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Design and Simulation of Automatic Surge Generator

Research · March 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10620.39041

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 1

Design and Simulation of Automatic Surge

Generator to Connect to Transformer Bushing
Tap
Yerdos Yebenbay, Almas Baigurmanov, and Aisultan Alimkhan,
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

 LVI and FRA have emerged. Short-circuit impedance (SCI)

Abstract– The main purpose of this project is to design surge measurements and Low Voltage Impulse (LVI) have been
generator as input for frequency response analysis of power widely used to determine the defect of transformer winding and
transformer. Transformer is a fundamental component of power core displacement. However, even minor shifts in the structure
supply network and it is under tremendous hazards during
of the power transformer will lead to the changes in the RLC
operations. Hence, it is essential for system operators to be aware
of insulation system condition and mechanical integrity inside circuit of the winding. As a result, it will undoubtedly influence
transformer. Mechanical defects are one of the main threats for the frequency response of the outlined system. Frequency
transformer operation. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is the response analysis (FRA) is a highly accurate, fast and
most popular analytical tool for winding deformation recognition. economical method for the diagnosis of the mechanical defects
Nowadays, off-line diagnosis techniques are common in the of the power transformer. However, to apply outlined methods
industry. They require to de-energize the transformer for
and repair the mechanical defects, in most cases, it is required
diagnostics and repair works and, thus, causing significant
financial loss. In the scope of smart-grid, it is reasonable to develop to take the transformer out after completely shutting it down,
on-line prognosis and diagnosis methods. On-line analysis may which would be costly to grid stakeholders. Consequently, FRA
contribute to making the existing approach more progressive once can be developed into an online method, which will identify
precision is conserved. High frequency pulses will be injected into mechanical defects without turning the power transformer off.
analyzer via Marx generator. Moreover, in the scope of smart- Power transformer bushings are one the main components of
grid, it is reasonable to develop on-line prognosis and diagnosis
power transformers and are one of the common raseon of fautal
methods. The data obtained from the transformer will be
transferred to the cloud via Arduino and Raspberry Pi system. malfunction for transformers, where around 45% faults on this
Customized mobile application will be created to improve the element. The majority of bushings are same age as the
quality of deformation monitoring. transformers and therefore monitoring of bushing condition is
very important. All VH bushings should be checked
Index Terms-- Marx Generator, on-line diagnosis, frequency periodically at least once in 3 years. Bushings of deterioration
response analysis (FRA), high-voltage (HV), transformers, . must be monitored from 6 months up to 1 year and removed
from the system if the tests show a critical condition. According
I. INTRODUCTION to statistics, there is about 90% of faults where the main

P OWER transformer plays an integral part in electrical

supply chain. Since its first invention in 1885, transformer
became vital for utilization, distribution and transmission of
problem caused by malfunction into entering the bushing
through leaky gaskets or other ways. The power factor and
capacitance (PF&C) are one of the best indicators of the
AC electrical energy. Besides its importance, power bushing status. Off-line measurement requires to remove the
transformer is also considered as one of the most expensive power transformer from the system and a normal capacitance
equipment among all electrical devices. Factors like material (NC) need to be installed in the power station that might
and measurements of the used wire, flying lead connectors, probably not be done in time, and it is very costly. In contrast,
margin tape and manufacturing process directly determine the
off-line test on transformer bushings is probably on 10 kV and
cost and design of the power transformer. Consequently,
on high humidity weather, which is not good environment for
outlined valuable equipment requires permanent fault
the power transformer. Hereby, online monitoring system of
diagnosing and monitoring of its working conditions.
Despite the fact, that transformers are designed to withstand FRA is a better option to find fault and fix only if it needs
various mechanical forces, they can be damaged by short circuit instead of regular replacement, which super expensive for the
or as a result of transportation. As a consequence, mechanical power plant owner. So, this method can predict most fatal or
defects are still likely to be the most common cause of failure due to bushing failures.
transformer malfunctions. Outlined defects induce winding Transformer bushings are components with many
deformation in the radial, axial or angular directions. capacitances with different values, and there are oil-paper
To ensure a reliable supply and to assess the mechanical state insulators. Oil-paper insulation is commonly used in power
of the transformer components, various techniques like SCI, transformer and is one of the useful insulation materials with

Manuscript received on 12 December 2018.

 2

some good heat transfer and electrical properties. Nevertheless, on the accuracy of the designation limit. Those electromagnetic
continued contact to very high electrical, thermal, mechanical forces occurring during the fault pursue the vibration of the tank
and environmental tensions can decline important properties of either which leads to the variation of the distance between the
this insulation and able to disrupt the bonds of the paper and can conductors. In both cases of the radial and axial directions, the
produce H2O, CO, CO2, smaller amount of furan and expansion of the external winding is inevitable due to the fact
hydrocarbons. Partial discharges can be created in the presence that directions of the current flow are contrary. As a matter of
of bubbles of the gas, also insulation can carbonize to fact, the vibration in the core is occurred mostly depending on
conducting tracks which can finally damage several layers of the magnetic forces.
the bushing. A lack of the mechanical resistance can be reason
of bushings failure. III. DEFINITION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a technique for
Sections are also devoted to the preparation of detection of deformations within the transformer winding. Until
acknowledgments, references, and authors’ biographies. recent time, FRA has been used as an off-line diagnosis method.
However, with advancements in smart grid, there is a great
II. MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF WINDINGS interest in switching to on-line FRA.
Among all possible factors, which causes transformer Generally, frequency response of a winding can be referred
malfunction, mechanical deformation of windings due to short- as a function of series and shunt capacitances and inductances
circuit currents has a crucial influence at different stages of between turns of the winding, as well as among winding and the
operation. Provided currents may produce radial, axial, or earth. Once the winding is displaced or deformed, change in
combined electromagnetic forces in a short period of time, impedances and frequency response of the transformer takes
which act on a transformer winding. Force is determined by the place due to high sensitivity [10].
formula below: There are two ways of performing frequency response
𝐹 = 𝐿 (𝐵 × 𝐿) analysis: time-domain LVI and frequency-domain FRA. Both
where L is winding length, B is magnetic induction, and I is can be referred as Transfer Function (TF) techniques due to the
short circuit current. fact, that the result is shown as a ratio of input and output
Transformer deformations caused by radial, axial and voltages. Moreover, both of them can be represented in
combined forces have been started in literature []. frequency domain. To be more specific, time domain analysis
can be converted into frequency by applying Fast Fourier
Transfer tool, however, because of the difference between
A. Radial Forces methods’ records and for the integrity of all measurements it is
Radial forces stretch the winding conductors by acting on the recommended to conduct analysis based on one of the outlined
outer winding and produce hoop stress, while inner winding methods. [3].
experiences radial compressive stress. Formula for determining FRA is considered to be one of the most well-known
the radial force due to axial leakage flux between the two techniques for assessing the mechanical integrity of a
windings is given by: transformer [4] - [6]. It can be classified as Impulse Frequency
√2𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 Response Analysis (IFRA) and Sweep Frequency Response
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒 ( ) (√2𝑁𝐼) Analysis (SFRA). IFRA applies one non-periodic signal with
2𝐻𝑤 maximum value of hundreds of volts and frequency band
where is Hw winding height, is 𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑒 average diameter of a suitable for injected signal waveform. In the SFRA sine wave
winding, NI is RMD winding’s ampere-turns value, and μ0 is with amplitude of 1-20V and frequency sweep in Hz to mHz
vacuum permeability. ranges is applied to windings’ end. In contrast, IFRA is rather
Types of radial forces include: forced bucking, free bucking faster and has a timespan of few minutes compared to few hours
(hoop bucking), hoop tension (stretching), and relaxation in SFRA [11].
bucking. FRA is, in fact, comparative method of diagnostics which
B. Axial Forces analyzes the gathered data and correlates it with results, which
had been obtained earlier on provided or another phase of the
Axial forces are generally produced by radial magnetic flux
same transformer [11, 12].
density. They cause bending of conductors or titling which is
Practically, nowadays due to the progress in the research in
considered to be dangerous whenever windings are not installed
this field, the range of sweeping of the sine wave in off-line
symmetrically.
FRA has extended and reached a limit of 20Hz - 20MHz [1]
C. Combined Forces compared to 10Hz - 10MHz in [3]. Swept sine wave is being
Transformer deformations caused by combined forces are applied to one of the ends of the windings while the relative
spiraling, telescoping, and twisting. In this case of the leakage amplitude and phase are recorded at the other end using FR
fault the winding of the transformer are variated in the manner analyzer.
of deformation by the range of the angle within the transformer. A. Sweep FRA
Vividly, the alterations in electric and magnetic fields are
In this method, a signal in wide range of frequencies (20Hz -
identified by different parameters of the winding that
2MHz) is injected into the terminal of transformer and response
experienced the deformation. At the same time, it should be
mentioned that the frequency domain has a tremendous impact is recorded from another terminal. To detect the deformation,
 3

output should be compared with frequency response of healthy charging period and low PRR. According to [12], normalization
transformer. Significant differences during the comparison may of empirical relation for the charging time to 99\% [T(99\%)]
imply that the transformer under test is deformed and should be by time constant ts of a single stage, for an N stage time duration
replaced. On top of that, the frequency range in which this can be determined by formula:
difference is detected can show the approximate point of failure 𝑇(99\%)
= 0.0054 ∗ 𝑁 3 + 1.78 ∗ 𝑁 2 + 2.55 ∗ 𝑁
inside the transformer. Transformer core, yoke and clamping 𝑡𝑠
has a significant impact on low-frequency band, winding is
responsible for mid-frequency spectrum, while leads and
connections control high-frequencies.
B. Impulse FRA
In comparison with SFRA (Sweep Frequency Response
Analysis), which utilizes sinusoidal signal for testing, this
method employs impulse signal. This allows to investigate
much higher amplitude and frequency band, presenting more
knowledge regarding the current state of transformer. On top of
that, it was proven that this method is less subject to noise,
giving significantly higher SNR (Signal-to-Noise). [7] For the
purpose of this project, impulse FRA will be used as a testing
method. Impulse will be generated using Marx generator, which
will be discussed further

IV. BACKGROUND OF MARX GENERATOR

Marx Generator is characterized as a circuit for voltage Fig. 2. Schematic of the surge generator setup consisting of (a) the multistage
multiplication, which injects the voltage pulse with a surge. The Marx generator, (b) the power transformer, (c) the voltage divider used for
recording the impulse waveform, (d) multiple chopping gap, and (e) the
Marx generator is capacitive energy storage circuit, that is earthing [9].
charged to a given DC voltage and instantly discharged,
providing its energy quickly to a load at HV. In general, as you In [10], it was mentioned that TF methods are independent
can see from figure below, Marx generator circuit consists of from input pulse shape or voltage level. On the other hand,
resistors, which charge N capacitors in parallel to a voltage. S previous research in field of transition to on-line diagnosis
stands for switch, whenever the first one is triggered, it creates method faced difficulties, and one of them is in scarcity of
chain reaction to others switches the sparks momentarily appropriate signal injection system [3, 13].
connecting the capacitors in series, hence the capacitors This study proposes a usage of surge generator’s (Marx
discharge delivering the stored voltage to the load at high power generator) output for injection of signal to FR analyzer. In
level, that is N x V according to the theory. addition, design of Marx generator circuit is also within the
scope of the project. Several examples of the design are shown
in [7] in which output voltage has reached 300 kV within fast
rise times. In [9] the picosecond-pulse generator is examined.
Post hoc analysis revealed that introduction of transistors of
parallel structure has increased the current level of the circuit
and improved the output efficiency that reached an adjustable
voltage amplitude of 0.9-3.1kV with 150ps rise time.

A. Capacitor and its properties

Capacitor is a fundamental passive two-terminal electronic
component that stores electrical energy in an electric field,
which can be characterized as capacitance of the component.
When a capacitor is attached across a power supply, an
electric field is being developed across the dielectric, causing a
net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative
charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows
through the dielectric, however, there is a flow of charge
Fig. 2. Circuit of Marx generator through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained
sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases.
Marx configuration can be seen on the figure above Resistors However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads
are placed in ladder network to charge the capacitors in parallel. of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due
In order to prevent the loss of energy during discharging, values to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor[13].
of resistors must be relatively high. Such values set long
 4

Circuit with only one resistor, capacitor, switch and DC

source of constant voltage V0 can be described as charging
circuit. Whenever capacitor is initially uncharged with an open
switch, closure of the switch allows current to flow through the
capacitor and charge it [14]. From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
1 𝑡
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑡) + 𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑖(𝑡) ∗ 𝑅 + ∫ 𝑖(τ)𝑑τ
𝐶 𝑡0
After finding the derivative and multiplying by C, equation
becomes:
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑅∗𝐶∗ + 𝑖(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑡
At t = 0, voltages across the resistor and capacitor are V0 and Fig. 1. Marx generator circuit with diode
0 respectively. By theory, initial current can be determined as
I(0) = V0/R. By solving provided differential equation: V. CASE STUDY
𝑉0 𝑡
− LTSpice software was used for this course project. During
𝐼(𝑡) = ∗ 𝑒 τ0
𝑅 the transient analysis of the figure above, when voltage sources
𝑡
− are set as DC 240v, the output can be noticed on the following
𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉0 ∗ (1 − 𝑒 τ0 )

𝑡
figure:
−
𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑉0 ∗ (1 − 𝑒 τ0 )

where Q is function of capacitor’s charge and τ = RC, also

known as time constant [15].
Due to the fact that capacitor and source voltage reach
equilibrium, both voltage across the resistor and current of the
circuit decay exponentially. Consequently, capacitor’s initial
voltage V0 is replaced by VCi. Equations become:
𝑉𝐶𝑖 𝑡
−
𝐼(𝑡) = ∗ 𝑒 τ0
𝑅
𝑡
−
𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉𝐶𝑖 ∗ 𝑒 τ0

]
𝑡 Fig. 1 Output of 240V
−
𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝐶𝑖 ∗ 𝑒 τ0

As we can see from figure above, the theory of Marx

B. Using Diodes Instead of Resistors
generator does not work, because the surge voltage is about
Another way for making Marx generator is using diodes. To 10.8pV. However, if we set voltage source as PULSE(0 240 1
clarify, a diode is a two-terminal active electronic component
1 0 0 0 0), the output will be around 700V, which is about 3
that allows to conduct current only in one direction; as you can
times larger than voltage of power supply.
see from the figure below, it has two parts - anode and cathode:
very low resistance is in the first part and very high resistance
is in the second part cathode, hence current can pass only from
the anode to the cathode. [16]

Fig. 3. Symbol of diode

By using advantages of this component, we can significantly Fig. 1. Output of PULSE(0 240 1 1 0 0 0 0)
decrease the size and increase efficiency of the generator,
because spark gap can be eliminated. According to, the silicon Due to the fact that LTSpice does not have spark gap
diode 1N4007 can be used due to the fact that it blocks voltage component, the simulation of 5 stage of Marx generation with
up to 1000V and 1A. Therefore, the circuit of 6 stage Marx 1 Mohms resistors was used via falstad.com website. The result
generator will be as follows: was 1.13kV.
After stepping down current and voltage supplied from Marx
generator using voltage and current dividers, the signal needs to
be recorded and sent to Raspberry Pi single-board computer for
further processing. For this purpose, analog voltages should be
 5

converted into digital values, which can be accepted by other pluses [22]. As it was stated, application is based on cocoa
Raspberry Pi. This is achieved with the help of MCP3008 framework. It is a software environment, that facilitates
analog-to-digital converter, which can be directly connected to development of software applications. Cocoa Touch is also
GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins of single-board known as abstraction layer of iOS duw to the fact, that it hides
computer. These pins allow direct communication in the form the working details of a subsystem and provides platform
of digital data without any additional conversion. Pinout of independence [23]. Generally, all technologies based on iOS
GPIO pins can be seen on the figure below. can be seen as a set of various layers. In hierarchical way, they
look like this [24]: Cocoa Touch, Media, Application Services,
Core Services, and Core OS / iOS kernel In order to keep all the
used libraries in order, we created a podfile, which manly deals
with dependencies between libraries, fetch the provided source
code and then link it to the project workspace in Xcode. Our
podfile includes pods like ’Charts’, Firebase/Core’ for storing
information on the cloud, ’Firebase/Database’, ’EasyPeasy’ and
’Alamofire’. Application works in real time and provides the
information about the obtained voltage (lower block) along
with its dependency along the time (higher block)

Fig. 1. GPIO pins of Raspberry Pi VI. CONCLUSION

Marx generator, which should generate necessary impulse
After the transfer of the signal, it needs to be accepted and signal is simulated using LTSpice and falstad.com, and ready
recorded by Raspberry Pi. Script in Python programming for hardware implementation. However, a few necessary details
language was written for this purpose. Firstly, data needs to be were missing in the lab. Hereby, a better option is using
captured from GPIO pins of Raspberry Pi. Code written for this traditional circuit without diodes, because it gives adjustable
purpose can be seen in listing below. It uses Adafruit_GPIO and opportunity for future works. Thus, prototype of Marx
Adafruit_MCP3008 Python libraries to establish the connection generator will be constructed and tested with the arrival of
with ADC. These libraries can be installed using pip install required parts. Digital data capturing unit was constructed and
Adafruit_GPIO and pip_install Adafruit_MCP3008 will be tested when Marx generator will be assembled. This unit
commands. It should also be noted that the received input is in shows sampling rate of 13 thousand samples per second, which
the range 0 to 1023. This value can be converted to voltage by may not be enough for desired signal (1.2MHz). In this case,
dividing it to maximum value, which is 1024 and multiplying it more advanced capturing device will be purchased. The mobile
by reference voltage (3.3V). [19] application was built and shows great performance working in
After the data has been successfully read from GPIO pins, it real-time. However, the programming language restricts the
should be sent to Firebase cloud storage system. This can be application to products of Apple company. This will be fixed in
achieved using Python code in listing below. It can be noticed the future by rewriting the application for Android platform. In
that pyrebase Python library is used to establish remote addition, a better user-friendly interface for the application will
connection to cloud storage. This library can be installed using be created which will show not only voltage values but will also
the command pip install pyrebase. Cloud storage credentials provide additional information about transformer's working
need to be provided in order to get access to the database. conditions. For the future work, there is possible to make a
Our customized mobile application was written in special console, where we can set time along with the amount of
integrated development environment (IDE) called Xcode. It is voltage of the impulse. This function can be done by using
a program developed by company “Apple” which allows Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
developers to create apps for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS
[19]. Platform supports languages like C, C++, Objective-C VII. REFERENCES
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[6] K. Ludwikowski, K. Siodla, and W. Ziomek, “Investigation of Aisultan Alimkhan Almatuly is currently receiving
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analysis,” IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 19, no. engineering at the Nazarbayev University,
6, pp. 1957–1961, December 2012. Kazakhstan, Astana, and will graduate in 2019.
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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES

Yerdos Yebenbay was born in Karaganda,

Kazakhstan, on July 10, 1996. He is a 4th year
undergraduate Electrical and Computer
Engineering student.

Almas Baigurmanov was born in Taldykorgan,

Kazakhstan, on March 5, 1996. He is a 4th year
undergraduate Electrical and Computer
Engineering student. He is working experience
includes internship in “Extex Alatau” national
engineering company as junior design engineer.
Almas’s research interests include Multiple
Access Techniques For UAV-assisted Network.
Currently, he is working on optimization of the
drone allocation.

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