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Carnot Engine

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171 views18 pages

Carnot Engine

Uploaded by

mehta.nandini19
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADITYA BIRLA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIRLAGRAM NAGDA(M.P.) 456331


AFFILATION NO.1030129

PHYSICS PROJECT FILE


SESSION 2024-25
NAME:-KUNAL ARORA
CLASS:- 11 ‘A’
ROLL NO.:-11112
TOPIC:-CARNOT ENGINE
SUBMITTED TO:- N.GUPTA SIR
(P.G.T PHYSICS)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled
"Factors affecting the range of projectile motion"

submitted by ‘Kunal Arora’ of class 11th - A in partial


fulfillment for the investigatory project in 'PHYSICS'
at 'Aditya Birla Senior Secondary School' is an
authentic work carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance.

....................................
MR. NARENDRA GUPTA
(P.G.T. PHYSICS)
(Signature)
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T

Taken this opportunity to express my


respect and gratitude to my esteemed guide
Mr Narendra Gupta for his valuable
guidance in making this project a reality. I
am thankful to him for his constant support
and encouragement and valuable
supervision, guidance and encouragement
throughout the project completion period.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 THEORY
1. What is heat engine?
2. Main parts of heat engine.
3. Structure of heat engine.
4. What is carnot engine?
5. Carnot cycle.
6. What is carnot cycle?
7. Efficiency of carnot engine.
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
 SUMMARY
 BIBLOGRAPHY
THEORY
 What is Heat engine?
Heat engine is a device by which a system is
made to undergo a cyclic process that results
in conversion of heat into work.
 Main parts of Heat engine :-
The different parts of heat engine or carnot
engine are:-
1. SOURCE:-
HOT RESERVOIR or Source is a material
kept at high temperature and having
infinite thermal capacity. Any amount of
heat can be taken from it without changing
its temperature.
2. SINK:-
COLD RESERVOIR or Sink is a material kept
at low temperature and having infinite
thermal capacity. Any amount of heat can
be given to it without changing its
temperature.
3. WORKING SUBSTANCE:-
Working substance is a material which
converts heat energy in to work. It is taken
in a cylinder fitted with tight movable
frictionless piston. The lower side of the
cylinder will be thermally conducting.
4. INSULATING STAND:-
It insulates the working substance from
thermal contact with the surroundings.
That is used for performing the adiabatic
process.
Structure of Heat engine
 What is Carnot Engine?
Carnot engine is an ideal heat
engine whose efficiency is
maximum. In carnot engine,
carnot cycle is used.
In carnot engine, ideal gas is
the working substance and all
the dissipative forces are
absent.
 Carnot Cycle:-
Carnot devised an ideal cycle
of operation for a heat engine
and is know as carnot cycle.
In one complete cycle of
operation, there are Two
different thermodynamic
processes.
1. ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION:-
At first, the working substance
is kept in contact with the
source. The piston of the
cylinder is moved outwards. The
gas expands at constant
temperature. The amount of
heat(Q1) is absorbed from the
source to make the temperature
constant. The volume increases
and pressure decreases.
This is called isothermal
expansion. It is represented by
the curve AB in the indicator
diagram.
2. ADIABATIC EXPANSION:-
The lower conducting side of
the cylinder is kept in contact
with the insulating stand. The
piston of the cylinder is moved
outwards. The gas expands
such that no heat enters the
system or leaves from it. The
volume increases and pressure
decreases. The temperature is
decreased from T1 to T2.
This is called adiabatic
expansion. It is represented by
the curve BC in the indicator
diagram.
3. ISOTHERMAL
COMPRESSION:-
The cylinder is kept in contact
with the sink. The piston of the
cylinder is moved inwards. The
gas is compressed at constant
temperature. The excess heat
produced(Q2) will flow to the
sink to make the temperature
constant. The volume
decreases and pressure
increases.
This is called isothermal
compression. It is represented
by the curve CD in the indicator
diagram.

4.
ADIABATIC COMPRESSION:-
The cylinder is kept in contact
with the insulating stand. The
piston of the cylinder is moved
inwards. The gas is
compressed such that no heat
enters the system or leaves
from it. The volume decreases
and pressure increases. The
temperature increases from T2
to T1.
This is called adiabatic
expansion. It is represented by
the curve DA in the indicator
diagram.

 What is Carnot Cycle?


The Carnot cycle is a
theoretical thermodynamic
cycle that represents the most
efficient possible process for
converting heat into work or
vice versa. It serves as a
fundamental benchmark for
understanding the efficiency of
heat engines.

 Efficiency of Carnot engine.


We have the efficiency of heat
engine,
 = W/Q1
where ‘W’ is the work done and
Q1 is the amount of heat
absorbed from the source.
Also W = Q1 – Q2 where Q2 is
the amount of energy rejected
to sink.
Therefore,  = ( Q1 – Q2)/Q1 = 1
– (Q2/Q1)
For a carnot engine, it can be
shown that :-
 = 1 – (T2/T1)
where T1 is the temperature of
source and T2 that of sink.
POINTS TO
REMEMBER

 Carnot engine is purely an


imaginary engine. But all
real engines are constructed
based on carnot cycle.
 No other engine can have
same efficiency as that of a
carnot engine working
between the same
temperature range.
SUMMARY
A Carnot engine is a theoretical heat
engine that operates on the Carnot cycle,
the most efficient cycle possible under the
laws of thermodynamics. It converts heat
energy into work by cycling through four
reversible processes:
 Isothermal expansion (heat absorbed at
high temperature).
 Adiabatic expansion (temperature drops
without heat transfer).
 Isothermal compression (heat released
at low temperature).
 Adiabatic compression (temperature
rises without heat transfer).
The efficiency of a Carnot engine
depends only on the temperatures of
the hot and cold reservoirs.It sets the
theoretical upper limit for the efficiency
of any real heat engine.
BIBLOGRAPH
Y
 Chat GPT-Open AI

 www.google.com

 www.byjus.com

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