The simple present tense in English is used to express actions that are

habitual, factual, or generally true. Here are the key details about the simple present tense:

Form:

Affirmative:

Subject + base form of the verb (+ -s/-es for third person singular)

Examples:

"I play tennis."

"She plays tennis."

"They play tennis."

Negative:

Subject + do/does not + base form of the verb

Examples:

"I do not play tennis." (or "I don't play tennis.")

"She does not play tennis." (or "She doesn't play tennis.")

"They do not play tennis." (or "They don't play tennis.")

Interrogative:

Do/Does + subject + base form of the verb?

Examples:

"Do you play tennis?"

"Does she play tennis?"

"Do they play tennis?"

Usage:
Habitual Actions: Describes actions that are repeated regularly.

Example: "She reads a book every evening."

General Truths: States facts that are always true or generally

accepted. Example: "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."

Scheduled Events: Refers to future events that are part of a timetable or

schedule. Example: "The train leaves at 6 PM tomorrow."

Narration: Used in storytelling to describe events in the present tense for immediacy.

Example: "He grabs the knife and runs out of the room."

State of Being: Describes states rather than actions.

Example: "She is a teacher."

Verb Forms:

Regular Verbs: Add -s/-es for third person singular (he/she/it).

Example: "I work, he works."

Irregular Verbs: Generally do not change except for third person singular.

Example: "I go, he goes."

Signal Words:

Often, always, sometimes, usually, rarely, every day, every week,

etc. Notes:

Use "do" for I, you, we, they and plural subjects in negatives and

questions. Use "does" for he, she, it and singular subjects in negatives and

questions.

The simple present tense is fundamental for describing routines, habits, facts, and scheduled
events in English. Its structure and usage are straightforward once the rules for conjugation
and sentence formation are understood.
Here are more examples of sentences using the simple present tense:

**Affirmative:**
1. "They study together every evening."
2. "The sun rises in the east."
3. "She teaches English at the university."
4. "He swims every morning before work."
5. "The Earth revolves around the sun."

**Negative:**
1. "She does not eat meat."
2. "They do not watch TV on weekdays."
3. "He does not play basketball."
4. "She does not speak Spanish."
5. "It does not rain much in this desert."

**Interrogative:**
1. "Do you speak French?"
2. "Does she play the piano?"
3. "Do they live in New York?"
4. "Does he like coffee?"
5. "Do cats sleep a lot?"

These examples cover various uses of the simple present tense: habitual actions ("study
together every evening"), general truths ("the sun rises in the east"), negations ("does not eat
meat"), and questions ("Do you speak French?"). Each sentence demonstrates how the simple
present tense is employed to describe ongoing actions, states, or truths that are factual or
habitual in nature.

Here are 20 examples of sentences in the difficult simple present tense:

1. He refuses to listen to anyone else's opinion.

2. She consistently outperforms her peers in mathematics.
3. The company consistently underestimates market demand.
4. They often misunderstand the instructions given to them.
5. The government seldom acknowledges its mistakes.
6. He rarely attends meetings on time.
7. She frequently changes her mind about which movie to watch.
8. The team occasionally underestimates their opponents.
9. He always insists on doing things his own way.
10. She regularly exercises to maintain her fitness.
11. The students constantly interrupt the teacher during lectures.
12. He never apologizes for his actions.
13. She rarely accepts invitations to social events.
14. The dog frequently escapes from the backyard.
15. He often forgets to lock the door when he leaves.
16. The committee seldom agrees on important decisions.
17. She frequently complains about her workload.
18. He always arrives early for appointments.
19. The child frequently asks difficult questions.
20. She rarely finishes her assignments on time.
These sentences demonstrate the simple present tense while incorporating words that indicate
frequency or difficulty in the action or behaviour described.

Here’s a fill-in-the-blanks exercise for practising the present simple tense:

1. She ________ (to go) to school every day.

2. They ________ (to play) soccer on weekends.
3. He ________ (to eat) breakfast at 7 a.m.
4. The sun ________ (to rise) in the east.
5. My dog ________ (to like) to play fetch.
6. I ________ (to read) a book every night.
7. You ________ (to write) emails for work.
8. The train ________ (to arrive) at 9 o’clock.
9. We ________ (to study) for our exams together.
10. She ________ (to cook) dinner every evening.
11. The baby ________ (to sleep) for 12 hours a day.
12. They ________ (to visit) their grandparents once a month.
13. He ________ (to drive) to the office every morning.
14. The teacher ________ (to explain) the lesson clearly.
15. Birds ________ (to sing) in the morning.
16. I ________ (to brush) my teeth twice a day.
17. She ________ (to enjoy) reading mystery novels.
18. We ________ (to take) a walk after dinner.
19. The cat ________ (to nap) on the sofa.
20. You ________ (to call) your friend every Friday.
The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening
right now or around the present moment. It's also used for specific/ scheduled future plans or
arrangements. Here’s a detailed explanation of the rules and examples:

### **Rules of Present Continuous Tense**

1. **Structure:**
- **Affirmative:** Subject + am/is/are + verb(-ing) + (object)
- **Example:** I am eating breakfast.
- **Example:** She is reading a book.

- **Negative:** Subject + am/is/are + not + verb(-ing) + (object)

- **Example:** They are not watching TV.
- **Example:** He is not studying for the test.

- **Interrogative:** Am/Is/Are + subject + verb(-ing) + (object)?

- **Example:** Are you coming to the party?
- **Example:** Is she working on the project?
2. **Use for Actions Happening Now:**
- To describe actions occurring at the moment of speaking.
- **Example:** She is talking on the phone right now.
- **Example:** The kids are playing in the yard.

3. **Use for Ongoing Actions Around Now:**

- To describe actions that are not necessarily happening exactly at this moment but are
ongoing around the present time.
- **Example:** I am taking a course in digital marketing this
semester. - **Example:** He is reading a lot of historical novels these
days.

4. **Use for Future Arrangements:**

- To describe planned future events or arrangements.
- **Example:** We are meeting her tomorrow.
- **Example:** They are flying to Paris next week.

5. **Use for Temporary Situations:**

- To talk about situations that are temporary or not permanent.
- **Example:** I am staying with my aunt for a few days.
- **Example:** She is working from home this month.

### **Examples with Different Subjects**

1. **I am studying for my exams.**
- Here, “am studying” indicates an action currently happening.

2. **You are watching a movie.**

- “Are watching” shows that the action is in progress right now.

3. **He is cooking dinner.**

- “Is cooking” means he is in the process of cooking at this moment.

4. **She is not attending the conference.**

- The negative form “is not attending” shows she is not participating.

5. **We are planning a trip to Italy.**

- “Are planning” indicates a future arrangement.

6. **They are not coming to the party.**

- “Are not coming” suggests they will not attend the event.

7. **Is the cat sleeping on the couch?**

- “Is sleeping” in the interrogative form asks if the cat is currently asleep.

8. **Are you feeling okay?**

 - “Are feeling” asks about your current state or condition.

### **Special Cases**

- **Verbs Not Usually Used in Continuous Form:**

Some verbs, like "know," "believe," and "love," are typically used in the simple
present rather than the present continuous because they describe states rather than
actions. - **Example:** I know the answer. (Not “I am knowing the answer.”)

By following these rules and examples, you can effectively use the present continuous tense
to describe actions and situations in real-time or near-future contexts!

The present perfect tense is used to connect past actions or events with the
present moment. It indicates that something has happened at some unspecified time before
now and emphasises the relevance or impact of that action on the present. Here’s a detailed
explanation of the rules and examples:
### **Rules of Present Perfect Tense**

1. **Structure:**
- **Affirmative:** Subject + has/have + past participle (verb)
- **Example:** I have finished my homework.
- **Example:** She has travelled to France.
- **Negative:** Subject + has/have + not + past participle (verb)
- **Example:** They have not seen that movie.
- **Example:** He has not called me yet.
- **Interrogative:** Has/Have + subject + past participle (verb)?
- **Example:** Have you eaten lunch?
- **Example:** Has she completed the project?

2. **Use for Actions with Present Relevance:**

- **Use:** To indicate that a past action is relevant to or affects the
present. - **Example:** I have lost my keys. (The keys are still missing
now.)
- **Example:** She has broken her leg. (Her leg is still broken, and it affects her now.)

3. **Use for Experiences:**

- **Use:** To talk about experiences or events that have happened at some point in a
person's life, without specifying when.
- **Example:** I have visited Japan. (At some point in my life, I went to Japan.) -
**Example:** He has never eaten sushi. (At any point up to now, he has not had the
experience of eating sushi.)

4. **Use for Actions That Started in the Past and Continue into the Present:** - **Use:** To
describe actions that began in the past and are still ongoing or continuing. - **Example:**
She has lived in New York for five years. (She started living in New York five years ago and
still lives there.)
- **Example:** They have worked at the company since 2010. (They started working
at the company in 2010 and continue to work there.)

5. **Use for Recent Actions:**

- **Use:** To describe actions that have just been completed, often with the adverbs “just,”
“already,” or “yet.”
- **Example:** I have just finished reading the book. (The action was completed very
recently.)
- **Example:** Have you already sent the email? (Asking if the action was completed
recently.)

### **Examples with Different Subjects**

1. **I have seen that movie before.**

- The experience of seeing the movie happened at some unspecified time in the past but is
relevant to the present.

2. **You have completed your assignment.**

- The assignment is finished, and its completion affects the current situation (e.g., you’re
now free to do other things).

3. **She has never been to Italy.**

- She lacks the experience of visiting Italy up to now.

4. **He has broken his phone.**

- The phone is broken now because of an action that happened in the past.

5. **We have lived here for ten years.**

- We started living here ten years ago and continue to live here now.

6. **They have not finished their dinner yet.**

- The dinner is still in progress or incomplete at this moment.

7. **Has she met the new manager?**

- Asking whether she has had the experience of meeting the new manager up to now.

8. **I have just heard the news.**

- The news was heard very recently.

### **Special Cases**

- **For Emphasising Duration:**

- Often used with time expressions like "for," "since," "recently," "lately," etc. -
**Example:** We have known each other for ten years. (The knowledge started ten years
ago and continues.)

- **With “Ever” and “Never”:**

- Used to talk about life experiences.
- **Example:** Have you ever traveled to Africa? (Experience at any time up to now.) -
**Example:** She has never tried rock climbing. (At no time up to now has she tried it.)

- **For “Already” and “Yet” in Questions and Negatives:**

- **Example (Already):** They have already finished their project. (The action
was completed before now.)
- **Example (Yet):** Have you finished your homework yet? (Asking if the action is
complete by now.)
By using the present perfect tense according to these rules, you can clearly express the
connection between past actions and their current relevance, experiences, ongoing
situations, and recent completions.

Examples of sentences using the present perfect tense:

1. I have finished my homework.

2. She has lived in New York for five years.
3. They have travelled to Japan.
4. He has never eaten sushi.
5. Have you seen that movie before?

..

6. The company has release a new product.

7. I has just received your email.
8. She have meet the president.
10. Have he repaired the car?
11. We, the 40 members of the cultural club, has visited the museum several
times. 12. I not have lost my keys.
13. Has she started a new job.
14. They have complete the project ahead of schedule.

..

15. He has written three books ( make it negative)

16. We have gone to the beach every summer. ( make it interrogative )
17. I have read that book ( make it negative)
18. She has cooked dinner for us. ( make it negative)
19. They have moved to a new house. ( make it negative)
Here's a passage for practising the present perfect tense:

---

**Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses

1. She _____ (finish) her homework already.

2. We _____ (visit) that museum several times.
3. I _____ (never/see) such a beautiful sunset before.
4. They _____ (live) in this city for ten years.
5. He _____ (just/receive) a promotion at work.
6. Have you _____ (talk) to Sarah about the meeting?
7. The children _____ (eat) all the cookies we baked yesterday.
8. My parents _____ (not/plan) their vacation yet.
9. You _____ (always/know) how to make me smile.
10. She _____ (write) a letter to her friend recently.

---

Here's a fill-in-the-blanks passage :

Sarah has been working at her new job for three months now. She _______ (2)
______________ (adjust) well to her role and _______ (3) ______________ (make) many
new friends. Recently, she _______ (4) ______________ (complete) a challenging project
that her boss _______ (5) ______________ (praise) her for. Sarah _______ (6)
______________ (feel) very accomplished and _______ (7) ______________ (enjoy) the
positive feedback. Her team _______ (8) ______________ (celebrate) their success with a
small party. Sarah _______ (9) ______________ (try) to balance her work and personal life,
and she _______ (10) ______________ (find) this job very fulfilling.

Another challenging fill-in-the-blanks passage using the present perfect

tense: ---

Over the last few years, climate scientists _______ (1) ___________ (gather) extensive data
to understand global warming better. They _______ (2) ___________ (observe) significant
shifts in weather patterns and _______ (3) ___________ (document) numerous
environmental changes. Governments _______ (4) ___________ (implement) various
policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, but the effects _______ (5) ___________ (be)
slower to manifest than expected.

While many countries _______ (6) ___________ (commit) to international climate

agreements, some nations _______ (7) ___________ (struggle) to meet their targets.
Environmental organizations _______ (8) ___________ (raise) awareness about the urgency
of the situation and _______ (9) ___________ (encourage) people to take action. However,
the progress _______ (10) ___________ (vary) significantly from one region to another.

—
Present perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions or events
that started in the past and are still continuing or have recently stopped, with a focus on the
duration or ongoing nature of the activity. Here’s a breakdown of its rules and some
examples:

### Structure

The present perfect continuous tense is formed using the following structure:

**Subject + have/has + been + verb base form + -ing*

- **Subject**: The person or thing performing the action.

- **Have/has**: The auxiliary verbs (use "have" with I, you, we, they, and "has" with he,
she, it).
- **Been**: The past participle of the verb "to be."
-
### Rules

1. **Ongoing Actions**: It describes actions that started in the past and are still
continuing. - **Example**: "She has been reading that book for two hours."
- **Explanation**: The action of reading started in the past and is still happening.

2. **Recently Finished Actions**: It can also describe actions that have recently finished but
have a connection to the present.
- **Example**: "They have been working on the project all night."
- **Explanation**: The work might be completed now, but the focus is on the duration and
effort involved.

3. **Emphasis on Duration**: It emphasizes the duration of an activity, often with time

expressions like "for," "since," or "lately."
- **Example**: "I have been exercising for the last six months."
- **Explanation**: This shows the activity's duration from the past to the present.

4. **Interrogative Form**: To form questions, invert the subject and "have/has."

- **Example**: "Have you been waiting long?"
- **Explanation**: This asks about the ongoing nature or duration of waiting.
5. **Negative Form**: To form negative statements, add "not" after "have/has
been." - **Example**: "She has not been feeling well lately."
- **Explanation**: This indicates that the ongoing action of not feeling well has been
happening recently.

### Examples

- **Positive**: "I have been studying English for three years."

- **Explanation**: The studying started three years ago and is still ongoing.

- **Negative**: "He has not been traveling much this year."

- **Explanation**: He hasn’t been engaged in traveling frequently during this year.

- **Question**: "Has she been practicing the piano?"

- **Explanation**: This inquires whether she has been engaged in practicing the piano
recently.

- **Recent Action**: "We have been decorating the house, so it's a bit messy." -
**Explanation**: The decorating activity has recently occurred and has an effect on the
present state of the house.

This tense helps convey both the continuity of actions and their effects or relevance to the
present moment.

Examples of sentences using the present perfect continuous tense:

1. I have been studying for three hours.

2. She has been working at that company since January.
3. They have been travelling around Europe for the past month.
4. He has been learning Spanish for a year.
5. We have been renovating our house recently.
6. She has been practicing the piano every day.
7. The kids have been playing outside all afternoon.
8. He has been reading that book for two weeks.
9. I have been waiting for your call.
10. They have been building a new website for their business.
11. She has been jogging in the park every morning.
12. We have been cooking dinner together this week.
13. He has been fixing the car since yesterday.
14. I have been thinking about changing jobs.
15. She has been taking yoga classes for the last few months.
16. They have been discussing their project for hours.
17. We have been looking for a new apartment.
18. He has been writing his novel for several years.
19. I have been trying to improve my cooking skills.
20. She has been painting her room all day.

Here’s a fill-in-the-blanks exercise for the present perfect continuous tense:

1. She ______ (work) here for five years.

2. They ______ (study) English since January.
3. I ______ (wait) for the bus for over an hour.
4. He ______ (run) every morning to prepare for the marathon.
5. We ______ (try) to solve the problem all afternoon.
6. The kids ______ (play) in the park for the last two hours.
7. My parents ______ (travel) around Europe since last summer.
8. You ______ (read) that book for weeks now.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present perfect continuous tense.

Here’s a passage where you can fill in the blanks using present

tense. ---

Every morning, James ______ (wake) up early and ______ (make) a cup of coffee. While he
______ (drink) his coffee, he usually ______ (read) the newspaper. Lately, he ______
(show) interest in learning more about current events. Over the past few weeks, he ______
(follow) several news stories and ______ (find) them very engaging. His friends ______
(comment) on how much he ______ (talk) about these stories.

In the evening, he ______ (exercise) at the gym to stay fit. He ______ (work) out regularly
and ______ (notice) improvements in his strength. For the past few months, he ______
(train) for a local marathon, and he ______ (feel) more confident about his performance.

---

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense.

---