TCVN
- No digit is written if the content of an element is less
than 1 percent
- A letter “A” at the end of a designation relates to
high-quality steels
Examples:
18Cr2Ni4A, 30CrMoA, 40CrNi, 30Cr8W2 …

2.2.4. Structural Steels
a. General
For making:
- Machine parts: gears (Bánh răng), transmission shafts
(Trục truyền)…
- Building structures: bridges, ships, cranes …
Used with the largest volume in the industry

b. Chemical Composition
Carbon and carbon structural steels
C is the most influential element to the
mechanical properties of carbon steels:
- Increases strength
- Lowers ductility
Reduces weldability (Tính hàn), cutting
machinability (Gia công cắt gọt), deformation
processing
C= 0,10 – 0,60%

Alloying elements
and alloy structural steels
Alloying is an effective means for improving the
mechanical characteristics of steels
Main alloying elements:
- Function: improve strength, hardenability
- Cr, Ni, Mn, Si: 1 – 4%
- To promote alloying capability: using multiple elements
with low total: Cr-Mn, Cr-Ni, Cr-Mn-Si …
Alloying elements
and alloy structural steels
Auxiliary alloying elements:
- Are added to steel with low contents (0,05 – 0,50%) to
improve some disadvantages caused by the main
alloying elements
- Ti: is added to Cr-Mn steels to avoid the effect of grain
coarsening of Mn
- Mo, W: are added to Cr, Cr-Ni steel … to avoid temper
brittleness, to refine the grain …
c. Classification of structural steel
Cementable (Thấm C) steels
Low carbon content (0,25%)  low strength,
high ductility
Heat treatment: carburizing (Thấm C) –
quenching – low-temperature tempering (Ram
thấp)
Have a low hardenability, so that only a thin
surface layer is hardened, but not the core
 Grades:C10, C15, C20, C25, 15Cr, 20Cr, 15CrV, 18CrMnTi,
25CrMnTi, 25CrMnMo, 20CrNi, 12CrNi3A, 12Cr2Ni4A …

Improvable steels (Thép hóa tốt)
Medium-carbon content (0,30-0,50%)
Heat treatment: quenching – high-temperature
tempering or quenching – high-temperature
tempering – surface hardening – low-
temperature tempering
Production of parts with high static and impact
loads, parts with high strength and touchness
 C40, C45, C50, 35Cr,40Cr, 40CrB, 45Cr,50Cr, 40CrNi,

45CrNi, 40CrNiMo …

Spring steels (Thép đàn hồi)
C= 0,50 – 0,65%
Heat treatment: quenching–medium-
Parts with high elasticity: springs and similar
elements
 C65, C70, C75, 60Mn, 65Mn, 70Mn, 65Si2, 60SiMn …

2.2.5. Tool steels
Are used to make various cutting and measuring
instruments, forging (Rèn) and stamping (Dập)
dies …
Volume of use is not much but have high

requirements for quality
a. Steels for making cutting tools
High-carbon content: 0,70 – 2,0%
Alloying elements increase hardenability (Độ
thấm tôi): Cr, Si, Mn, W, Mo …
Alloying elements increase “red hardness” (Độ
cứng ở T cao) (prevent the tempering): W,Mo,Cr…
Heat treatment: quenching – low-temperature
tempering

a. Steels for making cutting tools
Carbon steels: CD70, …, CD130
Low-alloying steels: 100Cr,70CrSi, 90CrSi …
High-speed steels (Thép gió):

- C= 0,70 – 1,50%
- Cr= 3,8 – 4,6%
- W= 5,5 – 19%
- V= 1 – 4%
- Co= 0 – 10%

b. Steels for making cold-forming dies
(Khuôn dập nguội)
High-carbon content:  1%; dies with high
touchness: C= 0,4 – 0,6%
Alloying elements increase hardenability: Cr,
Mn, Si, W, Mo …
Heat treatment: quenching – low-temperature
tempering
b. Steels for making cold-forming dies
CD100 – CD120
90CrWSiMn, 90CrWMn …
210Cr12, 210Cr12Mo …
40CrSi, 40CrW2Si …

c. Steels for making hot-forming dies
C= 0,30 – 0,60%
Alloying elements increase hardenability, “red
hardness”: Cr, Ni, W …
Heat treatment: quenching – medium (high)-
50CrNiMo, 50CrNiW, 50CrMnMo, 30Cr2W8V…

2.2.6. Special physical and chemical
properties
 Stainless steels
 Heat-resisting steels
 Wear-resisting steels
 Alloys with special expansion properties
 Alloys with high resistance
 Alloys with special magnetic properties

2.3. Cast Iron
2.3.1. The basic properties
a. Chemical composition
 C> 2,14%; common: 2,5 – 4,0% C
 Mn, Si: 0,5 – 3,0%; adjust graphitization (Graphit
hóa), and therefore, structure and properties of cast
iron
 P, S: 0,05 – 0,5%; impair mechanical properties of
cast iron
 Alloying elements: Cr, Ni, Mo, Ti …
 Nodulizing (Cầu hóa) elements: Mg, Ce …

b. Microstructure
Classification by microstructure: white iron, grey
iron, ductile iron (Gang cầu), malleable iron
(Gang dẻo)
- White iron: all the carbon in it is in the form of
cementite, graphitization is zero. It is very hard and
brittle
- Grey ductile, ductile iron, malleable irons: contain
graphite in the forms of lamella, spheroid, flake.
Microstructure is not fit for Fe-Fe3C diagram

Stable Fe-C phase diagram
(Fe-Cgraphit)

b. Microstructure
Cast Iron with graphite:
- Metallic matrix: F, F+P, P, P+Cem
- Non-metallic inclusions: graphite
Due to different microstructure so kinds of

cast iron has different mechanical properties
and uses

c. Properties of cast iron
 Low tensile strength, high brittleness

 Cast iron has better antifriction properties owing to
the lubricating of graphite. Graphite can quickly
attenuate vibration and resonance oscillation (Dao
động cộng hưởng)
 Cast iron has better casting properties and
machinability (Tính gia công cắt) than those of steel

d. Uses
 Is used widely in the mechanical engineering, civil …
 Production of parts with static and low impact loads
 Replacing steel (especially ductile iron) in some cases

2.3.2. Grey Iron
a. Graphite formation in grey iron
Graphite
Hexagonal lattice
Has a lamellar crystal structure
The strength and plasticity are rather low

a. The formation of graphite in grey iron
The graphite formation from iron melting and
austenite is a very slow process
There is no graphite in pure Fe-C alloys
Si: enhances graphitization. To adjust the level of
creating graphite, the silicon content is 1.0-3.0%
C: enhances graphitization. C= 2,5-4,0%
Mn: prevents graphitization. However, Mn
increases mechanical properties of grey iron.
Mn= 0,5-1,0%
a. The formation of graphite in grey iron
More cementite forms in areas cooled at a

higher rate and more graphite in those which
are cooled slowly  In thinner portions and at
the surface the degree of graphitization is
usually lower than in thicker portions and in
the core

b. Mechanical properties
Because of lamellar graphite the mechanical

properties of grey iron is low
k= (1/3 – 1/5) n
Very low ductility
Hardness: 150-250 HB: high machinability.

c. Grading of grey irons by TCVN
 Is designated by letter “GX” and two digits, the

first digit giving the minimum specified tensile
strength and the last, the minimum bending
strength (kG/mm2)
 GX00; GX12-28; GX15-32; GX18-36;
GX21-40; GX24-44; GX28-48; GX32-52;
GX36-56; GX40-60; GX44-64

2.3.3. Ductile Cast Iron
a. Microstructure
Graphite: spheroidal  Tensile strength of

ductile iron is very high compared to tensile
strength of grey iron
Metallic matrix: F, F+P, P

b. Chemical composition
  GX, but denaturant (Chất biến
tính) (Mg, Ce) is added with very
small amount
 Mg, Ce: spheroidal effect on
graphite
 How to manufacture ductile iron:
smelting grey iron; adjusting
chemical composition;
desulfurization; spheroidal
modifying (Biến tính) by Mg (Ce)
69
c. Mechanical properties
Quite high strength, ductility
Mechanical properties: slightly lower than

those of carbon steels

d. Grading of ductile irons by TCVN
 Is designated by letter “GC” and two digits, the
first digit giving the minimum specified tensile
strength (kG/mm2) and the last, the minimum
elongation  (%)
 GC 38-17; GC 42-12; GC 45-5; GC 50-2;
GC 60-2; GC 70-3; GC 80-3; GC 100-4;
GC 120-4

3. ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS
 First particles of aluminum were obtained by H.
Oersted of Denmark in 1825
 The method for making aluminum (by
electrolysis) was invented in 1886
 Among light metals, aluminum is of the highest
importance owing to its low cost and large
production scale

3.1. Pure Aluminum
3.1.1. Properties
Al has no allotropic modifications (lattice: f.c.c)
Low density: = 2,7 kg/dm3  Al and its alloys
were widely used
High corrosion resistance: thanks to a dense film
of Al2O3 on the surface
Al possesses high values of heat and electric
conductivity

3.1.1. Properties
A low melting point: 6600C; poor casting
properties (Tính đúc)
Low strength: b= 60 N/mm2; low hardness:

25 HB
High ductility
Poor cutting machinability

3.1.2. Primary aluminum grades
by GOST
The extra-pure aluminum: A999 (Al>99,999%). It
is used in laboratory experiments
High-purity aluminum: A995 (Al> 99,995%), A99,
A97, A95
Commercial-purity aluminum: A85 (Al> 99,85%),
A8, A7, A6, A5, A0 (Al> 99%), used as no-loaded,
light, high corrosion resistant parts and
structures: tanks, pipes …

3.2. Classification of Aluminum Alloys
3.2.1. Casting Aluminum Alloys
 The main structure: eutectic
 good casting properties
 Often contain high amount

of alloying elements
 Silumins (Al + Si) are the

most popular casting
aluminum alloys
Silumins
Grade Content of elements, % Uses
Si Mg Mn Cu Zn Ti Sn
AL2 10-13 - - - - - - Casting

parts
AL4 8-10,5 0,17-0,30 0,25-0,50 - - - -
AL9 6,0-8,0 0,2-0,4 - - - - -
AL10 4,0-6,0 0,25-0,55 0,30 5,0-7,5 0,5 - -
AL17 3,0-5,0 - 0,2-0,6 1,5-3,5 4,0-7,0 - -
AL25 11-13 0,8-1,3 0,3-0,6 1,5-3,0 0,5 0.05-0,2 0,02 piston
AL26 20-22 0,4-0,7 0,4-0,8 1,5-2,5 0,3 - -
AL30 11-13 0,8-1,3 0,2 0,8-1,5 0,2 - 0,01

The other casting aluminum alloys
HK Al – Cu: 4 – 5% Cu
HK Al – Mg: 9,5 – 11,5% Mg

3.2.2. Deformable Aluminum Alloys
Main structure: solid solution and no eutectic

 Easy deformation

a. Deformable alloys which cannot be
hardened by heat treatment
 Heating/Cooling: no phase
transformation  cannot be
 Relatively low strength and high
values of ductility and corrosion
resistance
 For deep stamping
81
Common alloys
Al-Mn alloys:
- Mn< 1,5%
- Excel pure aluminum both in strength and in corrosion
resistance
Al-Mg alloys:
- Mg < 1,4%
- Stronger, lighter and less corrosion resistant than pure
aluminum

b. Deformable Alloys which can be
 At room temperature: the solid
solution + the second phase
 During proper heating: the

second phase dissolved in the
solid solution
 During fast cooling: the solid

solution will be supersaturated

b. Deformable Alloys which can be
It is unstable and may undergo certain
transformation resulting in the precipitation of
the second phase, so that the remaining solid
solution contains an equilibrium content
- This process is called “natural aging” (Hóa già tự

nhiên) if it occurs at room temperature
- “Artificial aging” if it takes place at high
temperature

Hardening mechanism

b. Deformable alloys which can be
These are the most important aluminum

alloys
As structural materials are widely used
Most popular: Al – 4% alloys

Duralumin (Đuara)
Is the most popular among the aluminum alloys
which are employed in deformed state and can
be strengthened by heat treatment
Chemical composition:
- Al – 1%Mg – 4%Cu – Mn – Si – Fe
- Mg: increases the effectiveness of hardening - aging
- Mn (0,3-0,9%): increases corrosion resistance
Mechanical properties after quenching + aging:
- b= 420-470 MPa
- = 15-25%

3.2.3. Sintered Aluminium Alloys
Made from powder  pressing for shaping 
sintering (Thiêu kết)
Fabrication process:
- Spraying liquid aluminium (A97)
- Crushing powder in the proper conditions powder
size < 1m with the oxidized surface layer thickness
0.01-0.1 m
- Pressing
- Sintering

3.2.3. Sintered Aluminum Alloys
 Products: aluminum matrix with very small
evenly distributed Al2O3
 Properties: high strength; high heat resistance;
easy to hot and cold deform; good cutting
machinability; good weldability …
 Uses: used to make parts with high strength and
corrosion resistance which work at high
temperatures (300-500oC)

4. COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
4.1. Pure Copper
4.1.1. Properties
Like gold, silver, copper can occur in virgin form

Cu has no allotropic modifications (lattice: f.c.c)
Density: = 8,94 kg/dm3
Cu possesses high values of heat and electric
conductivity
4.1.1. Properties
Melting point: 10830C
Its strength is low but it increases sharply

(nearly 3 times) when cold deformation
Good deformation; good weldability
Poor casting properties

4.1.2. Pure Copper Grades by GOST
By GOST: Is designated by first letter “M” and
next number: purity
- M00 (99,99% Cu)
- M0 (99,95% Cu)
- M1 (99,9% Cu)
- M2 (99,7% Cu)
- M3 (99,5% Cu)
- M4 (99% Cu)
Harmful impurities: Pb, Bi, oxygen …
4.2. Classification of Copper Alloys
Common alloying elements: Zn, Sn, Al, Mn, Ni,
Be … they serve to improve strength without bad
ductility
By ability to hardening by heat treatment:
- Alloys which can be hardened by heat treatment
- Alloys which cannot be hardened by heat

treatment
4.2. Classification of Copper Alloys
By engineering:
- Deformable copper alloys
- Cast copper alloys
By chemical composition (common):

- Brasses (Đồng thau): copper-zinc alloys
- Bronzes (Đồng thanh): alloys of copper and other
elements except zinc
4.3. Brasses
4.3.1. Simple Brasses
Cu – Zn binary alloys (Zn<45%)
By GOST: are designated letter “L“ and a number
showing average content of Cu in an alloy
-brasses:
- High ductility  are manufactured in the form of thin
sheets, strips and other types of semi-product for
further stamping or die-forging
- L96, L90, L85, L80 (resemble gold in its color), L70, L68,
L63
3.3.1. Simple Brasses
( + ) brasses:
- Contain 55-61% Cu
- Are rolled into rods from which various parts are then
made by machining
- They are stronger and less ductile than -brasses

4.3.2. Special brasses
Beside Cu, Zn, other elements are added into

alloys to improve some particular properties
Pb, Sn, Ni, Al
Pb:
- For better machinability
- LPb59-1 (59%Cu, 1%Pb)
- Making the casting (no deformation)
4.3.2. Complex Brasses
 Sn:
- To increase the corrosion resistance in sea water
- LSn70-1(70%Cu, 1%Sn): pipes, machine parts of the ship
 Al, Ni:
- To improve mechanical properties
- LAlNi59-3-2 (59%Cu, 3%Al, 2%Ni)

4.4. Bronzes
Alloys of Cu with other elements except Zn
Cu-Sn: Tin bronzes
Cu-Al: Aluminum bronzes

4.4.1. Tin bronzes
Alloys of Cu with Sn (Sn<15%)
Deformable tin bronzes:

- Sn<8%
- There may be more: P, Zn, Pb
- Br.SnZn8-4: frames (Khung), pedestals (Bệ đỡ) … in
steam
- Br.SnZnPb4-4-4: linings (Bạc lót)
- Br.SnZnNi5-2-5: gears

4.4.1. Tin bronzes
Cast tin bronzes:
- Sn>6-8%
- Br.Sn10, Br.SnP10-1, Br.SnZn10-2, Br.SnZnPb5-5-5 …:

drive shafts, linings …

4.4.2. Aluminum Bronzes
 5 – 10%Al
 High strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance
 Can be hardened by heat treatment
 Br.Al5, Br.Al7: deformable; high strength. Parts with

corrosion resistance in sea water
 Br.Al10: good casting properties; high strength; can

be hardened by heat treatment
Lead bronzes
Silicon bronzes
Beryllium bronzes

CH 1_metal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1_metal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1_metal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 1

Pure metals are rarely used in engineering

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 2

Alloy = metal A + (metal B) + … + other elements

Non-ferrous Metals (Hợp kim màu) = alloy

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 4

The ferrous alloys:

- Cast irons (Gang đúc)

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 5

Research the properties of cast iron and steel

Research the heat treatment (Nhiệt luyện) of

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 6

 Strength of iron is higher than strength of

Allotropic forms of iron:

- T < 9110C: B.c.c Fe

- 911 < T < 13920C: F.c.c Fe

- 1392 < T < 15390C: B.c.c Fe

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 8

 Allotropic forms: graphite, diamond

 Amorphous: coal, charcoal

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 9

In two ways:

- Carbon dissolved in the iron to form solid solutions

- Carbon combines with iron to form chemical

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 10

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 11

In iron-carbon alloys (max 5%C): only Fe3C

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 13

- Can only slightly dissolve carbon, is designated as F, α

- Region of F is located to the left of line GPQ

- Type of lattice: B.C.C

- Is the softest structure that appears on the diagram

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 15

Cementite: Fe3C, is designated as Cem, Ce

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 17

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 20

Is added to any grade of steel for:

- Deoxidation by reaction: Mn + FeO  Fe + MnO

- Harm reduction of sulfur: FeS  MnS

- Increasing the strength of steel

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 23

Is added to any grade of steel for:

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 24

 Decrease mechanical properties of steel

 If not thorough degasing when smelting: porosity in

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 26

 Shapes, plates, sheets, rods,

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 28

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 29

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 32

Common alloy elements: Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, Mo, Ti,

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 34

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 35

- Alloy steel strength is usually higher than carbon steel

- With increasing strength, ductility decreases

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 36

- Electric and magnetic properties

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 37

Are classified by the presence of various