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Early Medieval Hum and Bosnia,
ca. 450–1200
Danijel Džino
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 Danijel Džino
The right of Danijel Džino to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accord-
ance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permis-
sion in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Džino, Danijel, author.
Title: Early medieval Hum and Bosnia, c.450-1200 : beyond myths / Danijel
Džino.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Series:
Studies in medieval history and culture | Includes bibliographical
references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2022060301 (print) | LCCN 2022060302 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032047928 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032047935 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003194705 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina)--History--To 1500. |
Bosnia and Herzegovina--History--To 1463. | Herzegovina (Bosnia and
Herzegovina)--Antiquities. | Bosnia and Herzegovina--Antiquities. |
Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina)--Historiography. | Bosnia and
Herzegovina--Historiography.
Classification: LCC DR1775.H47 D95 2023 (print) | LCC DR1775.H47 (ebook)
| DDC 949.742/01--dc23/eng/20221220
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022060301
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022060302
ISBN: 978-1-032-04792-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-04793-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-19470-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003194705
Typeset in Times New Roman
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Introduction 1
Terminology 4
Overview of the chapters 4
Notes 7
Conclusion 221
Note 223
Bibliography 224
Primary sources 224
Modern literature 227
Index 266
Figures
This book explores the establishment and early development of two medieval
political communities, Hum and Bosnia, until 1200. These medieval ‘lands’
developed on the ruins of the ancient and late antique province of Dalmatia
around the lower stream of the river Neretva and upper stream of the river
Bosna. As we will see in the Chapter 1, the eventful history of this part of the
world was preserved in the names of several territorial and political entities
throughout the period of the Ottoman rule from the fifteenth to the later
nineteenth centuries, making them useful building blocks for developing a
new political concept of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is synonymous with
the now-independent country of the same name. However, it cannot be over-
stated that the territory of medieval Hum (and its late medieval reincarna-
tion, Herzegovina) and Bosnia are not identical to the territory of modern
Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thus, whilst they overlap to a certain degree, it
would be methodologically wrong to think of this book as dealing with late
antique or early medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina.
This is my third monograph related to the development of medieval society
on the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. The first book (Becoming
Slav) laid down the theoretical foundations for explaining the transition and
social change from late antique to early medieval society in Dalmatia.1 It ques-
tioned whether this transformation could be better explained as an identity
shift, rather than use the prevalent notion of mass migration and settlement
of the Slavs in the seventh century. Based on these theoretical considerations,
the second book (From Justinian) examined the available archaeological,
epigraphic and written evidence in the period between the sixth and late ninth
centuries in Dalmatia in order to reconstruct the process of social transforma-
tion from late antique into medieval society and to outline its consecutive
phases.2 However, while trying to provide a picture of the transformations that
include the whole territory of late antique Dalmatia, the quantity and quality
of the available evidence inevitably drove my research focus towards the
coastal cities and their immediate hinterlands. Thus, these two previous stud-
ies were more concerned with the development of the early medieval duchy of
Dalmatia and Liburnia, later known as the duchy/kingdom of the Croats (or
kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia). As such, other parts of late antique
Dalmatia consequentially received a more or less peripheral treatment.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003194705-1
2 Introduction
In order to gain a more complete understanding of how medieval society
in the eastern Adriatic and its hinterland developed, it is now necessary to
turn the focus towards areas for which available evidence is scarcer and where
the making of the Middle Ages was taking somewhat different directions.
The first area under consideration is most of modern Herzegovina, with the
addition of the coastal strip from the river Cetina to Dubrovnik, where
medieval sources recognize a well-defined political entity known as the Land
of Hum (terra del Chelm, Humska zemlja). Continental parts of this region
in the fifteenth century became integrated into a new political unit known as
Herzegovina (the land of the Herzog), as shown in Chapter 1. The second
region is the upper flow of the river Bosna in modern central Bosnia, which
represents the territorial and administrative core of the Bosnian banate,
which became a short-lived kingdom between 1377 and 1463.
The existing research on these medieval ‘lands’3 remains problematic
because of the lack of sources and the fact that the significance of both –
Hum and Bosnia – in the more recent national narratives of the Croats, Serbs
and Bosnian Muslims (from 1993 known as the Bosniaks) transforms them
into contested spaces used and abused as justification for modern political
claims.4 For that reason, the foundations of local historiographies, on which
inevitably rest modern scholarship, are riddled with nationalistic mythol-
ogemes. On the other hand, historiographic and archaeological research dur-
ing the times of the Federal Communist Yugoslavia (1945–1991) was affected
by ‘Yugoslavizing’ discourse that distorted the research of this period in
somewhat different ways. Bosnia and Herzegovina was a federal republic
with a particular function: to act as a buffer zone between Serbia and Croatia,
and to play the role of an integrative state-building medium within dominant
‘brotherhood-and-unity’ Communist Yugoslav ideology. Thus, as discussed
in Chapter 2, some interpretations of early medieval Hum and Bosnia in this
period projected Yugoslav ideological mythologemes into the past. As we will
see, in order to construct historical narratives for Hum and Bosnia, local
historiography5 traditionally relied on fragmentary, sometimes even partly
fictional, written sources with blatant disregard for archaeological evidence.
This provided a very blurry and unclear picture of the period under consid-
eration which slid into different ideological narratives. At the same time, the
early medieval history of these ‘lands’ is poorly known and mostly avoided in
the discussions outside the regional scholarship, with only a few notable
exceptions which will be also discussed.
However, the eastern Adriatic and its hinterland were an integral part of
the late antique and early medieval world, and both of these medieval ‘lands’
are no exception – they actively negotiated their position within the early
medieval interaction networks on the Byzantine north-western frontiers
before 1204. The ultimate aim of the book is to trace the formation and
shaping of these two medieval ‘lands’ and examine their place between early
medieval political forces in the Adriatic and the Adriatic hinterland, such as
the kingdoms and duchies of Croatia, Raška Serbia, Duklja, Hungary and
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Language: Italian
IL TRAMONTO DI UNA
CIVILTÀ
O
VOLUME PRIMO
FIRENZE
FELICE LE MONNIER
EDITORE