MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)
Program Name and Code: Electrical Engineering (EE4I)

Course Name and Code: Industrial Measurements (22420)

[C208]
Academic Year : 2023-2024
Semester : 4th

A MICRO PROJECT
on
COLLECT INFORMATION AND PREPARE
PPT ON TEMPERATURE SENSOR CIRCUIT
BY NTC THERMISTOR.

Sr Roll Name Enrollment Seat no.

No. no. No.
1 7 CHOPADE VRUSHABH UMAKANT 2200180584
2 8 DAUD BHARAT BHIMRAV 2200180585
3 10 FEGADE ATHARV RAJESH
2200180588
4 11 HARSHRAJ NITIN ASMAR 2200180589
5 12 HIRAY DNYANESHWAR VIJAY
2200180590

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This Is to Certify That CVU,DBB, FAR,HNA, HDV, Roll No: 7,8,10,11,12 as

the Students Of 4th Semester of Electrical Engineering of Institute, Government
Polytechnic, Jalgaon (Code:0018) Have Completed the Micro project
Satisfactorily in The Subject Industrial Measurements(22420) [C208] for The
Academic Year 2023-2024 as Prescribed in the Curriculum.

Place: Jalgaon Enrollment No: 2200180584 to 2200180590

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution

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GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

This Project is submitted by CVU, DBB, FAR, HNA, HDV, roll no 7,8,10,11,12
as the students of 4th Sem/Year of the Program Electrical Engineering (EE)
humbly submit that we have completed from time to time the Microproject work
as described in this report by our own skills and study as per instructions/guidance
of Prof S.R. Saraf.
And that following students were associated with me for this work; however,
quantum of our contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.

And that we have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date Signature of Student

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 Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2023-2024 Name of the Faculty: S.R. Saraf

Course: IME Course code: 22420 [C208] Semester: IV
Title of the project: Collect Information and Prepare PPT on Temperature
Sensor Circuit by NTC Thermistor.

COs addressed by Micro Project:

A.
B..
C..

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project

(a) Practical outcome:
(b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
(c) Outcomes in Affective domain:
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal
communication (if any)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Roll Name of Student Marks Marks out Total out
no out of 6 of 4 for of 10
for performance
activity in oral
in group
7 CHOPADE VRUSHABH
UMAKANT
8 DAUD BHARAT BHIMRAV

10 FEGADE ATHARV RAJESH

11 HARSHRAJ NITIN ASMAR

12 HIRAY DNYANESHWAR VIJAY

Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal communication

(if any)

(Signature of Faculty)

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 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED

1 Week 1 Discussion

2 Week 2 Finalization of topic

3 Week 3 Collection of Data

4 Week 4 Collection of Data

5 Week 5 Discussion and outline of Content

6 Week 6 Formulation of Content

7 Week 7 Preparation of PPT

8 Week 8 Animation of project

9 Week 9 Animation of project

10 Week 10 Editing

11 Week 11 Review of Content

12 Week 12 Compilation of Presentation

13 Week 13 Compilation of Report

14 Week 14 Presentation

15 Week 15 Viva voce

16 Week 16 Final submission of Microproject

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“TEMPERATURE SENSOR CIRCUIT BY NTC
THERMISTOR.”

INDEX:
Sr. Topic Page
no no.
1 Introduction to Thermistor 7
2 How does the thermistor “read” temperature? 8
3 Construction and properties of NTC thermistor 9
4 Temperature sensor circuit by NTC thermistor. 10
5 Circuit diagram 10
6 Components required 10
7 Advantages 11
8 Disadvantages 11
9 Application 12
10 Conclusion 13
11 References 14

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 Introduction

A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on

temperature. The term is a combination of “thermal” and “resistor”. It is made of metallic
oxides, pressed into a bead, disk, or cylindrical shape and then encapsulated with an
impermeable material such as epoxy or glass.

There are two types of thermistors: Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and Positive
Temperature Coefficient (PTC).
With an NTC thermistor, when the temperature increases, resistance decreases. Conversely,
when temperature decreases, resistance increases. This type of thermistor is used the most.
A PTC thermistor works a little differently. When temperature increases, the resistance
increases, and when temperature decreases, resistance decreases. This type of thermistor is
generally used as a fuse.
Typically, a thermistor achieves high precision within a limited temperature range of about
50ºC around the target temperature. This range is dependent on the base resistance.
The thermistor symbols are:

Figure 1: Thermistor Symbol

The arrow by the T signifies that the resistance is variable based on temperature. The direction
of the arrow or bar is not significant.
Thermistors are easy to use, inexpensive, sturdy, and respond predictably to changes in
temperature. While they do not work well with excessively hot or cold temperatures, they are

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the sensor of choice for applications that measure temperature at a desired base point. They are
ideal when very precise temperatures are required.

How does the thermistor “read” temperature?

A thermistor does not actually “read” anything, instead the resistance of a thermistor changes
with temperature. How much the resistance changes depend on the type of material used in the
thermistor.
Unlike other sensors, thermistors are nonlinear, meaning the points on a graph representing the
relationship between resistance and temperature will not form a straight line. The location of
the line and how much it changes is determined by the construction of the thermistor. A typical
thermistor graph looks like this:

Figure: Resistance vs. Temperature

Working of NTC thermistor

NTC thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that exhibit a decrease in resistance as the
temperature increases. This characteristic makes them useful for various temperature sensing
and control applications. When a voltage is applied to an NTC thermistor, the resistance of the
thermistor changes based on the temperature of the surrounding environment. This change in
resistance can be measured and used to determine the temperature.

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 Construction and properties of NTC thermistor
Materials typically involved in the fabrication of NTC resistors are platinum, nickel, cobalt,
iron and oxides of silicon, used as pure elements or as ceramics and polymers. NTC thermistors
can be classified into three groups, depending on the production process used.

Bead thermistors
These NTC thermistors are made from platinum alloy lead wires directly sintered into the
ceramic body. They generally offer fast response times, better stability and allow operation at
higher temperatures than Disk and Chip NTC sensors, however they are more fragile. It is
common to seal them in glass, to protect them from mechanical damage during assembly and
to improve their measurement stability. The typical sizes range from 0.075 – 5 mm in diameter.

Disk and chips thermistor

These NTC thermistors have metalized surface contacts. They are larger and, as a result, have
slower reaction times than bead type NTC resistors Disk type thermistors are made by pressing
a blend of oxide powders into a round die and then sintering at high temperatures. Chips are
usually fabricated by a tape-casting process where a slurry of material is spread out as a thick
film, dried and cut into shape. The t ypical sizes range from 0.25 to 25 mm in diameter.

Glass encapsulated NTC thermistor

These are NTC temperature sensors sealed in an airtight glass bubble. They are designed for
use with temperatures above 150 °C, or for printed circuit board mounting, where ruggedness
is a must. Encapsulating a thermistor in glass improves the stability of the sensor
and protects the sensor from the environment. They are made by hermetically sealing bead type
NTC resistors into a glass container. The typical sizes range from 0.4 to 10 mm in diameter.

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 Temperature sensor circuit by NTC thermistor.

Fig: circuit diagram

• Components required:

1. Thermistor (NTC) – 2.2 K ohm

2. Potentiometer – 10 K ohm
3. Capacitor – 1 µF
4. Transistor – BC547
5. Buzzer – 9V
6. Battery – 9V

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 Advantages
1. Sensitivity: NTC thermistors are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, providing
accurate and precise temperature measurements.

2. Wide temperature range: NTC thermistors can operate over a wide temperature range, making
them suitable for a variety of applications.

3. Fast response time: NTC thermistors have a fast response time, allowing them to quickly
detect changes in temperature.

4. Small size: NTC thermistors are compact and lightweight, making them easy to integrate into
electronic circuits and devices.

5. Cost-effective: NTC thermistors are relatively inexpensive compared to other temperature

sensing technologies, making them a cost-effective solution for many applications.

6. Low power consumption: NTC thermistors have low power consumption, making them
energy-efficient and suitable for battery-powered devices.

7. Stability: NTC thermistors exhibit good long-term stability and reliability, ensuring consistent
performance over time.

Disadvantages

1. Non-linear response: NTC thermistors have a non-linear resistance-temperature relationship,

which can make temperature measurements more complex and require additional calibration or
compensation in some cases.

2. Limited temperature range: While NTC thermistors can operate over a wide temperature
range, they may not be suitable for extremely high or low temperature environments compared
to other temperature sensing technologies.

3. Self-heating effect: NTC thermistors generate heat when a current passes through them, which
can introduce errors in temperature measurements, especially in low-power applications.

4. Sensitivity to environmental factors: NTC thermistors are sensitive to environmental factors

such as humidity, pressure, and vibration, which can affect their accuracy and reliability in
certain conditions.

5. Aging effects: Over time, the resistance of NTC thermistors may drift or change due to aging
effects, which can impact the accuracy and stability of temperature measurements.

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 Application

1. Temperature measurement: NTC thermistors are commonly used in electronic devices,

appliances, and industrial equipment for accurate temperature measurement. They can provide
real-time temperature feedback to control systems for precise temperature regulation.

2. Temperature compensation: NTC thermistors are used in electronic circuits to compensate for
temperature variations that can affect the performance of components such as resistors,
capacitors, and semiconductors. They help stabilize the operating conditions of electronic
devices over a wide temperature range.

3. Overheating protection: NTC thermistors are often used as thermal sensors in safety systems
to detect overheating conditions in electrical circuits, motors, transformers, and other high-power
components. They can trigger alarms or shutdown mechanisms to prevent damage or fire
hazards.

4. HVAC systems: NTC thermistors are utilized in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems for temperature sensing and control. They help maintain optimal indoor
temperatures, regulate heating and cooling cycles, and improve energy efficiency.

5. Automotive applications: NTC thermistors are used in automotive systems for monitoring
engine temperature, coolant levels, cabin temperature, and battery temperature. They play a
crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of vehicle components.

6. Medical devices: NTC thermistors are integrated into medical devices such as thermometers,
incubators, and temperature-controlled chambers for accurate temperature monitoring and
regulation. They help maintain stable and controlled environments for patient care and biological
sample storage.

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, NTC thermistors are essential components in temperature sensor circuits due to
their unique characteristics and versatile applications. They provide accurate and reliable
temperature measurements, making them ideal for temperature sensing, control, and
compensation in a wide range of industries and devices. With their fast response time, high
sensitivity, and compatibility with electronic circuits, NTC thermistors offer a cost-effective
solution for maintaining optimal operating conditions and preventing overheating issues.
Whether used in HVAC systems, automotive applications, medical devices, or consumer
electronics, NTC thermistors play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of
equipment and systems. Overall, NTC thermistors are indispensable tools for temperature
monitoring and regulation, contributing to improved performance, energy efficiency, and safety
across various applications.

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 References

https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/sboa323#:~:text=This%20temperature%20sensing%20circuit%20us
es,that%20is%20linear%20over%20temperature.

https://www.ti.com/tool/CIRCUIT060002

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zc_IFvXtyVg

https://www.ametherm.com/blog/thermistors/temperature-sensor-control-compensation-2/

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