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ICSE Class 9 Mathematics Chapter 5 - Factorisation Revision Notes

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150 views2 pages

ICSE Class 9 Mathematics Chapter 5 - Factorisation Revision Notes

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darshkumar2400
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Factorisation – Summary Notes

INTRODUCTION
When a polynomial (an algebraic expression) is expressed as the product of two or more
expressions, each of these expressions is called a factor of the polynomial.
The polynomial x2  5x  6 can be expressed as the product of the expressions  x  3 and
 x  2 .
That is x2  5x  6   x  3 x  2   x  3 and  x  2 are factors x2  5x  6 .
The process of writing an expression in the form of terms or brackets multiplied together, is
called factorisation. Each term and each bracket is called a factor of the expression.
e.g., (i) 5x2  15  5  x2  3
 5 and x 2  3 are factors of 5x2  15 .
(ii) ax2  5ax  6a  a  x  3 x  2
 a,  x  3 and  x  2 are factors of ax2  5ax  6a .
Factorisation is the reverse of multiplication.

METHODS OF FACTORISATION
Type 1: Taking out the common factors
When each term of a given expression contains a common factor, divide each term by this factor
and enclose the quotient within brackets, keeping the common factor outside the bracket.
Procedure:
Find the H.C.F. of all the terms of the given expression.
For expression 6a 2  3ax, its terms are 6a 2 and 3ax . And, H.C.F. of these terms is 3a.
 6a 2 3ax 
Therefore, 6a 2  3ax  3a     3a  2a  x  .
 3a 3a 

Type 2: Grouping
An expression of an even number of terms, may be resolved into factors, if the terms are arranged in
groups such that each group has a common factor.
Procedure:
1. Group the terms of the given expression in such a way that each group has a common factor.
2. Factorise each group formed.
3. From each group, obtained in step 2, take out the common factor.

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Type 3: Trinomial of the form ax2  bx  c (By splitting the middle term)
When a trinomial is of the form ax2  bx  c (or a  bx  cx2 ), split b (the coefficient of x in the
middle term) into two parts such that the sum of these two parts is equal to b and the product of
these two parts is equal to the product of a and c. Then factorize by the grouping method.
ax 2  bx  c, where a, b and c are real numbers, is known as a trinomial or a quadratic expression
in which a = coefficient of x 2 , b  coefficient of x and c = a constant.
If we find the value of b2  4ac and this value is a perfect square, the trinomial ax2  bx  c is
factorisable, otherwise, not.

Type 4: Difference of two squares


Since, the product of  x  y  and  x  y    x  y  x  y   x2  y 2
 Factors of x 2  y 2 are  x  y  and  x  y 
i.e., x2  y 2   x  y  x  y  .

Type 5: The sum or difference of two cubes


We know, a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b  [Expansion of a3  b3 ]
3

a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b  [Expansion of a3  b3 ]
3
and,
Further a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b 
3

  a  b   a  b   3ab 
2
 
  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2  3ab    a  b   a 2  ab  b2 
Similarly, a3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b2 
Clearly, factors of a3  b3 are  a  b and  a 2  ab  b2 
and, factors of a3  b3 are  a  b and  a 2  ab  b2 

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