1.

C
[1]

2. C
[1]

3. C
[1]

4. A
[1]

5. C
[1]

6. B
[1]

7. A
[1]

8. B
[1]

9. A
[1]

10. D
[1]

1
11. A
[1]

12. C
[1]

13. B
[1]

14. B
[1]

15. (a) piston moves distance x so that V = Ax;

force on piston = pA;
work done = Fx;
= pAx = pV 3

(b) extra energy increases internal energy (of gas);

(hence) temperature (of gas) will rise / mean k.e. of atoms increases; 2
[5]

1 1
P V
16. (a) (i) V or P or PV = constant or pressure inversely
proportional to volume, etc; 1
(ii) V  T, etc; 1

P1 P2

(b) (i)
T1 T  or P1T P2T1 ; 1
V1 V2

(ii)
T  T2 or V1T2 V2T ; 1

2
 P2T1
T  ;
(c) from (i)
P1

VT
T  1 2 ;
from (ii)
V2

P1V1 P2V2
 ;
equate to get
T1 T2

PV

so that T constant or PV = KT; 4
[8]

17. (a) (i) CA; 1

(ii) V  T and T = 290K;
temperature = 3  290 = 870 K; 2
Award [0] for 51C.
(iii) p  T;
 12.5 
  290
temperature =  2  = 1800K; 2
102C scores [1] out of [2].

(b) external work done = pV;

5
= 2.0  10  6.0  104
= 120 J;
change in internal energy (= 300  120) = 180J; 3

(c) energy supplied to gas (= A  B + B  C) = 550J;

work done going through cycle = 120 J / representing the area under the
pressure volume graph;
transfer in stage C  A (= 550  120) = 430J; 3
[11]

V1 V 2

18. (a) use of T1 T2 ;
V 6
T2  2 T1  300
V1 2 = 900 K; 2

5 –3 3
(b) W(= pV = 12 × 10 × 4.0 × 10 = 4.8 × 10 J) = 4.8 kJ;
Q = (4.8 kJ + 7.2 kJ) = 12 kJ; 2
Award full marks for correct answer without work shown.

3
 (c) the (magnitude of the) temperature change is the same;
the gas is ideal and so the change in internal energy depends only
on temperature; 2

(d) (i) for the full cycle ∆U = 0;

therefore the net work is 4.8 – 2.6 = 2.2 kJ;
or
net thermal energy in is 12 kJ and net thermal energy out
is 7.2 + 2.6 = 9.8 kJ;
so work done is 12 – 9.8 = 2.2 kJ;
or
work is area in loop;
area = 4.8 – 2.6 = 2.2 kJ; 2

(ii) efficiency is
2.2
12 ;
= 0.18 /18 %; 2
[10]

19. (a) internal energy: (random translational) kinetic energy of atoms / molecules; 1

(b) (i) 546 K; 1

(ii) temperature doubled but pressure remains constant;
3
hence volume doubled to 44.0m ;
or
V  T;
3
therefore, volume doubled to 44.0m ; 2

4
 (c) (i) W = 0; 1
(ii) W = pA (VC  VA)
5
= 1.01  10  22.0;
5
= 22.2  10 J; 2
Note the ecf from (b)(ii).
(iii) work done on the gas;
because the volume is decreasing; 2
Award [0] for a bald statement without any attempt at reasoning.
(iv) total work done by gas in cycle is
5 5
W = 0 + 31.5  10  22.2  10 ;
5
work output = 9.3  10 J; 2
[11]

20. (a) pV constant for isothermal / adiabatic always steeper;

hence AB; 2

(b) area between lines AB and AC shaded; 1

(c) area is 150 (15) small squares;

(allow ecf from (b))
–3 5
work done = 1.5 × 1 × 10 × 1 × 10 ;
= 150 J; 3
For any reasonable approximate area outside the range 150
(15) squares award [2 max] for the calculation of energy from
the area.

(d) no thermal energy enters or leaves / Q = 0;

so work done seen as increase in internal energy;
hence temperature rises; 3
Award [0] for a mere quote of the 1st law.
[9]

21. Expansion of a gas

5
(a) 2.4  10 Pa; 1

5
 (b) any line through (3.0, 4.0) and (5.0, 2.4);
that is a smooth curve in correct direction;
that starts and ends on the above points;

(c) (i) work done = area under line / curve / graph;

5
to get 6.1  10 J; 2
5
Accept 5.5  6.7  10 J.
(ii) work done would be less as adiabatic line is steeper than
isothermal line / OWTTE;
or:
no energy / heat has to be transferred to the surroundings to
maintain constant temperature / OWTTE; 1
[7]

22. (a) force × distance (moved);

in the direction of the force; 2

(b) (i) force = weight = mg;

work done = mgh; 2
Award [0] for quote of answer.

mgh
(ii) power = t ;
h
but t = v, so power = mgv; 2
Award [1] for power = Fv = mgv.

(c) kinetic energy is constant;

gravitational potential energy  thermal energy;

6
 as a result of air resistance; 3

(d) (i) sum of (random) kinetic (and potential energies);

of the molecules of the system (allow atoms or particles); 2

(ii) when a molecule strikes the piston;

rebound speed of molecule is increased;
and so mean kinetic energy of molecules increases;
mean kinetic energy of atoms is proportional to Kelvin temperature;
the temperature rises; 5
Do not allow an argument based on “less space”.

(iii) force on piston = pA;

where A is area of piston. Piston moves distance x;
work done = pAx;
Ax = V, so W = pV; 4

(e) (i) A  B  C  D  A; 1
(ii) pV = nRT
5 –4
1.0 × 10 × 6 × 10 = n × 8.3 × 300;
n = 0.024 mol; 2 max

(1.0 10 5 6 10  4 ) (6.1 10 6 0.32 10  4 )


(iii) 300 T
T = 976 K; 2

(iv) work done by the gas (in 1 cycle);

equal to 210 J; 2

 work out 
 
(v) efficiency =  work in  ;
210
= 310 ;
= 68%; 3
[30]

23. (a) isothermal: takes place at constant temperature;

adiabatic: no energy exchange between gas and surroundings; 2

7
 (b) (i) neither; 1
5 3
(ii) ∆W = PV = 1.2 × 10 × 0.05 = 6.0 × 10 J; 1
(iii) recognize to use ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W;
3
to give ∆U = 2.0 × 10 J; 2
[6]

24. (a) (i) no intermolecular forces;

any other two relevant assumptions of kinetic theory; [2] 3
Do not allow pV = nRT.

(ii) no forces between molecules / atoms so no potential energy;

and internal energy = (random) kinetic energy + potential energy; 2

870 V

(b) (i) 293 294 ;
3
V = 873 cm ;
3
∆V = 3 cm ; 3
3
Award [1] for use of °C not K giving 44 cm .

5 –6
(ii) work done = 1.00 × 10 × 3 × 10 ;
= 0.3 J; 2

(c) (i) quantity of thermal energy (heat) required to raise temperature

of unit mass; by one degree; 2
Award [1 max] for use of units, rather than quantities.

(ii) kinetic energy / speed of atoms increases;

reference to r.m.s. speed / r.m.s. velocity / mean speed / mean
kinetic energy; 2

(iii) at constant volume, ∆Q = ∆U / all heating increases internal energy;

at constant pressure, (∆Q = ∆U + ∆W) / heating increases internal
energy and external work is done;
hence conclusion; 3
[17]

8
25. (a)

3
Award [1] for the correct direction and labelling of each arrow.

(b) (i) C  D vaporization / change of phase to gas (vapour);

A  B condensation / change of phase to liquid; 2
Do not accept answers explaining just the isobaric nature of the change.
Explaining the isothermal nature of the changes by using Q = W is not
sufficient.
(ii) absorbed C  D / C  D and B  C;
ejected A  B / A  B and A  D; 2
(iii) the area enclosed by ABCD; 1
[8]